Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются оценочные номинации политиков США и России на материале субстандартной лексики. Считается, что сленг является неотъемлемой частью любого развитого естественного языка и возникает как неизбежное следствие кодификации национального языка. Являясь наиболее динамичным пластом лексико-семантической системы языка, он очень быстро обновляется, поэтому представляет в концентрированном виде базовые концепты, своего рода лингвистический полигон, на котором проверяются многие новые элементы языка, затем частично усваиваиваемые стандартным, литературным языком. В статье отмечается, что через вербальные оценки происходит отражение языковой личности в лексико-семантической системе. Оценка является собственно человеческой категорией, касается человека и всего того, что каким-либо способом связано с ним, затрагивает его физическую, психическую и социальную сущность. Оценка представляет человека как цель, на которую обращен мир. В качестве единицы анализа автором избраны номинанты (единицы номинации), понимаемые как коннотативно осложненные лексические и фразеологические единицы, называющие человека по каким-либо признакам, качествам, свойствам. Наиболее частотными средствами создания оценки выступают образный компонент, гендерный компонент, прецедентные имена, ключевые слова, относящиеся к политической тематике. В статье подчеркивается, что анализ английской и русской субстандартной лексики способствует выявлению видения языковой личностью типичных и специфических особенностей своего народа, а в результате описания культурной интерпретации образного основания единиц номинации выявляются концептуальные ценности данных народов с опорой на их менталитет, типичные черты этноса. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of evaluative nominations of politicians in the USA and Russia based on the material of substandard vocabulary. Slang is considered to be an integral part of any developed language and it emerges as an inevitable consequence of codification of a national language. Being the most dynamic layer of a lexico-semantic system of a language, slang updates very quickly; therefore it represents in a concentrated form basic concepts, i.e. it functions as a linguistic ground, upon which new elements of a language are verified and later become phenomena of a standard literary language. It is noted in the article that by means of verbal evaluations the reflection of a language personality in a lexico-semantic system takes place. Evaluation in itself is a personal category, it concerns a person and everything which is somehow connected with him/her, and it affects the physical, mental and social entity of a person. Evaluation represents a person as an aim to which the whole world is turned. As a unit of the analysis the author chooses nominants (units of nomination) which are understood as connotatively charged lexical and phraseological units naming a person based on certain attributes, qualities, features. The most frequent means of creating evaluation are a figurative component, a gender component, precedent names, and key words relating to politics. The article underlines that the analysis of substandard English and Russian vocabulary contributes to the understanding of typical and specific peculiarities of their people by linguistic personalities, and as a result of description of the cultural interpretation of the figurative basis of the units of nomination, conceptual values of these peoples based on their mentality and typical traits of an ethnos can be singled out.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Overview -- Prologue -- Background -- Linguistic Anthropology -- Linguistic Relativity -- Investigating Linguistic Relativity -- Critiques -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 2: Early Research on Linguistic Relativity -- Prologue -- Franz Boas and Edward Sapir -- Lev S. Vygotsky -- Relevant Research Questions -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 3: The Whorfian Hypothesis -- Prologue -- The Hopi Language -- Critical Reactions -- Resurgence of Interest -- Sound Symbolism -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 4: Vocabulary and Grammar -- Prologue -- Specialized Vocabulary -- Kinship Terms -- Color Terms -- Grammar -- Habitual Thought -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 5: Discourse and Translation -- Prologue -- Discursive Relativity -- Translation -- Machine Translation -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 6: Figurative Language -- Prologue -- Conceptual Metaphor Theory -- Idealized Cognitive Models -- Extensions -- Epilogue -- Discussion Questions and Activities -- Chapter Questions -- Related Questions -- Activities -- Chapter 7: Computer-Mediated Communication, AI, and Artificial Languages -- Prologue -- Computer-Mediated Communication -- Artificial Intelligence -- Artificial Languages -- Epilogue -- Implications of Linguistic Relativity -- Concluding Remarks -- Discussion Questions and Activities.

