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Oil sands reclamation guidance documents prepared by the Cumulative Environmental Management Association and endorsed by the provincial government include lists of potential reclamation species and their characteristics (Alberta Environment 2008, 2010). This report consolidates and updates profiles for 98 of these species. Each profile contains the following information (where applicable): • Species Nomenclature – up-to-date scientific names and widely used common names along with plant family designations; common names should be used with caution as many distinct species have the same or similar common names and common names may vary by region • Plant Description o Fruit o Seed • Habitat and Distribution of the species locally and worldwide o Seral Stage o Soil o Distribution based on Moss (1983) unless otherwise noted. Moss uses the following convention to describe distribution: The North American distribution is generally given in two tiers from west to east across the continent. The first tier represents the northern limit, the second tier the southern limit. A comma indicates a reasonably continuous distribution and a semi-colon indicates a disjunction. • Phenology – particularly based on observations from north eastern Alberta • Pollination mechanisms are described if known. • Genetic Information (ploidy) • Known Symbioses • Seed Processing o Collection o Seed Weight o Harvest Dates o Cleaning o Storage Behaviour o Storage o Longevity • Propagation – including seed and vegetative propagation o Natural Regeneration o Germination o Pre-treatments o Vegetative Propagation • Greenhouse timelines for seedling production • Aboriginal/Food Uses o Food o Medicinal o Other • Wildlife/Forage Usage • Reclamation Potential – with examples from oil sands reclamation studies where available • Commercial Resources o Harvest Methods o Availability o Cultivars o Uses (other than the Aboriginal uses noted above) • Notes – including comments on alternative names (genera and species names change with increasing knowledge of biology and genetics; caution should be used when consulting older references such as Budd and Best (1969) and Moss (1983) because of potential name changes since these were published) Each profile is illustrated with photographs of the plant, flowers, fruit and/or seeds if available and line drawings are also included if available (Budd and Best (1969) is an excellent source for line drawings). References for the content are provided with each profile. Although the original objective for the profiles was to inform decisions made by reclamation planners and practitioners in the oil sands and to promote the inclusion of these species in revegetation, the information has a much wider audience appeal. We continue to be inundated with requests for all types of species information from professionals in other industries as well as provincial, municipal and federal government agencies, nursery producers, aboriginal groups, researchers, archeologists, cultural anthropologists and ethno-botanists, wildlife biologists, foresters, range managers, horticulturalists, naturalists and the general public. At the November 25, 2013 OSRIN workshop Future of Shrubs in Oil Sands Reclamation participants noted a lack of awareness of, and in for many species the need for, the types of information contained in these species profiles. This report is a valuable tool for those directly responsible for planning and executing reclamation in the oil sands as well as for other professionals involved in native plant work.

Возникнув в глубокой древности, международная торговля является исторически первой и одной из основных форм международных экономических отношений (МЭО), представляя собой совокупность внешней торговли товарами, сырьем, услугами, продуктами интеллектуального труда всех стран мира. Сегодня, как и раньше, она является важным стимулом роста всей мировой экономики. В процессе своего эволюционного пути международная торговля претерпела колоссальные изменения. Великие географические открытия, научно-технический прогресс (НТП), промышленные революции, возникающие время от времени кризисные проявления и периоды нестабильности существенно влияют на развитие мировой торговли, радикальным образом трансформируя ее географическую и товарную структуру, что, в свою очередь, приобретает новый смысл и требует дальнейшего изучения. Работа является результатом исследований, которые проводились автором в 2006-2013 гг. на основе научных трудов отечественных и зарубежных ученых-экономистов, а также на статистических материалах и прогнозных оценках различных международных организаций. Работа включает следующие методы экономического исследования: наблюдение и сбор фактов, анализ, группирование, ретроспективный, сравнительный и графический методы. В статье выявлено, что международная торговля имеет эволюционно-поступательный характер развития. В свою очередь, идентифицированные историко-экономические изменения на том или ином этапе могли носить революционную и инволюционную форму. Также отмечается, что на современном (посткризисном) этапе, на фоне сохраняющейся неустойчивости мировой экономики, сопровождающейся вялой динамикой экономичекого подъема в развитых странах, нестабильностью на валютных рынках, в краткосрочной перспективе, вероятнее всего, следует ожидать дальнейшего замедления темпов роста мировой торговли. Материалы проведенного анализа и сформулированные автором предложения могут быть использованы государственными органами власти Российской Федерации, Украины и аналитическими компаниями, а также представлять интерес для последующих научных исследований в данном направлении. ; Having emerged in ancient times, the international trade has been historically the first and one of the principal forms of international economic relations (IER) representing a foreign trade mix of goods, raw materials, services, intellectual products of all countries worldwide. Nowadays, like in earlier times, it is a powerful incentive for the global economic growth In the process of its evolution the international trade has undergone drastic changes. Great geographical discoveries, the progress in science and technology, industrial revolutions, on-and-off crisis manifestations along with periods of instability have had a considerable impact on the world trade development causing radical transformations of its geographical and commodities structure, which in turn acquires a new meaning and necessitates further studies. This paper summarizes findings of a research carried out in 2006-2013 based on scientific works of domestic and foreign economists as well as on statistical data and forecast estimates of various international agencies.The work includes the following methods of economic research: observation and collection of facts, analysis, classification as well as retrospective, comparative and graphical methods. The paper reveals the evolutionary-progressive nature of the international trade. At the same time, identified economic changes at a particular historical stage could have a revolutionary and involutionary form. It is also noted that in the current (post-crisis) situation, at the background of the continuing instability of the global economy accompanied by sluggish dynamics of the economic growth in developed countries and the lack of the forex market stability, we can expect a further slowdown of the global trade growth rates. The materials of the analysis performed and the author's proposals may be used by government authorities of the the Russian Federation and Ukraine, by analytical companies and for further investigations into this subject.

