Suchergebnisse

Examines the ramifications of the ongoing politico‐economic unification taking place in Europe. Viner′s theoretical contribution in analysing customs unions is applied to the European Union (EU) in order to determine the implications of the EU on developing countries. Additionally, examines the changes taking place in the formerly planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe in an effort to understand the diversion effect faced by developing countries better. Finally, identifies different levels of competition: competition within the EU and outside the EU, competition between EU and non‐EU firms, and competition among non‐EU actors.

Intro -- EUROPEAN UNION: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- EUROPEAN UNION: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- THE EUROPEAN UNION: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- Abstract -- What Is the European Union? -- How Does the EU Work? -- How Is the EU Governed? -- What Is the Lisbon Treaty? -- Why and How Is the EU Enlarging? -- Does the EU Have a Foreign Policy? -- Does the EU Have a Defense Policy? -- What Is the Relationship of the EU to NATO? -- What Is Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)? -- Does the EU Have a Trade Policy? -- How Do EU Countries and Citizens View the EU? -- Does the United States Have a Formal Relationship with the EU? -- Who Are U.S. Officials' Counterparts in the EU? -- How Are U.S.-EU Economic Relations Doing? -- References -- THE EUROPEAN UNION'S REFORM PROCESS: THE LISBON TREATY -- Abstract -- Background -- The Constitutional Treaty -- The Lisbon Treaty -- Key Reforms -- Implementing the Treaty -- Implications for the United States -- References -- THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT -- Abstract -- Role of the European Parliament -- Legislative Process -- Budgetary Process -- Supervision and Oversight Responsibilities -- Organization of the European Parliament -- Political Groups -- The EP President -- Committees -- Delegations -- Administration -- Location -- Languages -- Challenges -- The European Parliament and the U.S. Congress -- References -- EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT: A STATUS REPORT ON TURKEY'S ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS -- Abstract -- The EU Accession Process [1] -- The Cyprus Dilemma [6] -- Turkey's Initial Path to European Union Accession -- Current Status of Turkey's Accession -- Possible Scenarios -- U.S. Perspectives -- Assessment -- References -- MARITIME POLICY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: AN INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY APPROACH -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction

The European Union (EU) faces a new geopolitical situation. The Iraq war and its aftermath plus the failure of the Cancun WTO meeting have triggered a new debate on global governance and international law. Kofi Annnan has warned of the dangers of weakening the authority of the UN and other multilateral institutions. Romano Prodi has openly questioned whether the current multilateral system is up to the challenges facing the world. At the same time, the current US administration has openly scorned the multilateral system in pursuit of its one-dimensional security policy – the war on terrorism – although there are some indications that this approach may be changing as a result of the problems it faces in Iraq. In contrast, the European security strategy paper, presented by Javier Solana to the European Council in December 2003, highlighted the importance of the EU working to strengthen the institutions of global governance. It implicitly called for a more active and effective EU role on the world stage. This paper will assess the prospects for the EU in meetings its ambitious goals in regard to global governance.

This article reports on pre and post interviews with trade union leaders and senior Trades Union Congress (TUC) and union officials who held campaign responsibilities for the 2016 UK European Union (EU) Referendum. The article considers the development of union policy towards the EU, the determination of unions' final positions, campaign resources and media, the arguments made and the drivers of and constraints upon active campaigning. Campaign intensity, resourcing and strategic decision-making varied widely across unions and was frustrated by resource constraints, fear of alienating members and in some cases lack of priority. The article concludes that unions must be better prepared to commit material resources and national officers' time so that campaign issues are effectively framed in terms of member concerns.

This article explores major theoretical approaches to the study of European integration, European Union (EU) as a globalpower, and the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy. The argument presented here is that only a combination of bothInternational Relations and European integration approaches will allow us to understand the very premises of the Europeanintegration project in terms of both internal and external – international-aspects. This approach will be complementaryto the attempts by researchers those who call to mainstream European studies and an appeal in favor of aboundingthe project of conceptualizing the EU as a single case or as being Sui generis. This article argues that, despite seriousattempts by scholars of the field of European studies, it seems difficult to theorize European integration. The establishedliterature to the existing political entities seems less relevant to study EU due to the union's unique identity. Theoriesof EU integration are unable to explain or predict the process of integration, but they are normally outpaced by events.

