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The role of the state in promoting development is well established in the institutional economics literature. Yet, in recent decades the attention has been turned to the opposite side of the spectrum. Facing high levels of poverty and showing a slower progress in achieving development outcomes, fragile states raised concerns among the development community, which felt urged to assist them. However, the quantitative empirical literature examining the link between state fragility and development is still relatively scanty. This paper sheds light on this issue by proposing an approach that comprises indicators for state ineffectiveness and political violence as two dimensions of state fragility, and by using data for the period 1993–2012 in order to understand their impact on growth. The results from standard econometric methods suggest that there is a significant negative effect of state ineffectiveness on economic growth, whereas they fail to find any significant impact of political violence. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Research and development (R and D) activities have long been recognized as one of the critical components to improve a country's productivity and competitiveness as well as people's well-being. Notable advancements in agriculture (to develop new variety of crops), health (to improve nutrition and combat various diseases), industry (to develop new products and services), as well as in climate change adaptation and mitigation are products of R and D. The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), chiefly through sectoral councils and R and D performers, has been successfully undertaking or supporting a considerable share of R and D activities in the country while noting limited resources available. However, there is a need to improve the thrust for R and D, which may require the conduct of an R and D summit to finalize the scope of the government's R and D medium- and long-term agenda. The DOST also needs to reexamine the distribution of grant-in-aid funds to R and D institutes and identify breakdowns of R and D funding for basic research, applied research, and development. The DOST may need to pilot test scientific methods, such as Analytic Hierarchy Processes, for selection of R and D proposals for funding by its sectoral councils.

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on decision sciences research in China, providing an overview of current research and developing a foundation for future China‐based research. China provides a unique research opportunity for decision sciences researchers, owing to its recent history, rapid economic development, and strong national culture. We examine recent economic reforms and their impact on the development of research questions in the decision sciences, as well as discuss characteristics of the diverse regions in China and their potential as sites for various types of research. We provide a brief overview of recent China‐based research on decision sciences issues relating to national culture, supply chain management, quality management, production planning and control, operations strategy, and new product development and discuss some of the unique methodological challenges inherent in China‐based research. We conclude by looking forward to emerging research opportunities in China.

"China has witnessed numerous incidents of social protests over the past three decades. Protests create uncertainty for authoritarian governments, and the Chinese government has created, strengthened, and coordinated multiple dispute-resolution institutions to manage social conflicts and protests. Accommodating the aggrieved prevents the accumulation of grievances in society, but concessions require resources. As the frequency and scale of collective action are closely tied to the political opportunity for action, the Chinese government has also contained collective action by shaping the political opportunity available to the aggrieved. This study shows that when the Chinese central government prioritizes social control, as it has under Xi Jinping's leadership, it signals its preference and that it will tolerate local governments' use of coercion. As a result, the central and local governments create an environment that is not conducive to the mobilization of collective action. Although reactive collective actions have still occurred in China, large-scale occurrences have been uncommon in recent years"--

Study of the changing nature of Irish nationalism from violent origins into a modern democratic movement favoring capitalist prosperity within the European Union. Discussion of the Gaelic revival, antinationalist revolution, Irish Free State, Irish republican movement, IRA, Northern Ireland, and political and socio-economic change.

In the 21st century, innovations have become an unquestioned sine qua non of everyday life. Our living conditions change rapidly, often without predictability, security, or critical reflexion. These changes easily turn into a form of political and social control of innovation-induced ruptures, keeping people on constant alert and making them abandon recently acquired practices for new ones. It can be argued that they represent a form of psychological coercion. Moreover, the growing pace of life-as-innovation, together with misguided assumptions and conclusions about life itself in the diversity of its local variations, produces new forms of inequality and misery among many societies around the globe. In the present paper, I explore how time, innovation, and values relate to each other in both academic life and life in general. I argue for prioritising well-informed reflexive works in the social sciences and the humanities against the pressures of time and frequently unfounded innovations.

The author points out that the structure of language levels system is still a crucial linguistic problem, that research in this field is far from being completed and that there is a need for further improvement of the current models of language levels hierarchy. The author sets out his reflections that sprang up from striving to eliminate some contradictions in the existing models of the language levels system. Applying the method of comparative analysis, elements of the model theory and linguistic systemology, using the Russian language material supplemented by some sporadic examples from other languages, the researcher puts forward a number of amendments to the existing models of the language levels hierarchy – amendments intended for riddance of the above-mentioned contradictions. The author argues in favor of merging the morphological and lexical levels, as well as the level of syntax and that of utterances, and offers insertion of the word combinations level at which language units and speech units co-exist, forming two intersecting sub-levels. The expediency of combining the system of language levels and that of speech levels into a common speech-language space has been proved. Using the empirical material, the author demonstrates the level boundaries blurring and existence of inter-level gaps, which contain hybrid units that have typological features of both the upper level and the lower level. The following conclusion is drawn: the speech-language hierarchy must be schematically presented not so much a column of hard and fast lines as a linguistic continuum with smooth transitions between the levels.