Актуальность. Роль налоговой политики в современной экономике сложно переоценить: именно от неё зависит, останутся ли ресурсы в руках экономических агентов или централизуются в государстве. Большую долю доходов республиканского бюджета Болгарии составляют налоговые доходы. При этом Болгария находится в десятке стран мира с самым низким налоговым бременем. Налоговая политика болгарского правительства ориентируется на сохранение стабильности экономики в условиях кризиса, стимулирование бизнеса и инвестиционной активности через: облегчение налогового бремени бизнеса и достижение минимального уровня налогообложения в рамках Европейского союза; упрощение налоговой системы и детализацию налогового законодательства с целью повышения её прозрачности, элиминирование внутренних противоречий и несовершенств в практике налогообложения и контроля; сохранение налоговых ставок на прямые налоги в комбинации с более низкими страховыми взносами работодателей в поддержку экономического роста и занятости; сохранение более высокой доли обложения косвенными налогами в сравнении с прямыми налогами. Таким образом, интересен опыт проведения Республикой Болгарией экспансивной фискальной политики, включающей уменьшение налогов для стимулирования спроса в экономике и, соответственно, производства. Методы. В работе используются такие методы эмпирического и теоретического уровней научного познания, как наблюдение, сравнение, анализ и синтез. Результаты. Статья представляет собой аналитический обзор налоговой политики в Республике Болгарии за период 2007–2011 годы. Автором в наглядной форме представлена информация по следующим налогам и взносам: корпоративному налогу, налогу на доходы физических лиц, налогу на добавленную стоимость, акцизам, таможенным пошлинам и сборам, взносам на социальное и медицинское страхование и пр. Перспективы. Результаты исследования могут использоваться для проведения сравнительного анализа налоговой политики за период 2007–2011 годы по ряду государств, а также в процессе анализа зарубежного опыта проведения экспансивной фискальной политики. ; Introduction. Revenues in the national budget of Bulgaria are primarily from taxes. They have more weight because they depend on whether the resources remain in the hands of economic agents or are centralized at the state. Expansionary fiscal policy works on tax cuts to stimulate demand in the economy, respectively, to stimulate production. Bulgaria is among the ten countries in the world with the least tax burden. The tax policy of the Bulgarian government in its essential elements is oriented towards preserving economic stability in times of crisis, to stimulate business and investment activity by: tax relief to businesses and achievement of minimum levels of taxation in the European Union; simplifying the tax system and refining the legislation to tax more transparent and understandable to taxpayers and eliminating of internal contradictions and imperfections in the practice of taxation and control; keeping the rates of direct taxes combined with lower security burden on employers to support economic growth and employment; retaining a higher share in the taxation of indirect taxes than direct taxes. So, the article studies the experience of expansive fiscal policy in Bulgaria, including tax cuts to stimulate demand in the economy and consequently production. Methods. Several methods of empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge, such as observation, comparison, analysis and synthesis, are used in the article. Results. The article presents an analytical review of the tax policy in Bulgaria for the period 2007–2011. Author in visual form provides information on the following taxes and fees: corporate tax, individual income tax, value added tax, excise taxes, customs duties and fees, social and health insurance contributions, etc. Discussion. The results can be used for comparative analysis of tax policy for the period 2007–2011 and for the analysis of foreign experience of expansionary fiscal policy.

