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Cover -- Halft Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Amendment Text and Explanation -- Introduction -- Chronology -- Chapter 1: Historical Background of the Fourteenth Amendment -- Speech in the House of Representatives Opposing Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment -- Call for the House of Representatives to Vote on the Fourteenth Amendment -- Speech in the House of Representatives Praising the Fourteenth Amendment -- New York Times Editorial Following Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment -- Speech in the House of Representatives Opposing Enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment -- Speech in the Senate Favoring Enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment -- Chapter 2: Equal Protection for Racial Minorities -- The Fourteenth Amendment Prohibits Laws that Are Discriminatory in Effect -- Racial Segregation in Public Accommodations Is Not Unconstitutional -- Under the Constitution Racial Segregation Cannot Be Tolerated -- Racial Segregation in Public Education Is Unconstitutional -- Race Cannot Be Used as a Basis for School Admission, Even to Achieve Diversity -- Affirmative Action in School Integration Does Not Violate the Fourteenth Amendment -- Chapter 3: Equal Protection for Women, Immigrants, and Gays -- Laws That Discriminate on the Basis of Gender Are Unconstitutional -- Children of Illegal Immigrants Are Entitled to Free Schooling -- Congress, Not the Courts, Is Responsible for Policies Regarding Illegal Immigrants -- Laws That Discriminate on the Basis of Sexual Orientation Are Unconstitutional -- The Constitution Does Not Require Preferential Treatment for Gays -- The Supreme Court's Rulings on Equal Protection Have Been Inconsistent -- Chapter 4: Current Debate on Equal Protection -- Banning of Same-Sex Marriage Will Someday Be Ruled Unconstitutional -- A Constitutional Amendment Should Be Adopted to Ban Same-Sex Marriage

The social and legal implications of forensic DNA are paramount. For this reason, forensic DNA enjoys ample attention from legal, bioethics, and science and technology studies scholars. This article contributes to the scholarship by focusing on the neglected issue of sameness. We investigate a forensic courtroom case which started in the early '90s and focus on three modes of making similarities: (1) creating equality before the law, (2) making identity, and (3) establishing standards. We argue that equality before the law is not merely a principle but a practice. In the context of DNA research, equality refers to using standardized technology and procedures to identify the criminal suspect. Our case shows the work at stake in introducing a new technology into the courtroom and serves as a lens, magnifying how contingencies and uncertainties are managed and ordered in everyday court practices to arrive at an equal treatment of the suspect.

This article reviews the current state of domestic partner benefits offered by unions to their employees. It explores the institutional homophobia in the labor movement today and how it relates to treatment of gay and nonmarried union employees with domestic partners. Its thesis is that unions that intend to gain equal treatment for their members are better prepared to do so if they can hold themselves up as model employers.

Third-country nationals can use regulation 1231/10 to invoke regulation 883/04, However, the territorial limitation imposed by regulation 1231/10 still limits third-country nationals. The main issue is that regulation 1231/10 is restricted to EU territory. Outside of the EU, any requirement regarding equal treatment in accordance with regulation 1231/10 is not applicable. Decision 3/80, the European Convention on Social Security, the Dutch-Turkish social security treaty and ILO Treaty 118 also consider facts outside of the EU, as demonstrated by figures of the Employee Insurance Agency and Social Insurance Bank. Relevant facts outside of the EU include for example the periods of time third-country nationals lived and worked in third countries and the export of benefits to these countries. My proposal to conclude new treaties with third countries on the EU level was discussed in the context of the four analysed coordination schemes. In the discussion, I have researched what possibilities exist to include the techniques of the involved schemes in treaties with third countries, to address those exact issues faced by third country nationals as a result of the limited territorial scope of regulation 1231/10. In addition to facing possible issues because the territorial scope is limited to the EU, third-country nationals also face issues from regulation 1231/10 resulting from the requirement that a third-country national must be in a situation which is not confined in all respects within a single EU Member State. We have seen that the analysed coordination schemes do not require the cross-border movement between at least two EU Member States before involved persons can call upon the concerned coordination schemes. With respect to these coordination schemes, it suffices that the involved persons move from one treaty country to another. This is therefore not limited to just EU Member States. There are no relevant objections for cancelling the requirement that third-country nationals as a result of regulation 1231/10 ...

