That the world is undergoing a major transformation in social consciousness is now widely accepted. Never before has the world been witness to so many thousands of attempts by individuals and transnational organizations to combat age-old social ills such as hunger, poverty, disease, lack of education, human rights abuses, armed conflict, and environmental degradation. The 1990's will be known as the decade of global social innovation, and whoever chronicles that decade will see clearly what we perceive only dimly now. The emergence of global social consciousness has, in turn, produced new forms of human relationships and organizing activities. These relationships and activities may prove to be important to understand as the social sciences attempt to keep pace with the rapid changes occurring in our global society. This paper outlines some of the challenges and opportunities that will face social scientists should they choose to enter this new domain.
List of figures; List of tables; List of contributors; Preface to the second edition of the Routledge International Handbook of Green Criminology; Acknowledgments; Introduction: new horizons, ongoing and emerging issues and relationships in green criminology Avi Brisman and Nigel South; PART I History, theory and methods;1 The growth of a field: a short history of a 'green' criminology Avi Brisman and Nigel South; 2 The ordinary acts that contribute to ecocide: a criminological analysis Robert Agnew; 3 Wildlife crime: a situational crime prevention perspective Christina Burton, Devin Cowan and William Moreto; 4 Expanding treadmill of production analysis within green criminology by integrating metabolic rift and ecological unequal exchange theories Michael J. Lynch, Paul B. Stretesky, Michael A. Long and Kimberly L. Barrett; 5 The visual dimensions of green criminology Lorenzo Natali and Bill McClanahan; 6 Innovative approaches to researching environmental crime Diane Heckenberg and Rob White; 7 Environmental refugees as environmental victims Matthew Hall; 8 How criminologists can help victims of green crimes through scholarship and activism Joshua Ozymy, Melissa L. Jarrell and Elizabeth A. Bradshaw; PART II International and transnational issues for a green criminology; 9 Climate crimes: the case of ExxonMobil Ronald C. Kramer and Elizabeth A. Bradshaw; 10 Global environmental divides and dislocations: climate apartheid, atmospheric injustice and the blighting of the planet Avi Brisman, Nigel South and Reece Walters; 11 Food crime and green criminology Wesley Tourangeau and Amy J. Fitzgerald; 12 Monopolising seeds, monopolising society: a guide to contemporary criminological research on biopiracy David Rodríguez Goyes; 13 The War on Drugs and its invisible collateral damage: environmental harm and climate change Tammy Ayres; 14 'Greening' injustice: penal reform, carceral expansion and greenwashing Jordan E. Mazurek, Justin Piché and Judah Schept; PART III Region-specific problems: some case studies; 15 The Amazon Rainforest: a green criminological perspective Tim Boekhout van SolingeI;16 Green issues in South-Eastern Europe Katja Eman and Gorazd Meško; 17 The Flint water crisis: a case study of state-sponsored environmental (in)justice Jacquelynn Doyon-Martin; 18 Indigenous environmental victimisation in the Canadian oil sands James Heydon;19 Fracking the Rockies: the production of harm Kellie Alexander, Tara O'Connor Shelley and Tara Opsal; 20 Corporate capitalism, environmental damage and the rule of law: the Magurchara gas explosion in Bangladesh Nikhil Deb; 21 Authoritarian environmentalism and environmental regulation enforcement: a case study of medical waste crime in northwestern China KuoRay Mao, Yiliang Zhu, Zhong Zhao and Yan Shan; PART IV Relationships in green criminology: environment and economy; 22 E-waste in the twilight zone between crime and survival Wim van Herk and Lieselot Bisschop; 23 The environment and the crimes of the economy Vincenzo Ruggiero; 24 Green criminology and the working class: political ecology and the expanded implications of political economic analysis in green criminology Michael J. Lynch; 25 Insurance and climate change Liam Phelan, Cameron Holley, Clifford Shearing and Louise du Toit; 26 Energy harms: 'extreme energy', fracking and water Damien Short; 27 The uncertainty of community financial incentives for 'fracking': pursuing ramifications for environmental justice Jack Adam Lampkin; PART V Relationships in green criminology: humans and non-human species; 28 A violent interspecies relationship: the case of animal sexual assault Jennifer Maher and Harriet Pierpoint; 29 The victimisation of women, children and non-human species through trafficking and trade: crimes understood through an ecofeminist perspective Ragnhild Sollund; 30 Wildlife trafficking and criminogenic symmetries in a globalised world Daan van Uhm; 31 Myths of causality, control and coherence in the 'war on wildlife crime' Siv Rebekka Runhovde; 32 Environmental justice, animal rights and total liberation: from conflict and distance to points of common focus David N. Pellow; PART VI Relationships in green criminology: environment and culture; 33 Environmental justice and the rights of Indigenous peoples Angus Nurse; 34 Green crime on the reservation: a spatio-temporal analysis of U.S. Native American reservations 2011-2015 Tameka Samuels-Jones, Ryan Thomson and Johanna Espin; 35 The disappearing land: coastal land loss and environmental crime Lieselot Bisschop, Staci Strobl and Julie Viollaz; 36 Toward a green cultural criminology of the South Avi Brisman and Nigel South; 37 Consumed by the crisis: green criminology and cultural criminology Jeff Ferrell; 38 Littering in the Northeast of England: a sign of social disorganisation? Kelly Johnson, Tanya Wyatt, Sarah Coulthard and Cassandra O'Neill; 39 A short conclusion concerning a questionable future Avi Brisman and Nigel South; Index
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In: Review of Middle East Studies, Volume 8, Issue 3, p. 1-12
ISSN: 2329-3225
The term "social sciences" ('ulūm-i-ijtimā'ī) has gained currency in Iran only during the last fifteen years or so, but some of the disciplines falling within its purview have been in existence for a longer period. Thus the first institution for teaching political science was established in 1899, and the first chair of sociology was created in 19 35 in the University of Tehran. Besides, iike Molière's bourgeois gentillhomme who belatedly realized that he had been making prose all his life without being aware of it, some Iranian scholars too have long been engaged in writing, translating and conducting research on social problems or using sociological concepts without being conscious of themselves as social scientists.Since from a chronological viewpoint, political science appeared in Iran prior to other disciplines of social sciences and its studies involve problems of a distinct nature, the present paper is divided into two parts: the first dealing with political science, and the second with sociology and related disciplines.
