Suchergebnisse

Comúnmente, se afirma que en los procesos de justicia transicional inmersos en un contexto de negociación política orientada a la terminación de un conflicto armado interno, hay una tensión irreductible entre justicia y paz. No obstante, en esta visión subyace un paradigma predominantemente retributivo de justicia apuntalado en el deber internacional de investigar, juzgar y sancionar a los responsables de graves violaciones de derechos humanos. Sin embargo, en escenarios de justicia transicional como el referido, además de que los problemas de legitimación de la justicia penal son aún mayores que los que hay en contextos "ordinarios", este deber internacional no es absoluto y, en cambio, deja un margen importante para la concesión de amnistías e indultos condicionados y para la imposición de penas alternativas. Lo anterior posibilita la adopción prevalente de un paradigma restaurativo de justicia en esta clase de procesos de justicia transicional, lo que permite tanto reducir considerablemente la tensión en ellos existente entre justicia y paz, como desencadenar una auténtica reconciliación política nacional. Esto hace que tal paradigma resulte más idóneo no solo para facilitar la firma de un acuerdo de paz entre el gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo, Farc-EP, sin renunciar a la justicia, sino también para impulsar un verdadero proceso de reconciliación política del pueblo colombiano. ; It is commonly said that in processes of transitional justice immersed in a context of political negotiation aimed at the end of an internal armed conflict there is an irreducible tension between justice and peace. However, to this view underlies a paradigm of justice that is predominantly retributive which is underpinned in the international duty to investigate, prosecute and punish those responsible for serious human rights violations. Nevertheless, in scenarios of transitional justice as the one mentioned above, on the one hand, the problems of legitimation of criminal justice are even greater than those existing in "ordinary" contexts and, on the other hand, the duty referred is not absolute and, in contrast, leaves an important margin for the granting of conditional amnesties and pardons and for the imposition of alternative convictions. The foregoing, enables the predominant adoption of a restorative justice paradigm within these transitional justice processes, allowing both considerably reducing the tension between justice and peace, as triggering a genuine national political reconciliation. This makes such a paradigm more suitable not only to facilitate the signing of a peace agreement between the Colombian Government and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army, Farc-EP, guerilla's group without sacrificing justice, but also to promote a genuine process of political reconciliation of the Colombian people.

Los Estados están tomando conciencia de cómo quieren ser vistos, por lo que, la marca país, se convierte en un reflejo de su identidad. Gestionarla integralmente es una labor de largo plazo, cuyo objetivo es la de afianzar la presencia cultural, atraer inversiones, fomentar el turismo local e internacional y fortalecer la competitividad. En el presente artículo, de revisión bibliográfica, se analizó la marca país Ecuador, cómo fue su proceso de construcción y lo que se intenta conseguir con esta estrategia. Asimismo, se analizaron las acciones estratégicas de países como Colombia Perú y Chile, contrastándolas con el caso ecuatoriano. Para conseguir esto, se abordaron los conceptos y aportaciones expuestos por diferentes autores, sobre lo que significa la marca país, en qué radica y cómo se la elabora. Los resultados obtenidos, demuestran que, en Ecuador, los esfuerzos han dado sus frutos en el aspecto hotelero y, como destino turístico, pero aún son incipientes los resultados en el campo de negocios, nuevas inversiones, así como, en lo cultural. Por lo que, se concluye, que si bien el Gobierno Nacional, ha realizado esfuerzos económicos para posicionarse como un país que ama la vida, también es cierto, que no ha vinculado a sectores públicos, privados, ONG, iglesia, productores, exportadores, como parte de un proyecto de país, lo que ha propiciado, que no exista una verdadera identificación de la población con la estrategia implementada. ; The states are very concerned about the image they portray to others; therefore, the "Country Brand" becomes the expression of their identity. To work on it in an integral way is a long-term action whose purpose is to strengthen the cultural presence, to attract investors, to promote both local and international tourism and to make competitiveness stronger. The current paper of literature review analyzes the country brand – Ecuador, its building process and the purposes of this strategy. It also analyzes strategic actions of countries such as Colombia, Peru and Chile, contrasting them with the Ecuadorian case. Concepts and contributions about the meaning, the foundations and elaboration of "Country Brand" were covered. The results show that, even though, the Ecuadorian plan has produced some results in the hospitality area and, as a tourist destination, in the business (investments) and cultural area the results are not significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that, although, the Ecuadorian government has made economical efforts to place the country as one that loves life, it is also true, that it hasn't involved neither private nor public sectors, ONGs, the Church, producers, exporters, as part of a country project, which, as a consequence, hasn't let Ecuadorians feel completely identified with the implemented strategy.