"This paper provides an introduction to best practices in the assessment and treatment of juvenile offenders. Many of the guidelines presented in the paper derive from recent theory and research in criminology and psychology. Much of that research has been conducted in western societies, and it remains to be seen to what extent conclusions from that research can generalize beyond those settings. However, clinical experience suggests that many of the principles of best practice do have application across a broad range of cultures. This paper refl ects a child welfare/rehabilitation orientation toward the treatment of the juvenile offender. As explained
below, current theory and research from psychology and criminology support the position that juvenile justice systems focusing on the identifi cation and amelioration of criminogenic defi cits in the youth and their circumstances produce more positive outcomes than other approaches, including those focusing on punitive sanctions. As well, the implications of the child welfare/rehabilitation model for the treatment of the youth are fully consistent with the UNICEF Guiding Principles for Organizations and Individuals Dealing with Child Welfare and the United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child. The paper begins with a discussion of alternative approaches to the treatment of offenders within juvenile justice systems. This is followed by a brief introduction to contemporary theory and research on the causes and correlates of youth crime and the most effi cacious approaches for addressing this serious problem. A discussion of best practices in the assessment of juvenile offenders is then presented. This includes an identifi cation of some useful assessment instruments and procedures as well as practical guidelines in the conduct of assessments. The following section presents a discussion of effective strategies for case planning and management, including the identifi cation of evidence-based treatments." [author's abstract]

During the period of reporting (1 October 2019-31 January 2020), six judgments are worth noting in the area of EU social security law. In Safeway, the Court had to decide whether Article 119 of the EC Treaty on equal treatment precluded a measure ending discrimination through the fixing, with retroactive effect, of a uniform normal pension age equal to that of the members within the previously disadvantaged category. In Bocero Torrico, the question related to the obligation on Member States, under Regulation 883/2004, to take into account equivalent benefits acquired in other Member States for the purpose of calculating an early retirement pension. WA concerned a discriminatory law that granted a pension supplement solely to women. UB was about a discriminatory law that granted additional benefits for sportspersons based on their citizenship. In ZP, the question concerned Article 62 of Regulation 883/2004 dealing with the calculation of unemployment benefits. Finally, in Pensions-Sicherungs-Verein, the Court had to interpret Article 8 of Directive 2008/94 in the context of a reduction of pension benefits following the insolvency of the employer.

The principle of equality embedded in the Declaration of Independence and reaffirmed in the Constitution does not distinguish between individuals according to their capacities or merits. It is written into these documents to ensure that each and every person enjoys equal respect and equal rights. Judith Baer maintains, however, that in fact American judicial decisions have consistently denied individuals the form of equality to which they are legally entitled—that the courts have interpreted constitutional guarantees of equal protection in ways that undermine the original intent of Congress. In Equality under the Constitution, Baer examines the background, scope, and purpose of the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment and the history of its interpretation by the courts. She traces the development of the idea of equality, drawing on the Bill of Rights, Congressional records, the Civil War amendments, and other sections of the Constitution. Baer discusses many of the significant equal-protection cases decided by the Supreme Court from the time of the amendment's ratification, including decisions on reverse discrimination, age discrimination, the rights of the disabled, and gay rights. She concludes with a theory of equality more faithful to the history, language, and spirit of the Constitution.

"With firsthand experience of oppression and unjust treatment, Adil E. Shamoo claims that the basis for discrimination by class, religion, or ethnic identity is the perceived lack of equal worth among human beings. This book posits three ethical principles by which the concept of equal worth can be used in a practical manner to resolve conflicts and wars. Shamoo utilizes the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Israel-Palestine to demonstrate the lack of morals in resolving these conflicts. He argues that once the principle of equal worth is adopted in foreign policy, humanity will be able to achieve peace."--Publisher's website