Previous studies have examined word association behaviors of native speakers and non-native speakers, pointing out differences in the organization of their mental lexicon. This study investigates a relatively underexplored area in word association studies—the word association of heritage learners. The study compares word association behaviors of low-proficiency Korean heritage learners to those of native Korean speakers and non-heritage learners. Preliminary results indicate that heritage learners exhibit a great deal of variability in their word association patterns compared to native speakers and non-heritage learners. All three subject groups show an overall preference for meaning-based association over position-based association for nouns. However, in subcategories of meaning-based and position-based responses, the three groups show significant differences. Heritage learners tend, like native speakers, to produce more responses based on strong conceptual associations than non-heritage learners. Yet heritage learners, despite their larger vocabulary size and their exposure to the language in authentic socio-cultural contexts at home, show little difference from non-heritage learners in their weak collocation-based associations. This preliminary study provides insight into heritage learners' mental lexicon in contrast to those of native speakers and non-heritage learners, and also discusses pedagogical implications for teaching vocabulary to heritage learners.

The discipline of Religious Studies is shown to be, to a great extent, a form of extreme liberal theology. It is argued that the entire discipline would benefit from adopting scientific vocabulary, assumptions, and standards -- Wilson's consilience model. This is illustrated by exploring a prominent Religious Studies theory in depth. Accordingly, a critique of Douglas Davies' Words Against Death model of the human response to death is presented. The logical and conceptual difficulties with it are highlighted, as the aspects of it which are accurate, and it is shown that a consilient version of the theory would be persuasive and a contribution to knowledge. Adapted from the source document.

Hispanic-American societies of the colonial period are traditionally described as being hierarchized along a system of racial classification. Indeed, the Spanish term casta has been translated as race for that very purpose. Considering both terms as synonymous, however, leads to a conflation of colonial categories and contemporary concepts, thus simplifying a highly complex and lengthy process.
This article focuses on the distinctly colonial elements that contributed to transforming a notion derived from nobiliary terminology into a science of phenotypes. The study of this visual culture and vocabulary, initially rooted in Mesoamerica, reveals the regional and interimperial dialogue that established a Euro-American space of shared conceptual creation.

This article seeks to develop a vocabulary and conceptual framework for the discussion of cross-cultural religious encounters. The ubiquity of Christian missionaries in diverse parts of the world provides a basis for such an enterprise. For China, four patterns are postulated: selective inculturation, resistance, conversion, and selective acculturation toWestern secular knowledge with the aid of mission schools. ForWest Africa, the patterns are less distinct. There was less resistance and greater openness to Christianity, reflecting a different relationship between the sacred and the secular than in China. The article concludes by finding the theories of Jack Goody (on literacy) and Carl Jung (on introversion and extroversion) to be heuristically valuable.

This article traces the problematic way in which the word 'dynasty' has evolved in western languages and historiography. Analysing European historical dictionaries (sixteenth century to present), and thousands of printed book titles (fifteenth–twentieth centuries), it shows how the word's meaning shifted significantly following publication of volume 5 of the Encylopédie in 1755 – from its ancient sense of 'government, regime' per se, to 'a hereditary line of princes' specifically. This relatively recent linguistic change has created a risk of anachronism and conceptual confusion in twentieth and twenty-first century scholarship on early modern Europe, where 'dynasty' has been variously taken, e.g. to refer to the history of government, succession practices and/or royal subjectivity. The article outlines the findings of a major project on the Jagiellonian dynasty (c.1385–1572) which has tackled this linguistic-conceptual problem, by attempting to recover how medieval/Renaissance sources described this ruling lineage in an era before 'dynasty-as-family' had entered political-historical vocabulary.