Through coordination between the Regional Government of Cusco, UNESCO and the World Bank, the Plan for Mobility and Public Space Cusco 2025 was born. This plan aimed to order the vehicular system of the city, generate neighborhoods where the population can occupy the public space enjoying the streets, parks and squares, and implement a new urban transport model consisting of a main route with intelligent traffic lights. The process of formulating this plan has been surrounded by technical, political and coordination conflicts between the different institutions involved. Additionally, it came into conflict with the city models and the interests of different local actors, such as the residents of the city center, the tourism companies, among others.This paper aims to identify the factors that hindered the development of the Cusco Plan by 2025, placing special emphasis on the definitions of the public problem, the technical and political capacities of the institutions involved as well as the response from the press and the citizens of Cusco. This, in turn, will allow us to delve into the study of the paradox of those initiatives which are planned and have political and economic support from local and international institutions, but still encounter difficulties throughout their development, which finally leads to partial implementation or the cancellation of the policy. ; A través de la coordinación entre el Gobierno Regional de Cusco, la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial, nace el Plan de Movilidad y Espacio Público Cusco al 2025. Dicho plan tiene como objetivos ordenar el sistema vehicular de la ciudad, generar barrios donde la población pueda ocupar el espacio público disfrutando de las calles, parques y plazas, e implementar un nuevo modelo de transporte urbano compuesto por una ruta troncal con semaforización inteligente. El proceso de formulación del plan ha estado rodeado de conflictos técnicos, políticos y de coordinación entre las distintas instituciones implicadas. Además, entró en conflicto con los modelos de ciudad y los intereses de diferentes actores locales, tales como los vecinos del centro de la ciudad, las compañías de turismo, entre otros.La siguiente investigación pretende identificar los factores que dificultaron el desarrollo del Plan Cusco al 2025, poniendo especial énfasis en las definiciones del problema público, las capacidades técnicas y políticas de las instituciones involucradas y la respuesta por parte de la prensa y la ciudadanía cusqueña. Ello nos permitirá ahondar en el estudio de la paradoja de aquellas iniciativas planificadas, que cuentan con apoyo político y económico por parte de instituciones locales e internacionales, pero aun así encuentran dificultades a lo largo de su desarrollo, lo cual tiene como consecuencia la implementación parcial o la cancelación de la política.

This article focuses on the educational reforms that have taken place in Argentina like in other South American countries. Academic structures and teachers training programs were affected by these policies. From a comparative and international perspective, it is possible to identify also an increase of the range of compulsory education that reaches the secondary-level of education in most of Western countries. We believe that it is necessary to understand from an historical point of view the changes of the cycles, tracks and the curricula of these educational systems. Above all, if we consider the recent transformations of the academic structure and the training of teachers applied in some of the jurisdictions of Argentina. The reforms that have been implemented have affected various dimensions of education systems: government, institutions and various academic aspects. It also includes evaluation as a counterpart of decentralization and as a governance mechanism of school systems. The evaluation has been linked to a conception of quality that is reduced to educational performance. This paper aims to compare the changes in initial training in teacher training institutes, identifying the evaluation and accreditation mechanisms carried out by the Federal Evaluation Commission (Co.F.Ev.) ; En las últimas tres décadas y en consonancia con los procesos ocurridos en otros países, la Argentina implementó una serie de reformas que tuvieron en la estructura académica y en la formación de los profesores dos de sus ejes de transformación. Si adoptamos la perspectiva comparada e internacional, podemos evidenciar que, en las reformas educativas implementadas en los países latinoamericanos, se notó una ampliación del rango de obligatoriedad hasta llegar a cubrir la educación de nivel medio. Entendemos que la comprensión histórica de los ciclos, modalidades, de sus cambios y el estudio curricular respectivo, permite interpretar las implicancias que tienen las transformaciones implementadas en dichas dimensiones en la actualidad de la realidad educativa argentina. Sobre todo, si consideramos en particular las transformaciones recientes de la estructura académica y de la formación de docentes aplicadas en algunas de las jurisdicciones de la Argentina. Las reformas que se instrumentaron han afectado a diversas dimensiones de los sistemas educativos: el gobierno, las instituciones y variados aspectos académicos. Se destacan entre ellas la inclusión de la evaluación como contracara de la descentralización y a su vez como parte de los mecanismos de gobierno de los sistemas escolares. La evaluación ha sido vinculada con una concepción de calidad que se reduce al rendimiento educativo. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo contrastar los cambios operados en la formación inicial en los institutos de formación docente, identificando los mecanismos de evaluación y acreditación llevadas a cabo por la Comisión Federal de Evaluación (Co.F.Ev.)