Since the 1990s considerable historical research has been done on the history of land tenure in South Africa. Much of the work has a bearing on the issue of land claims and restitution in the aftermath of South Africa's transition to a multiracial democracy. The government focused on the socio-economic development ofthe country and gave special attention to the upliftment ofpreviously disadvantaged South Africans. It became legal for South Africans to claim the right to land on which they had formerly lived. Many had been removed in terms of controversial racial policies of the former government. For obvious reasons both land owners and land claimants have since 1994 contracted historians to shed some light on the history of land tenure pertaining to single entities, and sometimes also large tracts of land. In addition, it was also expected of historians to try and shed some light on the future, based on their historical research findings. In the article attention is given to some new trends in the discipline of history in which the future features prominently. There seems to be broad support amongst theorists for the integration of natural and human/social sciences and technology studies in contemporary research. Furthermore, multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research methodologies require of historians to take note increasingly of ongoing changes in scientific thinking with a view to synchronising our contemporary knowledge with an understanding of the past. Reference is made to complexity, actor-network theory (ANT) and a return to universal history. Within the framework of an empirical philosophical approach to the history of land tenure in the Lowveld of Mpumalanga eight theoretical statements are posited on the evolution of land tenure in Mpumalanga. These include: • private ownership of land is legally justified in South Africa; • the emergence of modern land tenure in Mpumalanga is the result of customary practices formalised in the nineteenth century; • land tenure can be understood in terms of our comprehension of assumptions about materialism; • lack of integration in former times undermined the legitimacy of black land ownership; • land tenure in the Lowveld should be seen as part of an ecology that includes the Middle Veld, Highveld and Drakensberg escarpment; • land is an actor and part of a network of interactions that emerged historically; • the value of land is constantly subject to entropy determined by its usefulness; and • traditionally land as a production factor was a mediatory actant, but since 1994 it has been transformed into a remediating actant. The final section of the article features a brief assessment of the manner in which European land tenure and Roman Law were transformed in the transition from classical times to the Middle Ages in Europe in the 3rd to 4th centuries CE. On the frontiers of the former empire erstwhile Roman citizens and their offspring had to find consensus on the legal tenets of land tenure in consultation with foreigners who settled in parts of the former empire. Many elements of Roman Law remained intact in parts of Europe. This was made possible by what Innes describes as processes of ethnogenesis. Contemplating the future of land tenure in Mpumalanga's Lowveld it is suggested that attention be given to the peripheral deconstruction of land tenure in a transforming commons in which negotiated processes of ethnogenesis, could potentially lead to a state of equilibrium. ; http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/tvg/v52n4/05.pdf

Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe "zakat", "Waqf" oder im Plural auch "awqaf-" oder "Sadaqa" verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet "tithes" oder "ushour". Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-"waqf", innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der "waqf" berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der "waqf" als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt. ; This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, 'ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or 'ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public's perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples' civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study's results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.

Die architektonische und städtebauliche Nachkriegsmoderne gewinnt seit den 90er Jahren besonders in Fachkreisen verstärkt an Interesse. Gleichzeitig handelt es sich bei den Gebäuden, Ensembles und Freiraumstrukturen der Jahrgänge nach 1945 nach wie vor um ein gefährdetes Erbe. Dies liegt zum einen an einem oft nur schwer vermittelbarem Wert dieser Objekte an eine breitere Öffentlichkeit (bzw. den mangelnden Versuchen, dies zu tun), zum anderen auch an dem wirtschaftlichen, umwelttechnischen und infrastrukturellen Druck, dem sie in ihrer Materialität verstärkt ausgesetzt sind. Diese beiden Aspekte gehen jedoch Hand in Hand, da insbesondere bei mangelnder gesellschaftlicher Akzeptanz und Wertschätzung dem Druck durch andere Faktoren nachgegeben wird. Dies zeigt sich nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch im internationalen bzw. europäischen Kontext. Insbesondere in Osteuropa (ebenso wie in anderen europäischen Ländern, aber hier durch die politischen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen verstärkt) sind vor allem Bauten der Nachkriegsmoderne einerseits besonders gefährdet und andererseits immer mehr Thema neuer Forschungen. Ein fachübergreifender, transnationaler Austausch findet jedoch kaum und wenn ungeplant und unstrukturiert statt. Hinzu kommt, dass auch Informationen zu den baulichen Objekten dieser Zeit oft nur schwer zugänglich und vielerorts kaum vorhanden sind. Forschungen über den lokalen bzw. nationalen Rahmen hinaus sind so ohne einen Austausch zwischen den Forschern nur schwer möglich. Dies ist besonders zu bedauern, da die meisten Architekten dieser Zeit sich durchaus international orientierten. Internationale Aspekte dieser Architektur sind aber auch nur durch eine Rekontextualisierung durch internationale Vernetzung und Informationsaustausch möglich. Ziel der hier dokumentierten Tagung, die vom 22.-24. Juli 2011 an der TU Berlin stattfand war es, jungen Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen aus verschiedenen Ländern Europas die Möglichkeit zu geben über aktuelle oder kürzlich abgeschlossene Forschungsvorhaben zu sprechen und diese in einem internationalen Rahmen zu diskutieren. Die hier aufgeführten Fallbeispiele aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien, Skandinavien, Deutschland, England und Spanien geben einen ersten Überblick über aktuelle Forschungstendenzen und versuchen so Anreize für einen breiteren, vergleichenden Forschungsansatz und internationalen Gedankenaustausch zu Architektur und Planung der Nachkriegsjahre zu geben. ; During the last decades, especially in professional circles, the interest in post-war modern architecture increased throughout Europe. At the same time the buildings, ensembles and spacial structures of the generation 45+ can still be regarded as an endangered heritage. This is partly due to the often difficult intercession of the values of these objects to a wider public (or the lack of attempts to do so), and also to the economic, environmental and infrastructural pressure to which they are exposed. These two aspects go hand in hand, especially since a lack of societal acceptance and appreciation increases the probability to give in the pressure yielded by other factors. This is evident not only in Germany but also in the international and European context. Especially in Eastern Europe, buildings from the post-war times paradoxically are both highly endangered and subject of an increasing number of new scientific research at the same time. These research projects mostly take place on the initiative of individuals and are often linked to specific objects. A multidisciplinary, transnational exchange hardly takes place, and if it does, mainly on an unplanned and unstructured level. Moreover, information on the objects themselves is often difficult to access and is scarce in many places. Research beyond the local or national boundaries is hardly possible without the support of local scientists, which can be difficult if there is no already existing communication network. This is regrettable, especially since most architects of that time integrated international influences in their work. In consequence the international orientation of this architecture is only understandable by re-contextualizating the artists and objects through international networking and information sharing. Following these thoughts, the here documented conference which took place at the TU Berlin the 22nd to 24th of July 2011 wanted to give young scientists from different European countries the opportunity to talk about current or recently completed research projects and to discuss them in a broader context. These case studies from the former Yugoslavian countries, Scandinavia, Germany, England and Spain allow a first overview of current research trends and can be a first step to a broader approach and international knowledge-transfer concerning architectutre and planning of the post-war years.

