Suchergebnisse

Across Latin America, debates and practice around indigenous law provide a window on shifting relations between indigenous movements, states, and international actors. In Guatemala, the practice of indigenous law is a reflection of cultural difference, a response to past and present violence, and a resource for a population denied access to justice. In the postwar period, indigenous law has become a central element of contemporary Mayan identity politics. Together with the policy shift toward state-endorsed multiculturalism, this has meant it has become a highly contested and politicized terrain. This article examines attempts by indigenous activists to "recuperate" and strengthen indigenous law -- or what is now termed "Mayan law" (derecho Maya) -- in Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala. Analyzing the tensions between local demands, the Mayan movement, international NGOs and intergovernmental bodies, and the Guatemalan state, it reflects on what they reveal about the limits and contradictions of the multicultural model of justice promoted since the end of the armed conflict. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.]

Includes abstract. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-75). ; The timing of post-conflict elections is a critical element that requires careful consideration to minimize the risk of producing adverse results. Through examining the literature and studying Liberia's 1997 and 2005 elections, this work seeks to identify the best timing practices for post-contlict elections. The theoretical basis, which is inspired by the works of Roland Paris and Terrence Lyons, is that if the circumstances are to permit the long-term goal of democratization, then post-conflict elections should follow a protracted transition period prior to holding the election.

Conflict has a detrimental effect on the structures of local communities. Current research shows that the direct and indirect effects of conflict are especially destructive for women. Although the call for a gender focus in (post-)conflict countries has garnered international attention with the adoption of Women, Peace and Security Resolutions by the UN Security Council, the issue is still understudied. Often, the interlinkage between the political empowerment of women, violence against women and the economic position of women is overlooked. Yet, coping strategies related to the direct and indirect effects of conflict result in political and economic participation. This integrated effect stresses the importance of understanding the role of women in the post-conflict economy and its relationship to 'social services justice'. This research aims at addressing this issue by looking at the obstacles and opportunities faced by women in terms of economic participation during and after conflict. The theoretical framework is supported by a case study analysis on the recent conflict in Burundi using in-depth interviews and desk research.

AbstractThis survey article develops a stochastic framework to analyze capital inflows and outflows and to illustrate how a developing economy can determine its level of capital account openness and simultaneously balance concerns regarding economic growth and volatility. We find that rapid economic growth inevitably causes fluctuations in a financially immature economy that has a high level of capital account openness. We identify a conflict of interest between capital‐rich and capital‐importing economies when capital account liberalization is promoted by the former.

The United Nations (UN) Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Non International Armed Conflict in Iraq (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and UN Assistance Mission for Iraq), UN Security Council Resolutions 2170 and 2178, and UN Human Rights Council Resolution S-22/1 (UN Documents) form a key part of the international community's efforts to resolve, manage, and document the ongoing non-international armed conflict in Iraq.

AbstractAn effective legal regime governing the actions of armed non-state actors in Afghanistan should encompass not only international humanitarian law but also international human rights law. While the applicability of Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions to the conflict is not controversial, how and to what extent Additional Protocol II applies is more difficult to assess, in particular in relation to the various armed actors operating in the country. The applicability of international human rights law to armed non-state actors – considered by the authors as important, particularly in Afghanistan – remains highly controversial. Nevertheless, its applicability to such actors exercising control over a population is slowly becoming more accepted. In addition, violations of peremptory norms of international law can also directly engage the legal responsibility of such groups.

Aus finnischer Sicht

The oceans and seas cover 72% of the Earth's surface, and 85% of global trade is done by maritime transportation. Moreover, 40% of the world's population lives on or near coastlines. Also, the oceans play a crucial role in Earth's biosphere. Recently, by desalination techniques, the seas have become a potable water resource. Therefore, one can say that the oceans and seas are indispensable for mankind. However, international disputes and collaboration efforts between states regarding the seas are not widely studied by scholars of International Relations (IR). This can be referred to as sea blindness, and it may be defined as an inability to appreciate the importance of seas and naval power, particularly with regards to strategic security and economic prosperity. A country with sea blindness is not aware of maritime supremacy as an important foreign policy tool. Similarly, IR scholars mostly focus on land conflicts and not on sea issues when they study international politics. This is particularly true in Turkish IR literature as issues on land are again the focus areas for Turkish scholars. In this context, this article makes an analysis of the articles in peer-reviewed journals and books published by well-known publishers in Turkey, providing statistics about the issues covered. Also, for comparison, major political science and IR journals published abroad are analysed with regards to publications related to the seas. This statistical analysis elucidates whether there is sea blindness in Turkish IR literature. The number of articles and books that cover the seas as crucial study areas of IR in Turkey, as well as their broad focus areas and perspectives, are revealed by this study.