Contesting the concept of Woman: Perspectives from conceptual history.The main argument of this article is that the concept of kvinde (woman) was redefined in the 19th century in Denmark, and that it can be studied alongside other central concepts. Kvinde re-entered the Danish vocabulary as a universal term for woman not bound to social or marital status. Early romanticists such as Adam Oehlenschläger (1779-1850) and N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783-1872) used and disseminated sagas and myths from Old Norse mythology to re-conceptualize the concept of kvinde in romantic poetry. Gradually the concept of kvinde entered other spheres of society. The article seeks to present a framework for further studies, not only in the debates and themes proposed here, but also in relation to other gendered discussions of the 19th century. The article is a preliminary attempt to establish the concept of kvinde in a conceptual framework, arguing that the concept needs to be studied in more depth as central to the discussions of the 19th century

This thesis develops a conceptual and theoretical framework within which to position contemporary Afrikaans cinema as a cinema of political impotence. Afrikaans cinema is first located within the tensions of democratic post-transitional South African society and linked to the identity politics of being identified as 'Afrikaner' or 'Afrikaans speaking'. The thesis provides a critical overview of film scholar Thomas Elsaesser's studies of (New) German Cinema and Hollywood, identifying key notions such as double occupancy to inform the study's vocabulary, and discussing how certain cultures have responded to traumatic events in which they were complicit. The thesis then links Elsaesser's studies to Fredric Jameson's views on political cinema and the political failures of postmodernism. This conceptual and theoretical framework identifies and problematises the neoliberal structures that guide much of Afrikaans filmmaking, and offers a historical overview of key moments and figures in South African (primarily Afrikaans) filmmaking in order to demonstrate that there Afrikaans cinema.

Along with the rise of the modern normative constitutions at the close of the eighteenth century, constitutionalism started to crystallize into a body of conceptual justifications for the limited government. Whereas constitutional phenomena always have parochial dimensions and connotations, related to the implications of popular sovereignty and the historical origins of various arrangements, the foundational concepts of constitutionalism are in their nature abstract and universalistic. Nonetheless, as long as constitutions reigned a world of nation-states, constitutionalism could serve, within the limited and concrete setting provided by the adherence of debates to state-bound constitutional phenomena, as a an intelligible meta-juridical language for assessing practices. With the contemporary erosion of the nation state came an increasing dilution of the constitutions' jurisdictional capacity to normatively predetermine legal and political evolutions. Conversely, as the locus of crucial decisions shifted, attempts were made to bring institutions and structures located beyond or alongside the classical nation-state in tune with inherited patterns of legal and political legitimacy. This contemporary phenomenon, interchangeably described as "supranational", "transnational", "global" or "international" constitutionalization, determined a detachment of the language of constitutionalism from the concrete context provided by nation state practices and also produced new, quasi-constitutional vocabularies. This article tests, on the basis of a Romanian case study, the capacity of constitutional language, when it is heaved to and abstracted at the cosmopolitan level, to function as a rational framework of reference.

The article under revue examines the way newspaper texts reflect important developments taking place in the language within our modem society. The article discusses such major trends in the development of language in newspapers as the change of key words(conceptual words) result ing from the democratization of ош society; the change in the use of Ьiassed language and the narrowing of its usage; the strengthening of information aspect that manifests itself in changing the gеше as well as the headlines; the extensionof the vocabulary of newspapers Ьу introducing spoken elements, popular speech, colloquial words and jargon; making the language used in newspapers more intimate - the trends to bring the language of newspaper articles to the language of readers.

This study explores the teachers' perceptions of using the first language (L1) when teaching English. The conceptual work of literature review is applied as the research method. This means previous works were analysed to investigate teachers' perceptions toward the L1 use in teaching English. The result shows that the L1 can be used in teaching grammar, vocabulary, and giving instructions. Teachers are also divided into three positions in perceiving the use of L1 in teaching English, which are the virtual, maximal, and optimal position. Therefore, teachers might use this study's results as the information to use the L1 in classrooms. This may also be beneficial for Indonesian educational stakeholders and the government to specifically define the use of L1 in teaching English.

In this article I discuss the possibility of offering a sound perfectionist interpretation of Iris Murdoch's The Sovereignty of Good, taking seriously Stanley Cavell's remark that the central case of moral transformation presented in that book does not constitute an instance of Emersonian perfectionism. More precisely, I argue that, although Cavell and Murdoch both appeal to the vocabulary of perfection, their philosophical perspectives significantly diverge: Cavell's perfectionism focuses on a radical transfiguration of one's self as a whole that entails important political and social consequences, while Murdoch's perfectionism is closer to the Stoic tradition of spiritual exercises as it is described by Pierre Hadot, since it focuses on a purely perceptive or conceptual change of one's inner point of view.