RESUMEN: El caso de estudio de la Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina, eje de desarrollo y bienestar para la comunidad, analiza cómo una institución educativa oficial genera oportunidades de cambio social en su entorno, en un marco de renovación de políticas educativas que se gestan a nivel nacional y local. El rector es el encargado de elegir y mantener el rumbo de la institución, en la cual, a pesar de la falta de recursos y las difíciles condiciones sociales, motiva a sus colaboradores para brindar una educación de calidad, aprovechando el conocimiento y la colaboración de instituciones privadas y públicas para ofrecer a sus estudiantes más y mejores oportunidades de aprendizaje, que les permitan afrontar con mejor preparación, la vida laboral o universitaria. La Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina, se rige por las políticas del Ministerio de Educación Nacional y de la Secretaría de Educación Municipal, para avanzar en el esfuerzo de mejorar la calidad de la educación de sus estudiantes, buscando impactar positivamente en la comunidad y preparar a los jóvenes para que puedan tener un mejor vivir en el mañana, igualmente mejorar la puntuación de los estudiantes en las pruebas nacionales, que de la mano de inversión en ciencia y tecnología, ayudarán a reducir el atraso científico y garantizar que la educación conduzca a nuestra sociedad hacia la equidad, generando igualdad de oportunidades para los jóvenes, y que inculque en ellos valores como justicia, solidaridad y honestidad, para que sean ciudadanos de bien y participativos de la democracia y que prepare a los niños y a los jóvenes para que sean parte de una economía global competitiva, que genere riqueza y bienestar. ; The case of study Pedro Antonio Molina School, axis of development and welfare for the community, analyses how a public school, creates opportunities for social change in its surroundings, within a framework of educational policy renewal that are developing national and local . The director is responsible for choosing and maintaining the course of the institution, in which despite the lack of resources and the difficult social conditions, encourages its employees to provide education of good quality, taking advantage of the knowledge and collaboration from private and public institutions to offer their students more and better learning opportunities that enable them to manage with better training, working life or the university studies period. The Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina is ruled by the policies of the Ministry of Education and the Municipal Secretary of Education, to advance in the effort to improve the quality of education of its students, looking to have a positive impact in the community and prepare youth to live a better future and to improve Colombian students' scores on national tests, which in addition of government investment in science and technology, will help to reduce the scientific backwardness and ensure that education leads our society towards equity, creating equal opportunities for young people, and instill in them values such as justice, solidarity and honesty, to be good citizens and participants of democracy, and that prepares children and young people to be part of a competitive global economy, that provides them of wealth and prosperity.

Рассматривается динамика структурных изменений политической элиты Литовской Республики в постсоветский период через призму изучения роли так называемых «политиков морали» интеллектуалов, представителей искусства и культуры, сыгравших решающую роль в период демонтажа коммунистической системы и выработки последующего политического курса страны. Значение политической элиты, понимаемой в соответствии с определением Р. Патнэма и Дж. Хигли, рассматривалось в условиях политической нестабильности и неопределенности, присущих трансформационному процессу. В данном контексте роль ключевых акторов изменений интерпретировалась, исходя из методологической конструкции так называемой «Стэнфордской модели» Г. Алмонда, а также теории конвертации капиталов П. Бурдье. Реконструирован ход политических изменений в Литовской Республике на начальном этапе ее независимости, в рамках которого ключевую роль сыграли «политики морали», впоследствии в подавляющем большинстве вышедшие из состава политической элиты. Цель научного исследования на примере Литовской Республики продемонстрировать продолжающуюся зависимость актуального политического курса стран Балтии от ключевых выборов, осуществленных властными группами на рубеже 1980 1990-х гг. В отечественной политической науке в настоящее время существует недостаток конкретных страноведческих исследований проблем изменения элит в контексте изучения процессов посткоммунистической трансформации. Данная работа уточняет научное понимание содержания механизма появления «новой» политической элиты в посткоммунистических обществах в условиях влияния эндогенных и экзогенных факторов в ходе трансформации. Фиксация процессов элитообразования в Литве, оценка закономерностей, тенденций, определение центров влияния и характера внутриэлитных взаимодействий, а также глубокое понимание функционирования политической системы Литвы в целом позволят России более эффективно выстраивать свою внешнюю политику на балтийском направлении, своевременно реагируя на возникающие вызовы. ; This article considers the dynamics of structural changes in the political elite of the Republic of Lithuania in the post-Soviet period through analysing the role of the so-called «moral politicians» intellectuals, artists, and cultural figures, who played the decisive role in the period of communist system disintegration and further development of the country's policy. The role of the political elite, understood according to R. Putnam and J. Higley's definition, is considered in the conditions of political instability and uncertainty typical of transformation processes. In this context, the role of key actors is interpreted on the basis of the methodological structure of the so-called Stanford model developed by G. Almond and P. Bourdieu's theory of capital. This article reconstructs the course of political changes in the Republic of Lithuania at the initial stage of its independence, in the framework of which the key role was played by «moral politicians», most of whom subsequently retired from politics. Focusing on the situation in Lithuania, this research sets out to show the continuous dependence of today's policies of the Baltic States on the key choices made by the authorities at the turn of 1980s-1990s. Today, Russian political science lacks concrete regional studies into the problems of changes of elites in the context of research on the processes of postcommunist transformations. This work addresses the scientific interpretation of the content of «new» political elite development mechanisms in postcommunist societies under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors in the course of transformation. The stabilisation of elite formation processes in Lithuania, the assessment of patterns and tendencies, the identification of power centres and the character of intra-elite interaction, and a profound understanding of the functioning of Lithuanian political system in general will allow Russia to formulate a more efficient policy towards the Baltic States, which would promptly respond to emerging challenges.

