Suchergebnisse

Dorussen (1999) concludes that trade between states reduces the incentives for conflict, but that the effect of trade diminishes with a larger number of countries. I demonstrate that the indicator Dorussen uses to gauge the impact of trade is dependent on the size of the system itself, & therefore may be an inappropriate means by which to evaluate the relationship between the impact of trade & system size. Two alternative indicators to analyze the impact of trade on conflict in Dorussen's model are suggested: the ratio of the minimum winning probabilities required for war to pay with trade & without, & the threshold for war costs under which war will pay for one of the states. Using the alternative indicators, I corroborate his conclusion that trade does reduce the incentives for conflict in this model. The alternative indicators, however, indicate that trade reduces an actor's incentives for conflict more the more states there are in the system. 1 Figure, 9 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications Ltd.]

The authors examine a standard gravity model of international commerce augmented to include political as well as institutional influences on bilateral trade. Using annual data from 1980-2001, they estimate regression coefficients and residual dependencies using a hierarchy of models in each year. Rather than gauge the generalizability of these patterns via traditional measures of statistical significance such as p-values, this article develops and employs a strategy to evaluate the out-of-sample predictive strength of various models. The analysis of recent international commerce shows that in addition to a typical gravity-model specification, political and institutional variables are important. The article also demonstrates that the often-reported link between international conflict and bilateral trade is elusive, and that inclusion of conflict in a trade model can sometimes lead to reduced out-of-sample predictive performance. Further, this article illustrates that there are substantial, persistent residual exporter- and importer-specific effects, and that ignoring such patterns in relational trade data results in an incomplete picture of international commerce, even in the context of a well-established framework such as the gravity model.

Papers presented at a seminar held under the auspices of the School of International Relations and Strategic Studies, Jadavpur University, during 21-22 Mar. 1997

The law of armed conflict -- also known as international humanitarian law (IHL) -- is the body of international law that most clearly codifies binding standards for the prevention of displacement. IHL is not concerned with the lawfulness or otherwise of armed conflicts but governs conduct during conflict, setting humanitarian considerations against military necessity. Adapted from the source document.

This book adds a social psychological component to the analysis of why nations, sections, or states enter into armed conflict. The Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model is introduced, drawing from prospect theory, realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Three case studies are included, demonstrating this model and its six process stages

This article analyzes the undermined importance of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) case law in interpreting international humanitarian law (IHL) and its relationship with public international law. It examines how the ICJ has elevated IHL to customary law, declaring it "intransgressible" and equating it with jus cogens, and identified particular obligations for the parties in conflict. The article studies how the Court has clarified the relationships between customary IHL with the law of treaties and has declared which elements of IHL constitute the most basic principles of humanity, applicable whether it is an international or non-international armed conflict. Finally, the text analyzes how the Court, has discouraged counterproductive separations between the application of IHL and international human rights law.

1. Children -- 2. Children in global politics -- 3. Reproducing the state : children in Nazi Germany -- 4. Children in Northern Ireland -- 5. Children in South Africa and Mozambique -- 6. Containment, interdependence and infant power -- 7. Conclusion.