The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of bottlenecks in the logistics process - from the supplier of the raw material to the delivery of the final consumer - on the competitiveness of Colombian garment exporting SMEs. The article is based on three theoretical frameworks, the theory of restrictions (Goldratt, 1994), the theory of competitiveness (Porter, 1997) and the logistic trilogy (Bloch, 2011a), is a type of descriptive research, with a data analysis quantitative and qualitative .For the collection of information, surveys were used to 7 experts in clothing SMEs, especially the expopyme program of Procolombia carried out in 2007 and statistical data of the World Bank (World Bank, 2016), ANDI (National Association of Industrialists, 2016) and of Trade Map (International Trade Center, 2017).It was concluded that there are two factors that influence competitiveness: on the one hand internal logistic processes of the company and those of export, are analyzed separately to give clarity to the handling of the procedures, but this little coordination of the logistic process in its entirety decreases competitiveness. On the other hand bottlenecks in the logistics process require the joint effort between SMEs and government management. That is why the article hopes to expose the logistical constraints in a joint way to propose solutions to SMEs that wish to internationalize. ; El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los cuellos de botella del proceso logístico internacional – desde el proveedor de la materia prima hasta la entrega del consumidor final- que afectan la competitividad de las Pymes de confecciones de Colombia en el mercado internacional. El artículo se sustenta en tres marcos teóricos, la teoría de restricciones (Goldratt, 1994), la teoría de competitividad (Porter, 1997) y la trilogía logística (Bloch, 2011a), es un tipo de investigación descriptiva, con un análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Para la recolección de información se aplicaron encuestas en dos empresas líderes de confecciones en Colombia: Los Vestidos e Industrias Goriz, así mismo se encuestaron 9 expertos en Pymes de confecciones del programa expopyme de Procolombia. Se concluyó que es importante la coordinación de la logística interna de la empresa con la logística de exportaciones, así mismo se identificaron restricciones en la cadena logística como la capacidad productiva, el cumplimiento de tiempos de producción, la poca claridad en el costo del producto final, la falta de estudios de mercado en los países destino, el transporte de mercancías, el desconocimiento de documentación por parte del empresario, la falta de liquidez para aplicar los requerimientos internacionales y la falta de trabajo conjunto de las pymes con el estado para el mejoramiento de condiciones competitivas.

The paper analyzes the effectiveness of budget fnancing of innovative activities in Russia. The structure of sources of fnancing of internal expenditures on research and development, branch orientation of the state support of innovative activity is considered. The estimation of the cost-effectiveness of technological innovation is given. The analysis is based mainly on the materials of Rosstat for 2013–2016. In addition, the authors cited international comparisons of innovative activity for 2012–2014. To assess the effectiveness of government measures to support innovation activity proposed "Golden rule of the economy." It consists in determining the ratio of the main components of innovation activity (innovative goods and technologies) and the resources used, including budget fnancing. An important conclusion is made about the ineffcient mechanism of state support of innovative activity in Russia. Proposals for its improvement are formulated, including: bringing the content and structure of state programs in line with the objectives of the formation of conditions for accelerated technological modernization of the industry; introduction of the Institute of state programs of the mechanism of project fnancing and methods of the digital economy; reducing the number of targets of state programs; stimulating by an order of magnitude more technological costs carried out by industrial companies using the mechanism of public-private partnership; preferential state stimulation of process and organizational and managerial innovations in the creation of value chains; encouragement of own and commissioned research and development carried out by domestic companies; promotion of innovative activity in large industrial enterprises, etc. ; В работе анализируется результативность бюджетного финансирования инновационной деятельности в России. Рассмотрена структура источников финансирования внутренних затрат на исследования и разработки, отраслевая направленность государственной поддержки инновационной деятельности. Дана оценка эффективности затрат на технологические инновации. Анализ базируется преимущественно на материалах Росстата за 2013– 2016 гг. Кроме того, авторы привели международные сопоставления инновационной активности за 2012–2014 гг. Для оценки эффективности государственных мер поддержки инновационной активности предложено «золотое правило экономики». Оно заключается в определении соотношения основных составляющих инновационной активности (инновационных товаров и технологий) и используемых ресурсов, в том числе бюджетного финансирования. Сделан важный вывод о неэффективном механизме государственной поддержки инновационной деятельности в России. Сформулированы предложения по его совершенствованию, среди которых: приведение содержания и структуры государственных программ в соответствие с целями формирования условий ускоренной технологической модернизации промышленности; внедрение в институт государственных программ механизма проектного финансирования и методов цифровой экономики; снижение количества целевых показателей государственных программ; стимулирование на порядок большего объема технологических затрат, осуществляемых промышленными компаниями с использованием механизма государственно-частного партнерства; преимущественное государственное стимулирование процессных и организационно-управленческих инноваций при создании цепочек добавленной стоимости; поощрение собственных и заказанных исследований и разработок, осуществляемых отечественными компаниями; содействие повышению инновационной активности на крупных промышленных предприятиях и др.