In this article I discuss the possibility of offering a sound perfectionist interpretation of Iris Murdoch's The Sovereignty of Good, taking seriously Stanley Cavell's remark that the central case of moral transformation presented in that book does not constitute an instance of Emersonian perfectionism. More precisely, I argue that, although Cavell and Murdoch both appeal to the vocabulary of perfection, their philosophical perspectives significantly diverge: Cavell's perfectionism focuses on a radical transfiguration of one's self as a whole that entails important political and social consequences, while Murdoch's perfectionism is closer to the Stoic tradition of spiritual exercises as it is described by Pierre Hadot, since it focuses on a purely perceptive or conceptual change of one's inner point of view.

The article analyzes the concept of the enemy as a component of the semantic opposition "our"–"alien", presented in political communication as one of the main conceptual antinomies. An overview of theoretical works, which highlights the verbalization of the basic concepts of political discourse, representing one of the components of the opposition, is "alien". The linguistic representations of the enemy concept on the lexical level with the definitions of vocabulary definitions and the philosophical interpretation of the concept are outlined. The verbalization of the concept of the enemy in political discourse was explored on the basis of the speeches and speeches of well-known Ukrainian politicians, which allowed to demonstrate the dynamics of its development and to present the two-component structure of the concept. Concepts that make up the core of the national conceptual sphere are altered primarily by external factors and require additional analysis. First of all, it concerns the semantic opposition, among which the defining place belongs to the conceptual opposition of "our" – "alien", which in the political discourse is represented in the speeches of political figures, political programs, advertising, etc. One of the verbal representations of the concept of "alien" as a component of semantic opposition is presented in the political communication of the concept of the enemy, which requires a thorough analysis given the relevance of this concept in contemporary political discourse. It is substantiated that in the modern Ukrainian political discourse, the concept of the enemy has a bipolar nuclear part: the first semantic is represented by semantics "ideological enemy", and the second – "military enemy". In the first case, it is internal enemies, primarily political opponents, opponents who have opposing or incompatible views. In the second case we are talking about military confrontation, which is represented both in general and in concrete terms. A generalized view of the enemy implies an indication of the presence or active interference by external aggressors, postulating the threat of independence and statehood of Ukraine without indicating the subjects of these hostilities; a concrete presentation implies the actualization of Russia and the Russians as real enemies involved in hostilities against our country. In this case, the semantic field of verbalization is expanding at the expense of the lexem of the thematic group "war". We fix the domination of the second semantic center of the concept and change the metaphorical models from the family to the militaristic. ; В статье анализируется концепт ВРАГ как компонент семантической оппозиции «свой»–«чужой», представленной в политической коммуникации как одна из основных концептуальных антиномий. Осуществляется обзор теоретических работ, в которых отражена вербализация основных концептов политического дискурса, содержащих один из компонентов указанной семантической оппозиции – «чужой». Определяются языковые репрезентации концепта ВРАГ на лексическом уровне с опорой на словарные дефиниции и философское толкование концепта. Исследуется вербализация концепта ВРАГ в политическом дискурсе на материале выступлений и речей известных украинских политиков, что позволило продемонстрировать динамику его развития и представить двухкомпонентную структуру концепта. ; У статті проаналізовано концепт ВОРОГ як компонент семантичної опозиції «свій»–«чужий», представленої в політичної комунікації як одна з основних концептуальних антиномій. Здійснено огляд теоретичних праць, у яких висвітлено вербалізацію основних концептів політичного дискурсу, що представляють один з компонентів зазначеної опозиції – «чужий». Окреслено мовні репрезентації концепту ВОРОГ на лексичному рівні з опертям на словникові дефініції та філософське тлумачення концепту. Досліджено вербалізацію концепту ВОРОГ у політичному дискурсі на матеріалі виступів і промов відомих українських політиків, що дало змогу продемонструвати динаміку його розвитку та представити двокомпонентну будову концепту.