The past two decades have witnessed the application of new forms of conditionality to Australian social security policy. This paper argues that a distinctive feature has been the attempt to link receipt of government benefits to parental behaviour in order to address concerns about the welfare of children. With a view to providing a framework that can help to inform debates regarding the merits of these new forms of conditionality, this paper outlines the historical antecedents and philosophical framework of new conditionality. The paper also examines three pertinent Australian social security initiatives: the Maternity Immunisation Allowance, the Improving School Enrolment and Attendance through Welfare Reform Measure, and Compulsory Income Management. The paper concludes with some consideration of the potential pitfalls of new conditionality.
Özet: Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı Avrupa'daki büyük ülkelerinin enerji politikalarının uluslararası siyasetin sistemsel etkilerinden ne derece etkilendiğini ve Türkiye'nin Avrupa'nın enerji güvenliği üzerinde ne derece etkisinin olduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda tez neo-realist bir yaklaşım kullanmakta ve uluslararası sistemin tek kutuplu yapısının Avrupa'nın büyük devletlerinin dış politika ve enerji politika davranışlarını soğuk savaşın bitiminden beri etkilemekte olduğunu tartışmaktadır. Tez ayrıca Türkiye'nin Avrupa'nın enerji güvenliğini sağlamadaki rolünün çok önemli fakat tek başına yeterli olmadığını da tartışmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümü neo-realizmle ilgili var olan kaynakların incelenmesi yoluyla teorik çerçeveyi oluşturmaktadır. İkinci ve üçüncü bölümler sırasıyla Avrupa Birliği ile büyük üye ülkelerinin ve Türkiye'nin enerji görünümünü ele almakta ve enerji politikalarını değerlendirmektedir. Son bölümde, Avrupa'nın büyük devletlerinin enerji güvenliği konusu komşu bulunan enerji bölgeleri ve küresel güç dengesi çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma AB'nin büyük üyeleri için enerji güvenliğinin çok kritik bir konu olduğunu ve Avrupa ile potansiyel enerji sağlayıcıları arasında bulunan Türkiye'nin de Avrupa ülkelerinin enerji güvenliğini sağlamada stratejik bir role sahip olduğunu ileri sürmektedir.ABSTRACTThe foremost aim of the present study is to find out what extent the energy security policies of the major European countries are affected by the systemic imperatives of international politics, and to what extent Turkey has an impact on energy security of Europe. To realize this aim, this study applies a neo-realist approach and argues that the uni-polar structure of the international system has changed the foreign policy and energy policy behaviors of major European powers since the end of the Cold-War. The thesis also argues that Turkey's role in providing European energy security is crucial yet not decisive on its own. The first chapter defines the theoretical framework by examining the existing literature on neo-realism. The second and third chapters examine the energy outlook and evalute energy policies of the EU and its major member states and Turkey, respectively. In the final chapter, the energy secuirty of major European powers is analyzed with respect to neighbouring energy areas as well as the global balance of power. To conclude, this study maintains that energy security is a very critical issue for the major EU member states and Turkey has a strategic role in their energy security since the country is located in between Europe and its potential energy suppliers.
Untersucht wird das Schwedische Modell der Sicherheitspolitik hinsichtlich seiner Grundannahmen und deren Konsistenz. Dieses Modell zeichnet sich durch zwei Dimensionen aus, nämlich die Neutralität und Nicht-Beteiligung an Allianzen zu Krisenzeiten kombiniert mit internationalistischen Ambitionen und einem aktiven Interesse an globaler Friedenspolitik. Die Untergliederung des Beitrages in die Untersuchung der Validität des Modells bearbeitet die theoretischen Annahmen der schwedischen Strategie und deren Realisierung. Der Abschnitt "Stabilität des Modells" analysiert, ob das Modell weiterhin als adäquat betrachtet werden kann, oder ob Veränderungen innerhalb der Weltpolitik diese Strategie mittlerweile obsolet erscheinen lassen. (AuD-Ber)
The article focuses on the main aspects of the US rebalancing towards Asia Pacific which was declared by President Obama in November 2011. The examination of numerous US official and non-official documents shows that practically all US activities in this direction are connected with rapid economic and military growth of China. The United States are mostly concerned about Chinese attempts to transfer its economic strength into political influence and military strength which expand fare beyond the present frontiers. A number of examples of Chinese "unacceptable behavior" are given, such as: aggressive way of resolving its maritime disputes with neighbors; rejection of multilateral approach to such problems; China's "cyber-activities" in the field of large scale cyber-espionage; military modernization aimed to limit the US free access to the region; the development of advanced short- and medium-range conventional ballistic missiles, land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles, counter-space weapons and military cyberspace capabilities. The article also analyses the main implementation stages of this new American policy, and the role of the US Congress in formulating it. The positions of different US Agencies are also under consideration, including the position of the US Treasury, State Department and Defense Department. The author comes to a conclusion that a number of serious limitations and difficulties exist on the way of the US security interests promotion into the region. As for the position of Russian Federation, it is suggested that Russia can become one of important participants in resolution of security problems in the region. At the same time possible benefits may be gained if Russia managed to preserve the "equal distance" from the main players in the region – China and the US. But if the situation demands to make a clear choice, Russia will most probably take the Chinese side, regarding the present state of the US-Russian relations.