AbstractLearning Regional Language and Literature as a Means of Education of NationalCharacter. Learning the language and literature to be a vehicle for cultural educationand the nation's character is based on the view that language and literature has thepotential to become an institution that gives hope for people to talk about the ultimatereality of life. An imaginative literary works offer a rich selection of possibilities aboutthe structure of complex life. Michael Novak (Lickona, 1991: 50) states that the elementsforming the moral attitude can be traced to religious traditions, literature-based storiesof local culture (indegeneous), policy advice (sage), and a view of life that flows figureshereditary historically through discourse language and literature. More than that, themight of the local language as the medium of education has been proved empirically byIndia and Thailand who use writing as writing Hindi and Thai official. Even Singh(2010), an international seminar on retention native language, India explains that thestate establish a political idea, not a linguistically formulated Hindi language. Thisdesignation aims to make the "mother tongue Becomes a rallying point for groups ofpeople to unite and express their solidarity more as a political entity." Therefore, theintention of the government to establish policies and conduct conservation programs inthe local language of each province, as well as through literature, is key to theimplementation of this idea.Keywords: literature as forming the moral stance, regional literature, governmentgoodwillAbstrakPembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah sebagai Wahana Pendidikan KarakterBangsa. Pembelajaran bahasa dan sastra untuk menjadi wahana pendidikan budayadan karakter bangsa didasarkan pada pandangan bahwa bahasa dan sastra berpotensiuntuk menjadi institusi yang memberi harapan bagi manusia untuk berbicara tentangrealitas kehidupan yang hakiki. Karya sastra merupakan tawaran imajinatif yang kayadengan pilihan kemungkinan tentang struktur kehidupan yang kompleks. Michael Novak(Lickona, 1991: 50) menyatakan bahwa unsur pembentuk sikap moral bisa dilacakdari tradisi keagamaan, cerita sastra berbasis kebudayaan lokal (indegeneous), nasihatkebijakan (sage), dan pandangan hidup tokoh yang mengalir secara turun-temurunsecara historis melalui wacana bahasa dan sastra. Lebih dari itu, keperkasaan bahasadaerah sebagai medium pendidikan telah dibuktikan secara empirik oleh India danThailand yang menggunakan tulisan Hindi dan Thai sebagai tulisan resmi negara.Bahkan Singh (2010), dalam seminar internasional tentang pemertahanan bahasa ibu,menjelaskan bahwa negara India menetapkan gagasan politis, bukan merumuskanbahasa Hindi secara linguistik. Penetapan ini bertujuan untuk menjadikan "mother20tongue becomes a rallying point for group of people to unite and express their solidaritymore as a political entity". Oleh karena itu, niat baik pemerintah untuk menetapkankebijakan dan melakukan program pelestarian bahasa daerah di wilayah propinsimasing-masing, juga melalui sastra, merupakan kunci bagi terlaksananya gagasanini.Kata-kata kunci: sastra sebagai pembentuk sikap moral, sastra daerah, niat baikpemerintah

Esta investigación analiza la contribución del ciberactivismo al cambio político y social en Túnez, en Egipto y en Libia, y la opinión de los jóvenes árabes sobre la situación actual. Para disponer de información relevante sobre estos hechos se ha entrevistado periódicamente durante los últimos cinco años a 30 universitarios que ya habían participado en el proceso que impulsó las revueltas de 2011 y que siguen siendo ciberactivistas desde entonces. La utilización de una metodología mixta permite realizar un estudio donde los aspectos de carácter cuantitativo se complementan con contenidos cualitativos. Los resultados demuestran que los países árabes todavía no se han desprendido de muchas de las estructuras que sostenían a los regímenes anteriores a 2011, que son las que dificultan la consolidación de un sistema moderno. En este momento en Túnez, en Egipto y en Libia todavía conviven dos realidades que provocan un choque permanente entre las tradiciones milenarias, muy arraigadas en determinados sectores de la sociedad, y los valores asociados a las revoluciones, más progresistas. En un contexto donde es necesaria la unidad de acción, el ciberactivismo juega un papel fundamental porque congrega en un espacio virtual común a la ciudadanía