Ставится проблема роли парламентской культуры в регионе как основы взаимоотношений представительной власти и населения. Особое внимание уделяется историко-культурному контексту развития парламентаризма в Томской области. ; Today the problem of regional parliament culture is the least elaborated one in the national political science. Starting from the general definition "political culture" in its orientational and interpretative aspects the author, referring to the few studies on the regional political and parliament culture, shows how the regional parliament culture can display itself in the historic region. He shares the view of the parliament culture as a public behavior of deputies in parliament, regulated and governed by parliament rules, traditions of behavior in the legislature and the parliament Commission on Ethics, if such one is stipulated by the regulations. In this regard, the parliament culture is a part of the political culture of society as a whole. Notably in this case it is a question of a belief system, views, value orientations on politics of an individual, group or society as a whole. In this case, practice confirms the famous observation that democracy depends not only on the structures and institutions, but it is based on values. In this article the author pays much attention to the "external" aspect of culture in the parliament. The problems and prospects of subjective vision, and often the problems of the political reality construction are examined on the basis of the Legislative (former State) Duma of Tomsk Oblast. In the article the theme of historical roots of parliament in Tomsk, of the Legislative Duma projects of important political events celebration of the past is examined. According to the author, history and political (including parliament) culture are associated by the fact that they create the conservative base of society, in fact structuring the society in its basic patterns and ideals. Without such a mission, the society loses its orientational foundation, and the government is preoccupied only with its legitimacy. Nevertheless, the article shows that a society cannot live only in the past. Dialectical unity of the past and the future in constructive activity of the regional parliament culture is illustrated by Tomsk science and education. The article discovers the role of the Tomsk Oblast Duma in the passing process of the Law "Innovation activity" in 1999, its contribution to supporting of talented young scientists and students. The author raises the problem of worthy application of the image-building past of the Siberian university capital to preserve and multiply the scientific and educational resources when the attitude of young people to science is negative. The particular attention is paid to the modern conversational forms of communication by using Internet projects of Tomsk Parliament, such as "Deputy on the forum", "43rd Deputy". This is only a part of examples of the participational and interactive political culture formation. The regional deputies have to pay attention to the significant dates that allow strengthening the society on the basis of the past examples and not only on the basis of goals and values of the present and the future. All this makes it possible to consider optimistically that the parliament culture of Tomsk Oblast deserves the brand of "Siberian Athens".