The European Union (EU) constitutes an evolving diplomatic milieu characterized by high levels of interconnectedness among the politico-administrative apparatuses of member states. The article assesses whether the continued presence of member state bilateral embassies in the EU is residual and largely emptied of function, or whether they are adapting their role to new requirements in the EU policy environment. An analytical framework is developed conceptualizing diplomatic representation around three variables -function, access and presence -and two scenarios of change dynamics in the structures of bilateral diplomacy in the EU are proposed. These are then utilized to evaluate empirical evidence gathered in embassies of six member states in London and Vienna. The findings reveal a process of gradual 're-gearing' of embassy functions towards EU matters, shifting patterns of communication and access, and 'domestication' of diplomatic presence in terms of personnel and agenda. Overall, this amounts to a shift towards EU-oriented bilateralism. Adapted from the source document.

"The European Union (EU) has encouraged democratic development in a number of post-communist states. This article examines the extent of EU involvement in Ukraine and its results. It notes that there has been a substantial disconnect between the rhetoric of Ukraine's 'European Choice' and authoritarian trends in the country. Ukraine signed a series of agreements with the EU, but membership in the organization was never offered. The EU's interest in Ukraine, however, was rather meager and it never gained means to have much leverage. As authoritarianism became more pronounced, the EU began to disengage from the country. The article argues that part of the problem was that the EU never applied political conditionality to Ukraine as it had with other states. The 'Orange Revolution' opens up new possibilities and challenges, and the EU now must come to grips with a more democratically and Western-oriented leadership." (author's abstract)

In the early phase of transition that started with the 1990s, Central and Eastern European Countries pursued economic restructuring of the enterprise sector that involved massive injections of state support. Also foreign investment from the West and facilitation of the development of a market economy involved massive injections of state support. With their accession to the European Union (EU), levels and forms of state aid came under critical review by the European Commission. This inquiry investigates whether the integration of the new member states operates on a level playing field with respect to state aid. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is relied upon to answer this key, as well as other, related questions. Findings suggest that in recent years a level playing field across the EU has indeed emerged. State aid in the new EU member countries is rather handled more strictly than laxer compared to the 'old' EU countries. -- Competition policy ; economic transition ; EU enlargement ; state aid

International audience ; [Thinking about the future of the European Union using the methods of forecasting. According to the latter, it requires a good knowledge of the initial situation. We begin by singling out the nature of the demographic system of the European Union in the late 2000s. Then we propose several scenarios on the horizon of 2030. by combining the possible trends in key demographic parameters. Finally, analyzes and discussions held previously will ultimately provide recommendations whose purpose is to eliminate scenarios that do not appear desirable and promote progress towards a better future.] ; Réfléchissons à l'avenir de l'Union européenne en recourant aux méthodes de la prospective. Conformément à ces dernières, cela nécessite une bonne connaissance de la situation initiale. Nous commencerons donc par singulariser la nature du système démographique de l'Union européenne à la fin des années 2000. Puis nous proposerons plusieurs scénarios prospectifs à l'horizon de 2030. en combinant les tendances possibles sur les principaux paramètres démographiques. Enfin, les analyses et réflexions menées précédemment permettront, in fine, de proposer des recommandations dont l'objet est d'écarter les scénarios qui n'apparaissent pas souhaitables et de favoriser l'évolution vers un avenir meilleur.

International audience ; [Thinking about the future of the European Union using the methods of forecasting. According to the latter, it requires a good knowledge of the initial situation. We begin by singling out the nature of the demographic system of the European Union in the late 2000s. Then we propose several scenarios on the horizon of 2030. by combining the possible trends in key demographic parameters. Finally, analyzes and discussions held previously will ultimately provide recommendations whose purpose is to eliminate scenarios that do not appear desirable and promote progress towards a better future.] ; Réfléchissons à l'avenir de l'Union européenne en recourant aux méthodes de la prospective. Conformément à ces dernières, cela nécessite une bonne connaissance de la situation initiale. Nous commencerons donc par singulariser la nature du système démographique de l'Union européenne à la fin des années 2000. Puis nous proposerons plusieurs scénarios prospectifs à l'horizon de 2030. en combinant les tendances possibles sur les principaux paramètres démographiques. Enfin, les analyses et réflexions menées précédemment permettront, in fine, de proposer des recommandations dont l'objet est d'écarter les scénarios qui n'apparaissent pas souhaitables et de favoriser l'évolution vers un avenir meilleur.

Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679. Following the GDPR's recent reform - the most extensive since the first EU laws in this area were adopted and implemented into the legal orders of the Member States - this book offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers, and rights of data subjects, providing a thorough, up-to-date account of the legal and practical aspects of personal data protection in the EU. -- backcover