crítica comprometida con el proceso de cambio, permite organizarse, mantener contacto con el exterior al margen de la censura oficial, hacer visibles las protestas en escenarios internacionales y vigilar las acciones del Gobierno ; This research analyses the contribution of cyberactivism to the political and social change in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, as well as the opinion of young Arabs on the present context. Meaningful information has been extracted from regular interviews to 30 undergraduates over a five-year period. These students had already participated in the process boosting the Arab Spring in 2011, and they keep practising cyberactivism ever since. The use of a mixed method research allows for carrying out a study where quantitative elements are complemented by qualitative ones. Findings show that Arab countries have not yet shaken off the former structures that supported the regimes preceding 2011, which are those that hamper the consolidation of a modern country. At the moment, there are still two conflicting realities between millenary traditions and values connected to revolutions and symbols of progressivism in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. In a context where the unity of action action is needed, cyberactivism plays an essential role, as it brings together critical citizens in a common and virtual space. These groups are committed to change, they keep in touch with the outside world and beyond censorship, they make protests visible to the international arena, and monitor government actions

During the Euro-Crisis Ireland as well as Portugal lost access to the capital markets. Both countries sought for financial assistance granted by European institutions, the IMF, and bilateral credit agreements. The funds were disbursed conditional on implementing structural reforms. These reforms were agreed upon by conjoint consent and finally settled in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The key objective of these reforms aimed at regaining competitiveness. In this report, we analyze whether and to what extent the agreed upon reforms have been implemented. In specific, we analyze, whether the reforms have already influenced competitiveness. Finally, we are interested in the expected impact of the reforms on future economic dynamics. The starting situation has been different in the countries under scrutiny: Ireland experienced a period of high growth, which was partly fueled by low interest rates finally culminating into a real estate and credit bubble. Thus, a large part of the reforms focused on restructuring the financial sector. Portugal in contrast showed a rather slow growth performance over a longer time period. After joining the Euro area, Portugal benefited from lower interest rates as well. However, the improved financial conditions mainly spurred consumption. Capital formation was low since the corporate sector was burdened by highly regulated labor and product markets and an oversized government sector. We find that both countries have successfully implemented most of the agreed upon reforms, even if hesitantly in some cases. Indices of product market regulation improved in both countries. This is mirrored in the product market efficiency sub-index of the Global Competitiveness Indicator as well as in the Indicators of Product Market Regulation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Furthermore, labor market reforms correlate with an increase of labor market efficiency. Considerable progress was made in restructuring the financial sector. However, if measured in growth, the outcome of the reforms is quite different in the two countries. As of today, Ireland is back on a growth path with the negative output gap closing, if not turning into positive; a major revision of Irish GDP impedes a definite answer. In Portugal, potential growth is still extremely low and the recovery after the crisis is not supported by significant empirical evidence. However, international experience suggests that labor market reforms will stimulate growth, as they reduce structural unemployment. Facilitating dynamics in the corporate sector will pay off in terms of higher investment and an increase and modernization of capital stocks. However, these effects will not be visible in the short run because they require some time to unfold. ; Endbericht - Forschungsauftrag fe 2/16, Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Referat I A 3.