Professor Heiki Müür had his successful professional career mainly during the soviet period. Heiki Müür was born in 1932 in Tallinn. In 1954, at the age of 22, he received the diploma from the Tallinn Technical University, honouring him as a good specialist in socialist economy. This educational background allowed him to continue the post-graduate studies in the Moscow Institute of Economics. In 1959, he defended PhD thesis (candidate in economics), and in 1976, was approved as the habilitated doctor in Economics. Heiki Müür started his academic career at the Tartu State University in 1956, working initially as a lector and later as a docent and a professor. He published several books in Estonian that were actively used by the students as well as practitioners: Management and Planning, 1964; Prices and Economic Reform, 1971; Economic Planning, 1971; Economics and National Economy (editor of the series of books, 1972-1974; National Balance and Planning (1987, co-author). During his academic career, professor Heiki Müür demonstrated good abilities for leadership working as a vice dean and the dean at Tartu State University, and after 1990s, as a head of the institute of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at the University of Tartu. During the years 1981-1986, he was the director of the Research Institute, which worked for the Soviet Estonian government in Tallinn; during these years, he also continued to work as a part-time professor at the university. We, as his students of the field of "economic cybernetics" (mathematical economics) and successors, appreciate particularly highly his activities and success in establishing and promoting education in mathematical economics at the Faculty of Economics of the Tartu State University. The new specialisation in the soviet economic education with the name "economic cybernetics" was opened at the Tartu State University in 1967. Professor Heiki Müür devoted lots of his energy, time and knowledge to create the school of young economists who have good knowledge in applying mathematical and statistical methods for analysing economic problems in Estonia. The knowledge in economics and research methodology of these graduates was not heavily related to the soviet rules of the economic mechanism. In collaboration with the young postgraduates, professor Müür started to develop applied research for the soviet firms examining the relationship between the working conditions and economic outcomes and implementing modern mathematical and statistical methods by conducting economic analysis. He was one of the initiators and organisers of the high scientific level economic conference on applying modern methods for analysing economic processes in Tallinn in 1981. L. Kantorovitš, the only soviet economist who got Nobel Prize (1975) in relation to elaborating and developing linear programming methods, was among the participants of the conference. Professor Heiki Müür was innovative and flexible in starting to restructure the curricula and study process at the University of Tartu after Estonia regains its independence. He was the initiator of offering new study courses in market economy not only for the students of the Faculty of Economics, but also for students from other faculties as well as for practitioners. The graduates, who obtained diploma in "economic cybernetics" and belonged to the school of the Estonian economists established by the significant contribution of professor Heiki Müür continued his work being the initiators and developers of the new economic curricula and of restructuring economic education and research in compliance with high level international requirements

20 pages, 18 figures.-- et al. ; Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs) provide a "standard ruler" of known physical length, making it one of the most promising probes of the nature of dark energy (DE). The detection of BAOs as an excess of power in the galaxy distribution at a certain scale requires measuring galaxy positions and redshifts. "Transversal" (or "angular") BAOs measure the angular size of this scale projected in the sky and provide information about the angular distance. "Line-of-sight" (or "radial") BAOs require very precise redshifts, but provide a direct measurement of the Hubble parameter at different redshifts, a more sensitive probe of DE. The main goal of this paper is to show that it is possible to obtain photometric redshifts with enough precision (σz) to measure BAOs along the line of sight. There is a fundamental limitation as to how much one can improve the BAO measurement by reducing σz . We show that σz ~ 0.003(1 + z) is sufficient: a much better precision will produce an oversampling of the BAO peak without a significant improvement on its detection, while a much worse precision will result in the effective loss of the radial information. This precision in redshift can be achieved for bright, red galaxies, featuring a prominent 4000 Å break, by using a filter system comprising about 40 filters, each with a width close to 100 Å, covering the wavelength range from ~4000 to ~8000 Å, supplemented by two broad-band filters similar to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey u and z bands. We describe the practical implementation of this idea, a new galaxy survey project, Physics of the Accelerating Universe (PAU): http://www.ice.cat/pau, to be carried out with a telescope/camera combination with an etendue about 20 m2 deg2, equivalent to a 2 m telescope equipped with a 6 deg2 field of view camera, and covering 8000 deg2 in the sky in four years. We expect to measure positions and redshifts for over 14 million red, early-type galaxies with L > L* and i(AB) ~ 10–3 Mpc–3 h3 galaxies within the 9 Gpc3 h–3 volume to be sampled by our survey, ensuring that the error in the determination of the BAO scale is not limited by shot noise. By itself, such a survey will deliver precisions of order 5% in the dark-energy equation of state parameter w, if assumed constant, and can determine its time derivative when combined with future cosmic microwave background measurements. In addition, PAU will yield high-quality redshift and low-resolution spectroscopy for hundreds of millions of other galaxies, including a very significant high-redshift population. The data set produced by this survey will have a unique legacy value, allowing a wide range of astrophysical studies. ; This work was carried out in the framework of the PAU Consolider Collaboration, supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) through the Consolider Ingenio-2010 program, under project CSD2007-00060 "Physics of the Accelerating Universe (PAU)". Additional support comes from the Barcelona Supercomputer Center, as well as from the European Commission, the Spanish High Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), and the regional governments of Andalusia, Aragon, Catalonia, Madrid, and Valencia. ; Peer reviewed

