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"Ein ständig wachsender Bereich psychologischer Forschung beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten, Verhaltensweisen, die zu Umweltproblemen beitragen (wie Abfallproduktion und Ausschöpfung von Energie- und Rohstoffressourcen) zu ändern. Die Autoren fassen diese Forschung zusammen und weisen auf einige ihrer Leistungen wie auch auf Grenzen hin. Dazu bemerken sie, daß die Psychologie, bevor sie signifikante Beiträge zur Umweltproblematik leisten kann, zuerst eine verhaltensorientierte Analyse der technischen Systeme, die Umweltprobleme verursachen, vorausschicken muß. Solche Analysen sind für Probleme der Energieeinsparung, des Abfalls und der Luftverschmutzung unternommen worden. In allen drei Fällen ergeben sich die gleichen Schlußfolgerungen: Zum einen ist Umweltproblemen besser vorzubeugen als sie zu "heilen" und zum anderen sind Verhaltensweisen von Individuen und Haushalten von geringerer Bedeutung als die von Industrie oder von staatlichen Handlungsträgern. Diese Erkenntnisse zeigen, daß es Verhaltensbereiche mit einem starken Wirkungspotential gibt, die bisher von den Psychologen weitgehend vernachlässigt worden sind, wie etwa individuelle Kaufentscheidungen, Aktionen von Gemeinschaften und Gruppen sowie Verhalten von Organisationen und politische Entscheidungsprozesse. Schließlich wird die Notwendigkeit betont, Forschung mit Blick auf langfristige Entwicklungstendenzen eines weltweiten Öko- und Energiesystems zu betreiben." (Autorenreferat)

This conference paper is dedicated to rising issues concerning the preservation of graffiti. The author outlines practical and ethical aspects conservators are dealing with while preserving an industrial canvas. How to treat artworks that are tangible and intangible at once? Graffiti is not just a drawing we see on the murals. It is a form of social movement, an artistic expression of opinion. We can draw similarities with contemporary art, where an idea might be an essence of the artwork and artists do not always think about the longevity of their creations. Artists might use materials and techniques that make conservator's work practically impossible. That is why conservation in its traditional interpretation is an unsuitable solution for graffiti. Various ethical and practical questions have to be answered before conservator and society decide to preserve the art of graffiti.

We document the impact of an entrepreneurship training program on startup activity of minorities (females and non-Caucasians). We compare entrepreneurial activity between applicants who are accepted into the program with applicants who are program finalists but not accepted. We find that the effect of the program is small for minorities in the short run. However, the effect of the program is more pronounced for minorities' likelihood of longer run startup activity, whereas the effect on non-minorities is small and statistically insignificant. We suggest that such programs are most effective for individuals that may otherwise have limited access to entrepreneurial opportunities.

AbstractLake Nasser is one of the largest man-made lakes on earth. It has a vital importance to Egypt for several decades because of the safe water supply of the country. Therefore, the water quality of the Lake Nasser must be profoundly investigated, and physico-chemical parameter changes of the water of the Lake Nasser should be continuously monitored and assessed. This work describes the present state of the physico-chemical (nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphate content, dissolved oxygen content, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand) water parameters of Lake Nasser in Egypt at nine measurement sites along the Lake Nasser. The algorithm was devised at the University of Pannonia, Hungary, for the evaluation of the water quality. The aquatic environmental indices determined alongside the Lake Nasser fall into the category of "good" water quality at seven sampling sites and exhibited "excellent" water quality at two sampling sites according to Egyptian Governmental Decree No. 92/2013. In light of the tremendous demand for safe and healthy water supply in Egypt and international requirements, the water quality assessment is a very important tool for providing reliable information on the water quality. The protocol for water quality assessment could significantly contribute to the provision of high-quality water supply in Egypt. In conclusion, it can be stated that the parameters under investigation in different regions of Lake Nasser fall within the permissible ranges and the water of the Lake has good quality for drinking, irrigation, and fish cultures according to Egyptian standards; however, according to European specifications, there are steps to be accomplished for future water quality improvement.

Lake Nasser is one of the largest man-made lakes on earth. It has a vital importance to Egypt for several decades because of the safe water supply of the country. Therefore, the water quality of the Lake Nasser must be profoundly investigated, and physico-chemical parameter changes of the water of the Lake Nasser should be continuously monitored and assessed. This work describes the present state of the physico-chemical (nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphate content, dissolved oxygen content, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand) water parameters of Lake Nasser in Egypt at nine measurement sites along the Lake Nasser. The algorithm was devised at the University of Pannonia, Hungary, for the evaluation of the water quality. The aquatic environmental indices determined alongside the Lake Nasser fall into the category of "good" water quality at seven sampling sites and exhibited "excellent" water quality at two sampling sites according to Egyptian Governmental Decree No. 92/2013. In light of the tremendous demand for safe and healthy water supply in Egypt and international requirements, the water quality assessment is a very important tool for providing reliable information on the water quality. The protocol for water quality assessment could significantly contribute to the provision of high-quality water supply in Egypt. In conclusion, it can be stated that the parameters under investigation in different regions of Lake Nasser fall within the permissible ranges and the water of the Lake has good quality for drinking, irrigation, and fish cultures according to Egyptian standards; however, according to European specifications, there are steps to be accomplished for future water quality improvement.

The complex relationships of economic actors and the high dependency on information and communication technologies make it necessary for all relevant entities to develop protection. This protection should include preventive and reactive controls in a risk-proportionate manner in relation to the business value protected. We aimed to develop a solution to support cybersecurity-related business decisions with financial analytics. The risk-based approach helps management find the optimum solution with minimal costs, where protection prevents some incidents from occurring, while the risks associated with other incidents are accepted in an informed way. The security industry developed a number of apparatuses to find the optimum security controls that enforced the fiscal aspects, which typically contain solutions used in planning. However, the actual expenditure often differs from the planned budget for several reasons, one of which is
the occurrence of security incidents. We used the common methodology toolset for financial analysis (NPV, NFV, risk assessment). We developed novel metrics based on these that can be used in cybersecurity management. Within the framework thus defined, the article discusses the economic context of the effects of incidents involving Meta (previously Facebook) services from 2016 to 2020. This paper introduces the 'Effect of incidents' metric to measure the impact of unplanned incidents' on actual expenditure compared to the planned budget and the 'Incidence of incident recognition' metric to measure deviations of an incident's impact as perceived by owners relative to the effect on the value of the assets. The paper also proves the applicability of those metrics using the example of Meta.

Large-scale environmental programs generally commit substantial societal resources, making the evaluation of their actual effects on the relevant outcomes imperative. As the example of the subsidization of energy-saving appliances illustrates, much of the applied environmental economics literature has yet to confront the problem of proper attribution of effects to underlying causes on a convincing methodological basis. This paper argues that recent results in the econometrics and statistics literature on program evaluation could be utilized to advance considerably in this context. In particular, the construction of a credible counterfactual situation is at the heart of the formal statistical evaluation problem. Even when controlled experiments are not a viable option, appropriate approaches might succeed where traditional empirical strategies fail to uncover the effects of environmental interventions.