La pobreza es considerada como un problema social que ha causado efectos perversos en el mundo, especialmente en aquellas regiones donde se evidencia altos índices como es el caso de las regiones de África Subsahariana y Asia Pacifico , cuya situación es alarmante , no es menos cierto que en América Latina también la situación es crítica, en promedio un poco más del 30 % de la población no está en capacidad de cubrir sus necesidades básicas y existe evidencia que en ciertos países Centroamericanos este porcentaje se duplica. La erradicación de la pobreza fue considerada como uno de los objetivos primordiales del desarrollo del milenio; está presente en la agenda de todos los gobiernos del mundo y se ha constituido en un reto para una serie de organismos internacionales como las Naciones Unidas, El Banco Mundial, la Organización de Estados Americanos. En este trabajo de investigación se considera que el desarrollo del sector turístico puede realizar una contribución significativa al alivio de la pobreza, ya que esta actividad puede constituirse en un motor de desarrollo de varios sectores de la economía generando empleo, oportunidades empresariales, asegurando y mejorando los medios de vida, por lo que el objetivo es elaborar un modelo conceptual con fines de medición y evaluación de la relación turismo pobreza y permita el diseño de estrategias que faciliten el alivio de la pobreza ,el modelo que se desarrolla se aplica en el Ecuador Palabras clave: Ecuador, pobreza, turismo ABSTRACT Poverty is considered a social problem that has had perverse effects on the world, especially in those regions where high rates are evident, such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia-Pacific, which are alarming. In Latin America, the situation is also critical, on average a little more than 30% of the population is not able to cover their basic needs and there is evidence that in some Central American countries this percentage doubles. The eradication of poverty was considered as one of the primary objectives of the millennium development; is on the agenda of all the governments of the world and has been a challenge for a number of international organizations such as United Nations, the World Bank and the Organization of American States. In this research, it is considered that development of the tourism sector can make a significant contribution to the relief of poverty, since this activity can be an engine of development of several sectors of the economy, generating employment, business opportunities, ensuring and improving livelihoods, so the objective is to develop a conceptual model for the purpose of measuring and evaluating the relationship between poverty and tourism, and to design strategies to facilitate poverty relief, the model that is developed applies in Ecuador. Key words:Ecuador, poverty, tourism

In 2014, Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) proposed a major expansion of agricultural insurance in the context of other reforms to the agricultural sector, and as part of the implementation of its National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF). This report is designed to inform development of inclusive insurance for Nigeria's agriculture sector, and is offered as a contribution to the NARF. It is an outcome of a consultative process that began in September 2014 between FMARD and the CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). By overcoming the problems of moral hazard, adverse selection, and resulting high transaction costs and processing delays that have plagued indemnity-based agricultural insurance, index-based insurance makes it feasible to insure millions of smallholder farmers. Well-designed index insurance can achieve specific risk objectives such as protecting farmers' livelihoods in the face of major climate shocks, and promoting farmers' livelihoods by overcoming barriers to adoption of improved agricultural technologies and practices, and access to market opportunities. Reviews of index-based agricultural insurance initiatives have identified several success factors that are relevant to the situation in Nigeria. First, successful initiatives have been designed to unlock particular opportunities for farmers that were previously constrained by particular risks. Second, initiatives are most successful when they are driven by demand and responsive to farmer input. Third, successful initiatives have invested in the capacity of a range of local stakeholders. Fourth, investments in data systems, and in science-based index development, have helped address the challenges of data poverty and basis risk. Fifth, successful index insurance requires an enabling regulatory environment. Finally, successful initiatives involve multi-stakeholder partnerships, and often public-private partnerships. A strategy for expanding insurance for Nigeria's smallholder farmers must address challenges that include: limited and asymmetric information; crowding out by post disaster relief efforts; limited access to reinsurance markets; lack of insurance culture; and inadequate regulatory environments. The development of effective market based agricultural insurance, requires 4 government support in five key areas: data systems; awareness and capacity building; facilitating international risk pooling; "smart" subsidies; and an enabling policy environment. Three immediate priorities are identified: (a) creating a regulatory environment that makes it attractive for insurance companies to enter the market; (b) developing a public-private partnership that incentivizes and supports companies to develop innovative products and services for the agriculture sector; and (c) progressively expand implementation through well designed pilots, evaluation and learning processes. The organizations that have been involved or consulted in the process leading to this report offer relevant expertise.