In a conscious environmental context, the European legislation forces natural gas power plants to respect emission limits equal to 25 ppmvd for carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxides (NOx). Financial penalties compel the owner to fine tune his machines. A numerical tool is developed as support for operators to find optimal tunings. This tool aims at predicting pollutant emissions accurately (few ppmvd), with a short response time (use on site) and for all configurations (geometry, operating conditions). However, modelling and simulating the formation of minor species in a turbulent reacting flow remains a scientific and numerical challenge due to the large spatial and temporal spectra involved. The solution proposed in this PhD relies on performing CFD computations (Computational Fluid Dynamics) based on simple chemical mechanisms in order to build up a network of 0D reactors which include detailed chemical kinetics. A general methodology is presented for splitting the flow into statistically homogenous zones, which, once connected, form a reactor network. Two reactor network models are defined and include or not turbulent fluctuations (probability density function) as well as residence time distribution in each reactor. Sensitivity studies of NOx emissions to air humidity, fuel flexibility or gas turbine load changes have been performed. Comparison with on-site measurements shows that the models are representative. Finally, a new modelling of the mean chemical source term is provided (lookup table method for the chemical source term and new probability density function) to enable an accurate prediction of NOx emissions directly from CFD computations. ; Dans un contexte environnemental fort, la législation Européenne actuelle impose aux centrales thermiques à gaz des limites d'émission à 25 ppmvd pour le monoxyde de carbone (CO) et les oxydes d'azote (NOx). L'exploitant est alors contraint de régler finement ses machines pour éviter l'imposition de pénalités financières. Afin d'orienter les opérateurs vers les réglages optimaux, un outil numérique est développé. Il a pour but de prédire les émissions polluantes avec précision (quelques ppmvd), rapidité (utilisation sur site) et pour toutes sortes de configurations (géométrie, conditions de fonctionnement). Toutefois, modéliser et simuler la formation d'espèces minoritaires dans un écoulement turbulent réactif reste, aujourd'hui encore, un challenge scientifique et numérique en raison des larges spectres spatiaux et temporels mis en jeu. La solution proposée dans cette thèse consiste à réaliser un calcul CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) basé sur un mécanisme réactionnel simple en vue de construire un réseau de réacteurs 0D incluant une cinétique chimique détaillée. Une méthodologie générale est présentée pour le découpage de l'écoulement en zones statistiquement homogènes qui, une fois connectées, forment un réseau de réacteurs. Deux modèles de réseaux de réacteurs sont définis et prennent ou non en compte les fluctuations turbulentes (densité de probabilité) et une distribution des temps de séjour dans chaque réacteur. Des études de sensibilité des émissions de NOx à l'hygrométrie, à la variabilité combustible et aux changements de charge sont menées. La comparaison aux mesures sur site souligne la représentativité des modèles proposés. Enfin, une nouvelle modélisation du terme source chimique moyen est introduite (méthode de tabulation du terme source chimique et nouvelle densité de probabilité) pour permettre une prédiction affinée des émissions de NOx dès le calcul CFD.

Book reviewed in this article:Margaret Bonney, Lordship and the urban community: Durham and its overlords, 1250‐1540Peter Borsay, The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the English provincial town, 1660‐1770Rosalind Mitchison and Leah Leneman, Sexuality and social control: Scotland, 1660‐1780J.E. Burnett and A.D. Morrison‐Low, 'Vulgar and Mechanick': the scientific instrument trade in Ireland, 1650‐1921T. M. Devine, ed., Conflict and stability in Scottish society. Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar. University of Strathclyde, 1988‐89J. V. Beckett, The agricultural revolutionClive Behagg, Politics and production in the early nineteenth centuryGregory Claeys, Citizens and saints: politics and anti‐politics in early British socialismD. Gareth Evans, A history of Wales, 1815‐1906J.J. Van Helten and Y. Cassis, eds., Capitalism in a mature economy: financial institutions, capital exports and British industry, 1870‐1939W.R. Garside, British unemployment, 1919‐1939: a study in public policyRichard Rodger, ed., Scottish housing in the twentieth centuryPeter Burnham, The political economy of postwar reconstructionKeith Middlemas, Power, competition and the state, 2: threats to the postwar settlement: Britain, 1961‐1974Max Munday, Japanese manufacturing investment in WalesDavid Herlihy, Opera muliebria: women and work in medieval EuropeHerman Lebovics, The alliance of iron and wheat in the Third French Republic, 1860‐1914: origins of the new conservatismPaul Weindling, Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870‐1945Hans‐Joachim Braun, The German economy in the twentieth century: the German Reich and the Federal RepublicIan D. Turner, ed., Reconstruction in post‐war Germany: British occupation policy and the western zones, 1945‐1955B.W. de Vries, From pedlars to textile barons: the economic development of a Jewish minority group in the NetherlandsRichard C. Hoffmann, Land, liberties and lordship in a late medieval countryside: agrarian structures and change in the duchy of WrocclawDavid A. Dyker, Yugoslavia: socialism, development and debtBen Eklof and Stephen P. Frank, eds., The world of the Russian peasant: post‐emancipation culture and societyPeter Scholliers, ed., Real wages in nineteenth and twentieth century EuropeWayne Thorpe, 'The workers themselves': revolutionary syndicalism and international labour, 1913‐1923Stephen A. Marglin and Juliet B. Schor, eds., The golden age of capitalism: reinterpreting the postwar experienceLee Soltow, Distribution of wealth and income in the United States in 1798Michael Tadman, Speculators and slaves: masters, traders, and slaves in the Old SouthDon H. Doyle, New men, new cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860‐1910Stephen Salter and John Stevenson, eds., The working class and politics in Europe and America, 1929‐1945Iwan W. Morgan, Eisenhower versus 'the spenders': the Eisenhower administration, the Democrats and the budget, 1953‐60Paul Gootenburg, Between silver and guano: Commercial policy and the state in post‐independence PeruJohn Higginson, A working class in the making: Belgian colonial labor policy, private enterprise, and the African mineworker, 1907‐1951Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the sea: port cities of Asia from the sixteenth‐twentieth centuriesAnand Chandavarkar, Keynes in India: a study in economics and biographyMarie‐Claire Bergère, The golden age of the Chinese bourgeoisie, 1911‐1937 trans. Janet LloydDavid Faure, The rural economy of pre‐liberation China: trade increase and peasant livelihood in Jiangsu and Guangdong, 1870 to 1937Carl‐Ludwig Holtfrerich, ed., Interactions in the world economy: perspectives from international economic historyM. June Flanders, International monetary economics, 1870‐1960Evsey D. Domar, Capitalism, socialism and serfdomC.P. Kindleberger, Economic laws and economic historyDavid C. Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg, Technology and the pursuit of economic growth

