In 2021, the Lower Volga Paleolithic research team of the IAET SB RAS, participating in the Interdisciplinary Lower Volga Expedition organized by the IIMK RAS, the study of the Sukhaya Mechetka Middle Paleolithic site located in the northern outskirts ofVolgograd City was continued. The research was aimed at studying the chronostratigraphic position of the cultural layer and reconstructing the paleoclimate during the Neanderthal habitation period. In 2021, an additional geological section was established to the west of the buffer zone of the excavation area to study the stratigraphy of the right-side slope of the Sukhaya Mechetka gully. In 2021 the upper part of SM 14-18 (SМ East) stratigraphic sequence has been completely excavated (26 m thick). The new SM West stratigraphic sequence was established in 155 m westwards. Preliminary correlation of the layers and paleosol horizons in these two profiles was carried out. Samples for palynological, micromorphological, physicochemical and phytholithic analyses with the purpose to correlate the two sequences have been collected. Sediments were sampled for OSL dating. Studies of the buried paleosol are extremely important for understanding the dynamics of the climatic changes during the cultural layer accumulation at Sukhaya Mechetka. Pedogenetic levels that have been revealed in 2021 are comparable to the buried paleosol identified at the site earlier in depths, continuity and features of pedogenesis. Texturally graded buried paleosol described here for the first time for the SM West sequence expand our understanding of the soil spatial inhomogeneity, and, consequently, conditions of human habitation. Results of the ongoing field investigation will allow determining the cultural-chronological position of Sukhaya Mechetka in the context of the Eastern and Central European Middle Paleolithic complexes for the first time.
The present article reviews the idea of a united Lithuanian-Latvian state as a political goal that was promoted by Jonas –li˚pas, an activist of the Lithuanian national awakening (in English transcription: John Szlupas/ Szliupas/Sliupas, 1861ñ1944). The research of the idea of establishing a common state shows that the concept of a Lithuanian-Latvian confederation (similar to Switzerland) existed already in 1884 and was mentioned in East Prussia (Germany) by Germans. The idea of a united Lithuanian-Latvian state was adopted by J. –li˚pas who further developed this idea in his own way. J. –li˚pas had acknowledged that he had first heard of the Lithuanian- Latvian state concept in 1884, in presentations of several Germans, after his oration in Tilsit (East Prussia). At the time he was 23 years old, the age when a young man is open to many new ideas. After coming to the United States, in 1885 he started promoting the idea of a Lithuanian-Latvian state in the New York Lithuanian language newspaper ìUnijaî. Later J. –li˚pas continued this idea in his subsequent publications. Such a revelation of the origin of a Lithuanian-Latvian state idea (Letto-Lithuanian Republic) helps in understanding why this early concept later found very little enthusiasm among the Lithuanian and the Latvian leaders, because the idea originated from outside and did not reflect the Lithuanian and Latvian interests. It promoted German understanding and the strategic interests developed by the Kaiserís Germany in the 19th century. It intended to separate Lithuanian and Latvian lands from the Russian Empire, thus creating a central buffer zone between the two antagonists that served German interests. The idea most likely is associated with the grandiose German plan in how to reorganize Central and Eastern Europe. After the beginning of World War I, new possibilities emerged in how to fulfill these strategic plans.
The present article reviews the idea of a united Lithuanian-Latvian state as a political goal that was promoted by Jonas –li˚pas, an activist of the Lithuanian national awakening (in English transcription: John Szlupas/ Szliupas/Sliupas, 1861ñ1944). The research of the idea of establishing a common state shows that the concept of a Lithuanian-Latvian confederation (similar to Switzerland) existed already in 1884 and was mentioned in East Prussia (Germany) by Germans. The idea of a united Lithuanian-Latvian state was adopted by J. –li˚pas who further developed this idea in his own way. J. –li˚pas had acknowledged that he had first heard of the Lithuanian- Latvian state concept in 1884, in presentations of several Germans, after his oration in Tilsit (East Prussia). At the time he was 23 years old, the age when a young man is open to many new ideas. After coming to the United States, in 1885 he started promoting the idea of a Lithuanian-Latvian state in the New York Lithuanian language newspaper ìUnijaî. Later J. –li˚pas continued this idea in his subsequent publications. Such a revelation of the origin of a Lithuanian-Latvian state idea (Letto-Lithuanian Republic) helps in understanding why this early concept later found very little enthusiasm among the Lithuanian and the Latvian leaders, because the idea originated from outside and did not reflect the Lithuanian and Latvian interests. It promoted German understanding and the strategic interests developed by the Kaiserís Germany in the 19th century. It intended to separate Lithuanian and Latvian lands from the Russian Empire, thus creating a central buffer zone between the two antagonists that served German interests. The idea most likely is associated with the grandiose German plan in how to reorganize Central and Eastern Europe. After the beginning of World War I, new possibilities emerged in how to fulfill these strategic plans.
AbstractThis study reviews and evaluates the motives and incentives behind immigrants' religiosity, focusing on the two sides of the Atlantic – Europe and the United States. The contribution of the study is mainly empirical, trying to identify indicators for the type of incentive – whether immigrants' religiosity serves as a 'bridge' or a 'buffer' in the process of adaptation to the receiving country. The statistical analysis draws on data from several waves of the European Social Survey (ESS), the American General Social Survey (GSS), and the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). Estimation of extended 'mass participation equations' and 'prayer equations' leads to the following findings: (a) immigrants are indeed more religious than the populations in the receiving countries, both in Europe and in the United States; and (b) while in the United States the religiosity of immigrants serves as a bridge between the immigrants and the local population, in Europe it has mainly the function of a buffer and of a "balm for the soul". There is an extensive literature on the 'bridge versus buffer' (or 'bridge versus boundary') theories and their different implications in the United States and in Europe. However, to the best of our knowledge, our paper presents an innovative attempt to disentangle the two types of motives and to show that while the former is more relevant in the United States, the latter dominates in Europe.JEL codesJ11; J15; Z12; Z13
We studied the aggregative stability of colloidal silver quasi-spherical nanoparticles and two-dimensional nanoplates, stabilised by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, in the presence of phosphate buffers containing different singly charged cations (Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+) and tris-HCl at pH 8.0 and concentration 0.02 mol/L which mimics the carbodiimide conjugation conditions of nanoparticles with biomolecules. Aggregation of silver nanoplates occurs in the presence of Na-phosphate buffer whereas at the same conditions the quasi-spherical nanoparticles retain colloidal stability. The difference in colloidal stability between 3D and 2D silver nanoparticles is due to the increase of the apparent acid dissociation constant on the nanoplates' basal faces and the subsequent increase in specific bridging interactions nanoparticle – cation – nanoparticle which can be eliminated by introducing of non-ionic spacer (11-mercapto-1-undecanol) in the ligand layer. Silver nanoplates with mixed ligand layer have increased colloidal stability across the pH.
This thesis aims to reflect on the different functions between the upper border of Germany and that of Germany, with particular emphasis on its military dimension and its place in the Empire defense strategy. The study of the limes is particularly interesting from the Severi to Diocletian, because this is a period when it has many changes and adjustments to its abandonment and the return on the 'ripa' the Rhine. After defining the limes and its function, we will see that trading is limited between the Roman and Germanic world and that effective against low-intensity raids. Its abandonment is explained both by civil wars and by changes in the Germanic world. After the rediscovered unity of the Empire, the emperors created a new line of defense on the Rhine which is complemented by the creation of a buffer state, the Alamannia. ; Cette thèse a pour objet de mener une réflexion sur les différentes fonctions entre la frontière de Germanie supérieure et celle de Germanie, en insistant plus particulièrement sur sa dimension militaire et sa place dans la stratégie de défense de l'Empire. L'étude de ce limes est particulièrement intéressante des Sévères à Dioclétien, car c'est une période où il connaît de nombreuses transformations et adaptations jusqu'à son abandon et le retour sur la 'ripa ' du Rhin. Après avoir défini le limes et ses fonctions, nous verrons que les échanges y sont limités entre le monde romain et germanique et qu'il est efficace pour lutter contre les raids de faible intensité. Son abandon s'explique à la fois par les guerres civiles et par les mutations dans le monde germanique. Après l'unité retrouvée de l'Empire, les empereurs créent une nouvelle ligne de défense sur le Rhin qui est complétée par la création d'un Etat-tampon, l'Alamannia.
Few studies have examined the associations between health and the cross-border ties that migrants maintain with their family members in communities of origin. We draw on theory related to social ties, ethnic identity, and mental health to examine cross-border ties as potential moderators of the association between migration-related stress and psychological distress among Latino migrants. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Survey, we find that remittance sending is associated with significantly lower levels of psychological distress for Cuban migrants, and difficulty visiting home is associated with significantly greater psychological distress for Puerto Rican migrants. There were significant associations between migration-related stressors and psychological distress, although these associations fell to non-significance after accounting for multiple testing. We found little evidence that cross-border ties either buffer or exacerbate the association between migration-related stressors and psychological distress. We consider the findings within the current political and historical context of cross-border ties and separation.
Includes verse. One of 300 copies. Original buff printed paper wrappers. FAU Libraries' copy lacking paper wrappers. Edges have been trimmed to 22 cm. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B22F17 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections
Since Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Northern Europe has increasingly aligned its national defence arrangements with the United States and NATO. This contrasts with the Cold War period, when Sweden and Finland were neutral, and Norway and Denmark put self-imposed restraints on their NATO memberships. Providing Northern Europe with a stable "buffer" between East and West, this so-called Nordic balance kept the United States and Soviet Union at an arm's length. Since 2014 however, Northern Europe hasde factoslid from "buffer" to "springboard" for US forces. This slide may counter Russian assertiveness, but there is also reason to argue that it may increase regional tension and unpredictability. If so, this may leave the entire region with less rather than more security. Using the case of Norway, it is argued that too close an alignment with NATO may have accelerated Norway's role as a "springboard" for US forces. This is because cost-intensive reforms needed to accommodate US expectations abroad have also exacerbated critical vulnerabilities at home. Increased dependency on US forces thereby makes difficult the balance between deterrence and restraintvis-à-visRussia.
This paper assesses the usefulness of private credit variables and other macrofinancial and banking sector indicators for the setting of Basel III / CRD IV countercyclical capital buffers (CCBs) in a multivariate early warning model framework, using data for 23 EU Members States from 1982 Q2 to 2012 Q3. We find that in addition to credit variables, other domestic and global financial factors such as equity and house prices as well as banking sector variables help to predict vulnerable states of the economy in EU Member States. We therefore suggest that policy makers take a broad approach in their analytical models supporting CCB policy measures.
Argues that Israel's reliance on nuclear weapons would be greatly increased should the present buffer zones provided by the occupied territories disappear as the result of a "land for peace" agreement.