Presented at the 9th international wildlife ranching symposium: wildlife - the key to prosperity for rural communities, held on 12-16 September 2016 at Hotel Safari & the Safari Court, Windhoek, Namibia. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The first formal protected area in Africa was proclaimed in June 1894 in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR). This protected area was followed four years later by the forerunner of the Kruger National Park. In 1926 the second national park in Africa was proclaimed in the eastern Lowveld of South Africa, and named after Paul Kruger, a former president of the ZAR. In the following year a total of three cars visited the park, and by 1979 visitors had increased to 400,000 per annum. Visitor numbers doubled from 1956 to 1963, between 1963 and 1980, and from 1980 to 1995. In 2014 a total of 1.6 million visitors entered the national park. Of this figure, day visitors comprise77 percent of the total. Visitor facilities in the Kruger National Park currently comprise 4048 beds and 653 campsites in 25 rest camps, 805 kilometers of tarred roads and 1720 kilometers of gravel roads. Since 2002 a total of 334 beds in 17 concession lodges have been added. Visitor numbers are increasing at between 6 and 7 percent per annum, and will double within 11 to 12 years. During peak holiday periods, this equates to 2.5 overnight visitors per km of road, compared to 1.4 overnight visitors per kilometre for Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve. In the southern half of the Kruger Park, where 70 percent of accommodation is concentrated, densities increase to 2.97 overnight visitors per km of road. Given the rapid increase in accommodation in the past years, the question should be asked if this is sustainable. Will the Kruger Park be able to accommodate 3.2 million visitors by 2025 and 6.4million visitors by 2036?Can the national park continue absorbing increasing numbers of visitors and what will the environmental impact be of such an action? Can wildlife tourism be sustainable when human populations and economies continue to grow? If accommodation and roads cannot be extended indefinitely, what, then, are the alternatives? Are there too many visitors, or is the problem one of inadequate management of visitors? And what lessons can be learned from high-density tourism destinations in other parts of the world? Can government be expected to establish new protected areas and visitor facilities in countries where there are so many urgent socio-economic needs? And what role can private protected areas and game ranches play in meeting the growing demand for nature-based tourism? This paper examines these issues and proposes a course of action for the future.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. ; Background The geographical maldistribution of the health workforce is a persisting global issue linked to inequitable access to health services and poorer health outcomes for rural and remote populations. In the Northern Territory (NT), anecdotal reports suggest that the primary care workforce in remote Aboriginal communities is characterised by high turnover, low stability and high use of temporary staffing; however, there is a lack of reliable information to guide workforce policy improvements. This study quantifies current turnover and retention in remote NT communities and investigates correlations between turnover and retention metrics and health service/community characteristics. Methods This study used the NT Department of Health 2013–2015 payroll and financial datasets for resident health workforce in 53 remote primary care clinics. Main outcome measures include annual turnover rates, annual stability rates, 12-month survival probabilities and median survival. Results At any time point, the clinics had a median of 2.0 nurses, 0.6 Aboriginal health practitioners (AHPs), 2.2 other employees and 0.4 additional agency-employed nurses. Mean annual turnover rates for nurses and AHPs combined were extremely high, irrespective of whether turnover was defined as no longer working in any remote clinic (66%) or no longer working at a specific remote clinic (128%). Stability rates were low, and only 20% of nurses and AHPs remain working at a specific remote clinic 12 months after commencing. Half left within 4 months. Nurse and AHP turnover correlated with other workforce measures. However, there was little correlation between most workforce metrics and health service characteristics. Conclusions NT Government-funded remote clinics are small, experience very high staff turnover and make considerable use of agency nurses. These staffing patterns, also found in remote settings elsewhere in Australia and globally, not only incur higher direct costs for service provision—and therefore may compromise long-term sustainability—but also are almost certainly contributing to sub-optimal continuity of care, compromised health outcomes and poorer levels of staff safety. To address these deficiencies, it is imperative that investments in implementing, adequately resourcing and evaluating staffing models which stabilise the remote primary care workforce occur as a matter of priority.