Este artículo refiere al trabajo realizado desde el proyecto La Escritura como Gesto Estético y Político. Divergencias Poéticas en la Literatura Boliviana de los Siglos XX y XXI, que se presenta como una continuidad del trabajo realizado por el Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas desde el año 2012. Las actividades del grupo se inician a partir del seminario Manifestaciones Políticas y Sociales en la Narrativa Boliviana del Siglo XX, dictado por Magdalena González Almada en la Escuela de Letras como seminario optativo para las y los estudiantes de la carrera de Letras Modernas. Desde entonces, el Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas desarrolla actividades en vínculo estrecho con el Centro de Investigaciones "María Saleme de Burnichon", de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades y con la Escuela de Letras, realizando un aporte sustancial a la comunidad científica y académica al ofrecer diversos enfoques relacionados con las narrativas bolivianas. Asimismo, el sostenido trabajo de extensión llevado a cabo por sus integrantes acercó la literatura de Bolivia, sus problemáticas sociales y políticas a instituciones y barrios de Córdoba con la consecuente transferencia de saberes, actividad que redundó en la promoción y difusión de las narrativas bolivianas no solo en nuestra ciudad, sino también en otras del país. Este trabajo, desde sus comienzos, se propuso como colaborativo y en red con instituciones y participantes afines a los temas abordados por el grupo. ; This article refers to the work carried out from the project "Writing as an aesthetic and political gesture. Poetic divergences in the Bolivian literature of the 20th and 21st centuries" which is presented as a continuity of the work carried out by the Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas since 2012. The Group's activities began with the Seminar "Political and Social Manifestations in the Bolivian Narrative of the 20th Century", taught by Magdalena González Almada at the Escuela de Letras as an optional seminar for students of the Modern Literature career. Since then, the Group of Studies on Bolivian Narratives has developed activities in close relationship with the "María Saleme de Burnichon" Research Center of the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities and with the School of Letters, making a substantial contribution to the scientific and academic community by offering various approaches related to Bolivian narratives. Likewise, the sustained outreach work carried out by its members brought Bolivian literature, its social and political problems, closer to institutions and neighborhoods of Córdoba with the consequent transfer of knowledge, an activity that resulted in the promotion and dissemination of Bolivian narratives not only in our city but also in others in the country. This work, from its beginnings, was proposed as collaborative and in a network with institutions and participants related to the issues addressed by the group. ; Fil: González Almada, María Magdalena. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Centro de Investigaciones María Saleme Burnichón; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina ; Fil: Ponce, Hina Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Centro de Investigaciones María Saleme Burnichón; Argentina ; Fil: Rossi, Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Centro de Investigaciones María Saleme Burnichón; Argentina

Incluye material complementario ; Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of the treatment of several medical conditions, including overweight and obesity, in which there may be a weakened appetite control. Eating behaviour traits influence weight control and may be different in active and sedentary subjects. This paper reports the relationships between the time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) of different intensity, and eating behaviour traits in young, healthy adults. Additionally, it reports the results of a six-month-long, randomized, controlled trial to examine the effect of an exercise intervention on eating behaviour traits. A total of 139 young (22.06 ± 2.26 years) healthy adults (68.35% women) with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.95 ± 4.57 kg/m2 were enrolled. Baseline assessments of habitual PA were made using wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers; eating behaviour traits were examined via the self-reported questionnaires: Binge Eating, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and Control of Eating Questionnaire. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (usual lifestyle), moderate-intensity exercise (aerobic and resistance training 3¨C4 days/week at a heart rate equivalent to 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRres) for the aerobic component, and at 50% of the 1 repetition maximum (RM) for the resistance component), or vigorous-intensity exercise (the same training but at 80% HRres for half of the aerobic training, and 70% RM for the resistance training). At baseline, sedentary behaviour was inversely associated with binge eating (r = −0.181, p < 0.05) and with uncontrolled eating (r = −0.286, p = 0.001). Moderate PA (MPA) was inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.188, p <0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.302, p < 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (r = 0.346, p < 0.001), and inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.170, p < 0.015). Overall, PA was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), uncontrolled eating (r = 0.321, p < 0.001) and emotional eating (r = 0.204, p < 0.05). Additionally, only emotional eating was modified by the intervention, increasing in the vigorous-intensity exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, we observed that time spent in sedentary behaviour/PA of different intensity is associated with eating behaviour traits, especially binge eating in young adults. In contrast, the six-month exercise intervention did not lead to appreciable changes in eating behaviour traits. ; Funding for this work came from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393) and PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/04365 and FPU19/01609), the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), the Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa (RETIC) (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, the University of Granada Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016 Excellence Actions Programme: Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) and the Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2018 Bridging Contracts Programme and the Andalusian Regional Government, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprises and University (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR). Also, international doctoral studies scholarship no. 440575 from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT).