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AbstractThe article argues that al-abarī's History of the Prophets and the Kings provides a free rider-analysis of the decline of Abbasid state power. Al-abarī's historical analysis considers state policy on land tax, and religion as a legal norm related to the social contract between the head of state and the landlords. It is concluded that al-abarī saw the misāa tax system and 'rule of law' as the principal conditions for imperial rule, and that al-abarī's History already provides an answer to modern historians' questions as to why the Abbasid state crumbled, and what role religion played in the political economy.

Excerpt: On December 26, 2015 a 24-minute audio message was released by the Islamic State Organization's (ISO) official media arm al-Furqan.

The article deals with theoretical approaches to the essence of Caliphate as they were formulated by Middle Eastern and South Asian Islamic thinkers. The distinguishing characteristics of Pan-Islamic and Pan-Ottoman conceptions and their perception in the Muslim communities of Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire and among the Sunni Muslims of South Asia are analyzed. The study explores the historical and cultural background of the appeal of Caliphatist values for Muslims of various ethnic origins.

The book analyses the works of Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (224/839–310/923) as expressions of the theory of natural law and natural rights, and its corollary theories of politics and social contract, language and rhetoric, hermeneutics, metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and ethics. Through this approach, the author argues that al-Ṭabarī's scholarship constitutes not only sources of information about the rise and early development of Islam and Islamic polities and disciplines, but theoretically informed analysis of sources and scripture as well. As such, al-Ṭabarī's works offer important contributions to current research into early Islamic history, law, administration, and the Qur'an. A preliminary effort is also made to historically trace al-Ṭabarī's theoretical paradigms to a continuum of translation and commentary on Aristotle's works. The starting point is the mid-500s CE in the Sassanid empire and the Arab polities within its domain, i.e., the Lakhmid kingdom and its administrative links with Hijaz, and the end point is the mid-300s H/900s CE in the Abbasid Caliphate. Alongside this theoretical legacy, the author plots both the Qur'an and al-Ṭabarī's works, including his famous Qur'an commentary. Special attention is also devoted to relations between theory and practice, concerning ownership of lands, the land tax, redistribution and the common good, conditions for agriculture, and peasants' rights

Investigating the appeal of the group Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT), the study expands on why non-violent radical forms of Islam still attract segments of Muslim communities in the West. Being one of the few comprehensive studies on HT, this book discusses how this Islamist group advocate for the caliphate and for the implementation of shari'a but also reject violence as a tool to achieve these goals. Through interviews with current HT members, observation at HT-sponsored events and social media analysis, this book leads the reader into the world of vocal radical Islamist groups, exploring their goals and activities in Western states, with a special focus on the UK and Australia. In fact, as many other non-violent Islamist groups, HT represent the choice of all those individuals who might share Islamist arguments but who reject the use of violence. Given their non-violent nature, vocal radicals are mostly free to operate in the Western world, attracting new members, conducting a relentless campaign against the "West as a system" and representing a serious source of concern not only for national authorities but for the broader Muslim community. This book stands as an original publication and paves the way to a new area of study crossing sociology, Islamic studies and political sciences. This book is one of the few contributions on vocal and radical Islamism to date.

Abstract
In 2014, the Islamic State (ISIS) emerged as one of the most prominent global security threats after securing large swaths of land in Syria and Iraq. By 2018, it has lost nearly all of its territory to the various military forces allied against it. ISIS's territorial expansion correlated with the group's online propaganda activities. With the established contribution of online media efforts to ISIS recruitment and fundraising, isolating factors that correspond to changes in the group's media output takes on added importance. The following study, designed to track ISIS's territorial expansions and contractions from July 2014 to September 2018 against the group's visual output levels and content, seeks to resolve such disputes by both expanding the period of analysis and deconflating land acquisition from other possible variables of analysis. Specifically, the study explores the relationship between territorial control and the visual imagery in ISIS's two English-language online magazines, Dabiq and Rumiyah, across all published issues from July 2014 until September 2017. It also examines any territorial links to the visual imagery in al-Naba', the group's Arabic-language newsletter, from December 2015 until September 2018. We find that territorial control is significantly associated with changes in the number of images for all publications. Furthermore, we observe an overall trend from military to state-building imagery as territorial losses occur. Thus, territorial changes appeared to influence ISIS's messaging as the group tried to reassure its readers of its continued state presence through a shift toward state-building imagery.

Encountering Muslim Arabs and Islam in the first hegira century, Sistani people showed two kinds of reaction. Many of them did not resist Islam and its divine teachings and gradually converted to this new religion; however, they stood up to the racist and oppressive dominance of Umayyad family and whenever they got an opportunity, they expressed their hatred towards them by joining anti-Umayyad uprisings. Abdolrahmanibn Mohammad ibnAsh'at was one of the anti-Umayyad uprisings. Many of Sistani people took part in this uprising. In the present study, the descriptive—analytical research method has been used and with the help of library sources, the role of Sistani people in the uprising of ibnAsh'at against the Umayyad caliphate system has been reviewed. Due to dissatisfaction of Sistani people with the oppressive Umayyad governance, Khawarij's anti-Umayyad propaganda in Sistan region, exponential financial and bodily costs resulting from successive wars of the Umayyad governors in eastern borders with the governance of Ratabilan, the essential substrate was built for Sistani people to join ibnAsh'at's anti-Umayyad uprising. Although this uprising failed, but it weakened the pillars of the Umayyad governance and it proceeded to the extent that Umayyad family was on the verge of being falling and it also paved the way for the anti-Umayyad uprisings subsequent to it.

Differences betweenhumans is natural. The Qur'an also suggests that these differences will continue in linewith the existence of humans on this earth. There are many factors behind the birth ofdifferences between humans, such as religious factors, political factors, ethnic factors, andothers. This paper examines the phenomenon of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)which is a splinter group of Muslims who often launch acts of terror in the name ofIslamic teachings. The emergence of ISIS ultimately gave a bad effect to the face of Islamin the international world because Islam, which is truly a religion of love, was viewedby outsiders as a religion that supported radicalism-terrorism. This study found that theemergence of the ISIS phenomenon was due to misunderstanding in interpreting theverses of the Qur'an about the concepts of jihâd, takfîr and caliphate. ; The differences between mankind are natural. The Qur'an also suggests that differences will continue to exist on this earth in line with the existence of human beings. There are many factors behind the birth of differences among humans, such as religious factors, political factors, ethnic factors, and other factors.This paper examines the phenomenon of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) which is a splinter group of Muslims who often launch acts of terror in the name of Islamic teachings. The emergence of ISIS and other terrorist groups has given a bad effect on the face of Islam in the international world because Islam is then seen by outsiders as a religion that supports radicalism-terrorism. Islam, as a religion of love, has never encouraged its followings to do damage on earth. On the contrary, this religion encourages its people to revive an atmosphere of peace and compassion in all aspects of life. This study finds the fact that the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon is due to a misunderstanding in interpreting the Qur'anic verses about jihad, takfir and khilafah.

The article deals with the rights of women in the Fatimid Caliphate (10th to 12th centuries) by analysing the judicial practice of the time, the decisions of the Sharia and Mazalim courts. The author focuses on the legal status of women in the sphere of marriage, family and criminal law in the Ismaili tradition. Historical-legal and comparative-legal methods are used in the analysis of sources. The study begins with a short digression into the history of the Fatimid Caliphate. The features of the judicial system, the role of the cadi and its competence are described. There are a number of court cases, one of the parties to which was a woman. Based on the analysis, the author makes a conclusion about the specifi city of the Fatimid approach to marriage, in comparison with the Sunni and Imamite legal schools. The special role of guardians at the conclusion of the marriage contract and restriction of freedom of its termination is noted. Attention is drawn to the fact of
extremely negative attitude to marriage between Muslim women and representatives of other religious movements, as well as to such an institution of family law as temporary marriage, legalised in the Imamite school of law. The fi nal part deals with criminal cases in which a woman is both the victim and the accused. Based on these precedents, it is a non-trivial conclusion that the judges of the Fatimid Caliphate did not always rely on Sharia norms when making decisions against women, which is completely atypical for Muslim traditions in general. At the same time, any crimes against this group of the population were
punished rather severely. Particular attention is drawn to the state's approach to women plaintiffs, depending on the degree of their personal participation in the judicial process.