International audience ; In the early 20th century, the conservation of the wild fauna of the Empire became a concern for the British government. New policies were drafted to set aside large portions of territories under British rule in order to create parks, reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. In Malaya, the main supporter of this effort was former big game hunter and game warden Theodore Hubback. Hubback was instrumental in the creation of two large protected areas in the sultanate of Pahang: Krau wildlife reserve and the King George V National Park. These projects affected local populations whose rights of use of the forest and its products were restricted. However, sources available show that forest people and Malay villagers were able to make known their claims, with the support of the sultans, especially sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang, and that these claims were taken into accounts in the drafting of the regulations of the national park and wildlife reserves. Far from being colonial diktats, the establishment of protected areas was the result of intense negotiations between different parties within the colonial administration, the local inhabitants, the sultans and their courts. Proponents of the preservation of the fauna were forced to make concessions, that, on a long term perspective, appear to have been beneficial for the conservation of wildlife. ; Au début du XXe siècle, le gouvernement britannique s'est emparé de la question de la conservation de la faune sauvage de son empire. Des politiques ont alors été conçues prévoyant notamment la mise en réserve de vastes portions à l'intérieur des territoires sous domination britannique pour créer des réserves naturelles, des sanctuaires de la vie sauvage et des parcs nationaux. En Malaya, le principal défenseur de cet effort fut l'ancien amateur de grande chasse et protecteur du gibier Theodore Hubback. Hubback fut notamment à l'origine de la création de deux vastes zones protégées dans le sultanat de Pahang : la réserve de faune de Krau et le parc national Roi George V. Ces projets ont affecté les populations locales dont les droits d'usages des forêts et de leurs produits furent limités. Néanmoins, les sources montrent qu'avec l'aide des sultans, notamment le sultan Abu Bakar de Pahang, les peuples de la forêt et les villageois malais purent défendre leurs doléances qui furent prises en compte dans la rédaction des réglementations applicables au parc national et aux réserves. La mise en place des espaces protégés, loin d'être des diktats de l'autorité coloniale, furent le résultat d'intenses négociations entre différents courants au sein de l'administration britannique, les populations locales, les sultans et leurs cours. Les défenseurs de la conservation furent obligés de faire des concessions, qui, sur le long terme, ont renforcé l'efficacité de ces espaces pour la protection de la faune sauvage.

Abstract. Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Shipwreck as a Diving Attraction. Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world; two thirds of its territory is the sea. One of President Jokowi's missions is that the government will focus more on Indonesian maritime strategic thinking, by implementing the concept of "Global Maritime Fulcrum." The keys to make it happen are embodied in two important pillars of the five-pillar concept, namely maritime culture revitalization and marine resource management. Marine-based sustainable tourism development is to be conducted with a synergy between reinforcing maritime culture and utilizing marine resources. The problem is, on one side, is that the condition of coral reef ecosystem as a diving attraction has deteriorated due to human activities. On the other side, the underwater cultural resources have not been optimally utilized, and are often taken illegally. This research intends to present a general overview about utilization of underwater cultural heritages as diving tourism attraction, using method of literature study. Many references mention that the territorial waters of Indonesia in the past were important international vessel shipping lanes, as evidenced by the number of shipwrecked artifacts discovered by fishermen or stolen by treasure seekers. The availability of underwater cultural resources underwater such as shipwrecks and the declining quality of coral reefs can be utilized as a marine tourism attraction, particularly diving, while we also attempt to preserve marine cultural heritage. Abstrak. Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia. Dua pertiga dari wilayahnya adalah laut. Salah satu misi Presiden Jokowi, Pemerintah Indonesia akan lebih fokus pada pemikiran strategis maritim Indonesia dengan mengimplementasikan konsep Global Maritime Fulcrum (Poros Maritim Dunia). Kunci keberhasilan untuk mewujudkannya telah tertuang dalam dua pilar penting dari konsep lima pilar, yaitu membangun kembali budaya maritim dan mengelola sumber daya kelautan. Pembangunan pariwisata berkelanjutan berbasis bahari dilakukan dengan sinergi antara memperkuat budaya bahari dan pemanfaatan sumber daya kelautan. Permasalahannya di satu sisi bahwa kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai atraksi selam semakin memburuk akibat ulah manusia. Pada sisi lain sumber daya tinggalan budaya bawah air belum optimal dimanfaatkan, bahkan seringkali diambil secara ilegal. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang pemanfaatan warisan budaya bawah air sebagai daya tarik wisata selam. Metode yang digunakan ialah kajian kepustakaan. Wilayah perairan Indonesia pada masa lalu merupakan jalur pelayaran kapal internasional yang penting. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan banyaknya artefak kapal karam ditemukan oleh nelayan atau dicuri oleh pencari harta karun. Ketersediaan sumber daya budaya tinggalan bawah air seperti kapal-kapal karam dan menurunannya kualitas terumbu karang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai daya tarik wisata bahari khususnya selam, sekaligus upaya pelestarian warisan budaya bahari.