Suchergebnisse

Befindet sich eine Person in Haft, unterliegt diese der staatlichen Obhut. Inwiefern der Bedarf einer medizinischen Behandlung der Inhaftierten besteht, ist jedoch bei Haftbeginn oftmals unklar. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden im Zeitraum Februar 2012 - März 2013 randomisiert Inhaftierte aus sechs verschiedenen sächsischen Justizvollzugsanstalten hinsichtlich Suizidalität und psychischer Erkrankungen befragt. Die Suizidalität wurde mittels Selbstangaben der Inhaftierten zur aktuellen Suizidalität, zur lifetime Suizidalität und zu lifetime Suizidversuchen sowie verschiedener Fragebögen erfasst. Die für die vorliegende Untersuchung relevanten psychischen Erkrankungen, genauer Persönlichkeitsstörungen bzw. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten, wurden mittels des Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders (ADP-IV) und des Persönlichkeits-Stil-und-Störungs-Inventares (PSSI) ermittelt. Für Inhaftierte mit Hinweisen auf Persönlichkeitsstörungen bzw. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten konnte eine signifikant höhere Suizidalität im Vergleich zu Inhaftierten ohne derartige Hinweise oder Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten festgestellt werden. Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der bereits abgeleisteten Haftdauer oder der Gesamthaftdauer (Strafmaß) und der Suizidalität aller Inhaftierten konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Die verbleibende Haftzeit (Resthaftdauer) zeigte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Suizidalität der Inhaftierten. Zwischen der Suizidalität von Untersuchungs- und Strafgefangenen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem konnte für die Selbstangabe der aktuellen Suizidalität kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zu den Suizidalitätsangaben in den verwendeten Fragebögen gefunden werden.:1. Einleitung 5 1.1. Suizidalität 5 1.1.1. Begriffsbestimmung Suizidalität 5 1.1.2. Individuelle Entwicklung von Suizidalität 7 1.1.3. Epidemiologie Suizid 10 1.2. Risikofaktoren für Suizidalität 14 1.2.1. Lebensereignisse 14 1.2.2. Affektive Erkrankungen 15 1.2.3. Sucht 17 1.2.4. Persönlichkeit 19 1.2.5. Haft 22 2. Ziel der Arbeit, Fragestellung und Hypothesen 28 3. Material und Methoden 30 3.1. Studiendesign und –durchführung 30 3.2. Probanden 32 3.3. Einschlusskriterien 32 3.4. Datenerhebung und verwendete Instrumente 32 3.4.1. Soziodemografische und haftspezifische Daten 32 3.4.2. Interview 33 3.4.3. Fragebögen zur Suizidalität 33 3.4.4. Fragebögen zur Persönlichkeit 35 3.5. Datenauswertung 36 4. Ergebnisse 37 4.1. Vorstellung der Probanden 37 4.2. Beurteilung der Suizidalität 38 4.3. Übereinstimmung der Selbstangabe zur Suizidalität, VISCI und FBS 42 4.4. Suizidalität und Haftdauer 44 4.4.1. Gesamthaftdauer und Suizidalität 45 4.4.2. Bisherige Haftdauer und Suizidalität 47 4.4.3. Resthaftdauer und Suizidalität 50 4.5. Auftreten von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten 52 4.6. Persönlichkeitsstörungen/ Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten und Suizidalität 55 4.6.1. PKS allgemein (vorhanden/ nicht vorhanden) 55 4.6.2. PKS spezifisch (Clustereinteilung) 57 4.6.3. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten (allgemein) und Suizidalität 60 4.6.4. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten (Entsprechungen der Cluster) und Suizidalität 62 5. Diskussion 67 5.1. Methodendiskussion und Limitationen 67 5.1.1. Auswahl der Inhaftierten 67 5.1.2. Erfassung von Suizidalität 67 5.1.3. Erfassung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten 70 5.2. Ergebnisdiskussion 72 5.2.1. Fragestellung 1 - Beeinflussen Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten/ Persönlichkeitsstörungen die Suizidalität in Haft? 72 5.2.2. Fragestellung 2 - Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der bisherigen Haftdauer und der Suizidalität? 76 5.2.3. Fragestellung 3 - Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesamthaftdauer (Strafmaß) und der Suizidalität? 79 5.2.4. Fragestellung 4 - Beeinflusst die noch verbleibende Haftzeit die Suizidalität? 80 5.3. Ausblick 82 6. Zusammenfassung 84 7. Anhang I 8. Abkürzungsverzeichnis VIII 9. Danksagung IX 10. Literaturverzeichnis X ; By law it is the responsibility of the government to secure the well-being of all imprisoned persons. In this study inmates of six prisons in Saxony were interviewed about suicidality and mental illnesses from February 2012 till March 2013. The interviews included questions about self reported suicidal tendencies at the present and the past of the inmates, self reported suicide attempts and some other questionnaires. Personality disorders were recorded by the Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders (ADP-IV). Additionally, specific characteristics of the inmates' personalities were recorded by a special questionnaire (PSSI - Persönlichkeits-Stil-und-Störungs-Inventar). In comparison to inmates without personality disorders or without specific characteristics of their personality inmates with personality disorders or specific characteristics of their personality showed a significant relation to suicidality. A significant correlation between the time spent already in prison and the suicidality could not be found, neither was there a significant difference between the suicidality of prisoners, who are in a pre-trial custody and other prisoners. Furthermore there was no significant link between self reported suicidality and suicidality that was ascertained by the questionnaires.:1. Einleitung 5 1.1. Suizidalität 5 1.1.1. Begriffsbestimmung Suizidalität 5 1.1.2. Individuelle Entwicklung von Suizidalität 7 1.1.3. Epidemiologie Suizid 10 1.2. Risikofaktoren für Suizidalität 14 1.2.1. Lebensereignisse 14 1.2.2. Affektive Erkrankungen 15 1.2.3. Sucht 17 1.2.4. Persönlichkeit 19 1.2.5. Haft 22 2. Ziel der Arbeit, Fragestellung und Hypothesen 28 3. Material und Methoden 30 3.1. Studiendesign und –durchführung 30 3.2. Probanden 32 3.3. Einschlusskriterien 32 3.4. Datenerhebung und verwendete Instrumente 32 3.4.1. Soziodemografische und haftspezifische Daten 32 3.4.2. Interview 33 3.4.3. Fragebögen zur Suizidalität 33 3.4.4. Fragebögen zur Persönlichkeit 35 3.5. Datenauswertung 36 4. Ergebnisse 37 4.1. Vorstellung der Probanden 37 4.2. Beurteilung der Suizidalität 38 4.3. Übereinstimmung der Selbstangabe zur Suizidalität, VISCI und FBS 42 4.4. Suizidalität und Haftdauer 44 4.4.1. Gesamthaftdauer und Suizidalität 45 4.4.2. Bisherige Haftdauer und Suizidalität 47 4.4.3. Resthaftdauer und Suizidalität 50 4.5. Auftreten von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten 52 4.6. Persönlichkeitsstörungen/ Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten und Suizidalität 55 4.6.1. PKS allgemein (vorhanden/ nicht vorhanden) 55 4.6.2. PKS spezifisch (Clustereinteilung) 57 4.6.3. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten (allgemein) und Suizidalität 60 4.6.4. Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten (Entsprechungen der Cluster) und Suizidalität 62 5. Diskussion 67 5.1. Methodendiskussion und Limitationen 67 5.1.1. Auswahl der Inhaftierten 67 5.1.2. Erfassung von Suizidalität 67 5.1.3. Erfassung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten 70 5.2. Ergebnisdiskussion 72 5.2.1. Fragestellung 1 - Beeinflussen Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten/ Persönlichkeitsstörungen die Suizidalität in Haft? 72 5.2.2. Fragestellung 2 - Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der bisherigen Haftdauer und der Suizidalität? 76 5.2.3. Fragestellung 3 - Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesamthaftdauer (Strafmaß) und der Suizidalität? 79 5.2.4. Fragestellung 4 - Beeinflusst die noch verbleibende Haftzeit die Suizidalität? 80 5.3. Ausblick 82 6. Zusammenfassung 84 7. Anhang I 8. Abkürzungsverzeichnis VIII 9. Danksagung IX 10. Literaturverzeichnis X

Die städtebauliche Denkmalpflege kann als ein interdisziplinär-integratives Verfahren der Stadtentwicklungsplanung verstanden werden, das durch die Aktivierung des baukulturellen Erbes eine behutsame und denkmalgerechte Weiterentwicklung der Stadt vorantreibt. Sie überbrückt Prozesse des Denkmalschutzes und des Städtebaus und ist somit teilweise in der formellen kommunalen Stadtentwicklungsplanung verankert. Dennoch stützt sich die städtebauliche Denkmalpflege auf ein breites Spektrum öffentlicher sowie nicht öffentlicher Akteure und kommt ebenfalls durch diverse informelle Instrumente zur Geltung. Sie ist damit vom rechtlich-fördertechnischen Arbeitsgebiet städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz abzugrenzen, das Teil der Gesetzgebungshoheit des Staates und der Länder ist. Nichtsdestotrotz ist die städtebauliche Denkmalpflege auch ein Leitbild verschiedener Städtebauförderprogramme. Diese Dissertation untersucht den Stellenwert der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege im Rahmen der Bund-Länder-Städtebauförderung in vier ostdeutschen Gründerzeitgebieten. Angesichts der Breite an Fördermöglichkeiten auf Landes-, Bundes- und Europaebene verfügen Kommunen heute über zahlreiche Finanzierungsinstrumente zur Erhaltung und Entwicklung solcher Quartiere. Seit 1991 hat insbesondere das Bund-Länder-Städtebauförderprogramm Städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz die denkmalgerechte Weiterentwicklung historischer Stadtkerne in den östlichen Bundesländern unterstützt. Der Hauptantrieb der vorliegenden Dissertation war die Erweiterung dieses Programms auf die westdeutschen Bundesländer im Jahre 2009 sowie die weiterhin hohe Bedeutung von Gründerzeitgebieten als bundesweiter Fördergegenstand. Solche Gebiete sind zugleich ein geografischer Schwerpunkt des Städtebauförderprogramms Stadtumbau Ost, das auf teilweise entgegengesetzten stadtpolitischen Gedanken beruht. Die Wertschätzung der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege im Spannungsfeld dieser Förderinstrumente ist deshalb zu ermitteln. In diesem Sinne versucht die Dissertation, die Bedeutung der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege in der aktuellen interdisziplinären Diskussion festzustellen und die Anwendung der Methode im Rahmen der oben genannten Förderprogramme zu beleuchten. Um dies zu ermöglichen, präsentiert die Arbeit zuerst eine eigene, auf sekundären sowie empirischen Daten aufbauende Konzeptualisierung der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege. Im Gegensatz zum Großteil der bestehenden Literatur soll dieses Konzept den Ansatz aus Sicht der Stadtentwicklungsplanung illustrieren. Es werden daraufhin Leitsätze zur Auswertung der empirischen Befunde abgegrenzt. Die Empirie basiert auf Fallstudien von jeweils einem Fördergebiet der beiden Programme in Berlin sowie Leipzig. Die Befunde aus den Fallbeispielgebieten wurden hauptsächlich durch qualitative Interviews mit Fachexperten und Programmverantwortlichen erhoben. In den Mittelpunkt dieser Untersuchung stellt der Autor insbesondere die Übereinstimmung der gebietsbezogenen Programmziele und Fördermaßnahmen mit den Prinzipien der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege sowie das Bündelungspotenzial der jeweiligen Förderrichtungen. Anhand der Befunde hebt die Dissertation hervor, welche Bedeutung die städtebauliche Denkmalpflege bei den untersuchten Maßnahmen hatte und inwiefern die Fallbeispielgebiete modellhafte Prozesse zur Förderung dieses Ansatzes nutzten. Die im ersten Teil der Arbeit erstellten Leitsätze der städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege werden dabei zwischen den zwei untersuchten städtischen Kontexten verglichen. Von dieser Abstrahierung werden entsprechende Schlussfolgerungen für das theoretische Verständnis der Städtebaulichen Denkmalpflege sowie praktische Hinweise für die Fortführung der Städtebauförderung abgeleitet. ; Urban heritage conservation (German: städtebauliche Denkmalpflege) can be understood as an interdisciplinary, integrative planning process that, by building upon the existing architectural fabric, works towards a diligent and "history-friendly" version of urban development. It bridges the gap between the fields of heritage conservation and urban planning and is thus partially embedded in formal municipal planning practice. However, urban heritage conservation also depends on a wide array of public and private actors and is in part realized through the use of informal instruments. It is therefore to be distinguished from the legal-political area of monument protection, which in Germany is part of the writ of law of the federal and state governments. Despite this, urban heritage conservation serves as a model within multiple urban funding programs. This doctoral dissertation examines the value of urban heritage conservation within urban funding programs in four eastern German Gründerzeit neighbourhoods (built from 1871 to ca. 1918). Considering the breadth of funding options at state, federal and European level, municipalities now have access to numerous instruments for financing the preservation and further development of such districts. Since 1991, the joint federal-state urban funding program Städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz has been key in supporting the heritage-friendly development of historic town and city centres in the eastern German federal states. The idea for the present dissertation arose from the expansion of this funding program into the western federal states in 2009 and the consistent significance of Gründerzeit neighbourhoods as a nationwide funding area. Such districts are also a geographic focal point of the funding program Stadtumbau Ost, which is partially based on opposing urban political intentions. The valuation of urban heritage conservation in the space occupied by these two funding instruments must therefore be studied. In this regard, the dissertation attempts to determine the significance of urban heritage conservation within the current interdisciplinary dialectic and to demonstrate its use within the aforementioned funding programs. In order to do so, the work first presents its own conceptualization of urban heritage conservation that builds upon secondary as well as empirical data. In contrast to the existing literature, this definition intends to illustrate the method from the viewpoint of urban planning, and it also generates principles to be used later in the analysis of empirical data. The empirical portion of the work centres upon case studies of one district from each program in both Berlin and Leipzig. Empirical work in these case study districts was primarily conducted through expert interviews of professionals and program administrators. The dissertation gives special focus to the agreement between district-specific goals and projects and the principles of urban heritage conservation, as well as to the compatibility of the various funding programs. Using the findings from the case studies, the author highlights the significance of urban heritage conservation in the studied areas as well as novel processes that the case study districts applied in order to support this method. The principles of urban heritage conservation generated in the first part of the work are then compared between the two urban contexts under investigation. Using this abstraction, the author derives corresponding conclusions for the theoretical understanding of urban heritage conservation as well as practical suggestions for the continuation of urban funding.

The research is based on the identification of corporate governance practices of the Bank of Loja, in the period 2013, analysis and comparison was based on two main pillars, on the one hand, the principles adopted by the Committee on Banking Supervision Basel in terms of improved corporate governance in banking organizations, and on the other, the rules in force in Ecuador on the principles of corporate governance and periodic reporting requirements by the supervisory to verify compliance with the regulations. The focus of research is related to the role of the Board and Senior Management of the Bank mainly because they are responsible for the final results of the Bank. In that sense, the practices promoted voluntarily identified and requested by the Superintendencia de Bancos and based of the recommendations issued by the Basel Committee and the application thereof by the Bank of Loja in the study period. Reviewing the corporate governance practices recommended for financial institutions as well as the fundamentals of the Ecuadorian financial system through the regulator is initially raised, the Superintendencia de Bancos A review of the principles is made for good Corporate Governance by the Basel Committee, the functions to be performed supervisors and regulators and Ecuadorian regulations concerning Corporate Governance which allowed analyzing what good government practices are Corporate Loja that the Bank has developed and implemented, as well as their level of compliance. Corporate Governance indicators established for Ecuadorian financial institutions is also reviewed, and referred to in the general rules for the application of the general law of financial institutions of Ecuador system. Subsequently the Bank of Loja practices regarding Corporate Governance were analyzed for the period 2013, in all management levels. With the information gathered and analyzed, based on the methodology established a comparative matrix in which all actions and practices implemented by the Bank in the period 2013, taking as comparative elements Basel principles and requirements were recorded was structured the regulations in force. It was concluded that the Bank of Loja has complied with all the provisions of the Superintendencia de Bancos in relation to corporate governance in the study. ; La investigación realizada se fundamenta en la identificación de las buenas prácticas de Gobierno Corporativo del Banco de Loja, en el periodo 2013, plantea un análisis y comparación en función de dos ejes fundamentales, por un lado, los principios emitidos por el Comité de Supervisión Bancaria de Basilea en términos de la mejora del Gobierno Corporativo en las organizaciones bancarias, y por el otro, la normativa vigente en el Ecuador respecto a los principios del Gobierno Corporativo y los requerimientos periódicos de información por parte del órgano supervisor para verificar el cumplimiento de la normativa. El enfoque de la investigación está relacionado al rol del Directorio y Alta Gerencia del Banco principalmente, ya que son los responsables de los resultados finales del Banco. En ese sentido, se identificaron las prácticas impulsadas de forma voluntaria y las solicitadas por la Superintendencia de Bancos en base a las recomendaciones emitidas por el Comité Basilea, y la aplicación de las mismas por el banco de Loja en el periodo de estudio. Se plantea inicialmente la revisión de las prácticas de Gobierno Corporativo recomendadas para las instituciones financieras así como también de los aspectos fundamentales del sistema financiero ecuatoriano a través del órgano regulador, la Superintendencia de Bancos Se realizó una revisión de los principios establecidos para un buen Gobierno Corporativo por parte del comité de Basilea, las funciones que deben cumplir los supervisores y entes reguladores y la normativa vigente ecuatoriana respecto al Gobierno Corporativo lo que permitió analizar cuáles son las prácticas del buen Gobierno Corporativo que el Banco de Loja ha desarrollado e implementado, así como también su nivel de cumplimiento. Asimismo se revisaron los indicadores de Gobierno Corporativo establecidos para las instituciones del sistema financiero ecuatoriano, y lo contemplado en las normas generales para la aplicación de la ley general de instituciones del sistema financiero del Ecuador. Posteriormente se analizaron las prácticas del Banco de Loja referentes a Gobierno Corporativo durante el periodo 2013, en todos sus niveles directivos. Con la información levantada y analizada, en función de la metodología establecida se estructuró una matriz comparativa en la que se registraron todas las acciones y prácticas implementadas por el Banco en el periodo 2013, tomando como elementos comparativos los principios de Basilea y los requerimientos de la normativa Vigente. Se pudo concluir que el Banco de Loja ha cumplido con todo lo dispuesto por la superintendencia de Bancos en relación al Gobierno Corporativo en el estudio en mención.

RESUMEN: La factura electrónica es un documento tributario que se genera utilizando medios informáticos y cuyo procedimiento de envío se realiza de forma telemática. La factura en formato electrónico tiene la misma validez que su equivalente en papel y, desde hace varios años, viene apareciendo como una promesa de futuro, de cambio, debido a las numerosas ventajas que aporta su uso. Entre los beneficios que pueden conseguir las empresas que hagan uso de la factura electrónica destacan el ahorro de dinero y tiempo y la optimización de sus procesos internos, ganando en eficiencia y seguridad, sin olvidar además los beneficios medioambientales que lleva aparejados la eliminación del papel en la facturación diaria. A pesar de todas estas ventajas, la realidad es que la facturación electrónica está todavía lejos de sustituir al papel. La existencia de un mercado muy fragmentado y la ausencia de formatos y tecnologías que funcionen como estándares son algunas de las causas que han impedido el avance y progreso de la facturación electrónica, existen multitud de proveedores que ofrecen los servicios de distinta manera y tampoco existe una legislación global que armonice la forma de facturar de manera electrónica. El hecho de depender todavía del papel en sus procesos contables resta eficiencia a las empresas en un contexto global en el que la automatización de los procesos es cada vez mayor, y depender aún de métodos manuales es fuente de desventajas competitivas. La realidad de la factura electrónica está cambiando y los agentes impulsores por fin están dando importantes pasos para romper con los métodos tradicionales e instaurar definitivamente la facturación electrónica a gran escala. Este es también el caso de España. Desde enero de 2015 existe un nuevo paradigma en la facturación electrónica en España, cuando entra en vigor la Ley 25/2013. No obstante, el proyecto de implantación de la factura electrónica se encuentra apoyado por casi todos los estamentos del Estado e intervienen en él multitud de agentes. La implicación del Ministerio de Hacienda, el IGAE, la SEAP (Secretaría de Estado de Administraciones Públicas), el DTIC (Departamento de Tecnología Informática y Computación), el Ministerio de Industria y Turismo, SETSI (Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones y para la Sociedad de la Información) y Red.es y la creación del Punto General de Entrada de Facturas y el Registro Contable de Facturas son vitales, herramientas imprescindibles para lograr las metas y objetivos en materia de facturación electrónica. ; ABSTRACT: Electronic invoice consists in a tax document generated using informatic technology and which sending method is fully electronical. Electronic invoice has the same validity as its paper equivalent and, since several years, e-invoicing is appearing as a promise of future because of the numerous benefits associated with its use. The benefits the companies can get using electronic invoice include saving money and time and optimizing their internal processes , gaining in efficiency and safety , and not forgetting the environmental benefits related thereto the elimination of paper in the daily tasks. Despite all these advantages, the reality is that electronic invoicing is still far from replacing the paper. The existence of a highly fragmented market and the absence of formats and technologies that could work as standards, are some of the causes that have stopped the advancement and progress of electronic invoicing, there are many providers that offer services by different ways and there is no comprehensive legislation to harmonize the way to bill electronically. Still depending on paper in the accounting processes reduces the efficiency of companies and organizations in a global context, in which the process automation is growing , and still rely on manual methods is a source of competitive disadvantage. The situation of electronic invoicing is changing all around the world and driver agents are finally taking important steps to break with traditional methods and definitely set electronic invoicing for most users. This is also the situation in Spain. Since January 2015 there is a new paradigm in electronic invoicing in Spain, when it enters into force the Law 25/2013. However, the proposed implementation of electronic billing is supported by almost all branches of government and are involved a lot of political and legal agents. The involvement of the Ministerio de Hacienda, IGAE, SEAP (Secretaría de Estado de Administraciones Públicas), DTIC (Departamento de Tecnología Informática y Computación), Ministerio de Industria y Turismo, SETSI (Secretaría de Estado de Telecomunicaciones y para la Sociedad de la Información) y Red.es and the creation of E Punto General de Entrada de Facturas y el Registro Contable de Facturas have also a great importance, they are essential tools for achieving the goals and objectives for e-invoicing in Spain. ; Máster en Empresa y Tecnologías de la Información

This work tries to understand the logics and the effects that face many Latin American countries in major or less scale on the processes of intensive growth of the urban development and with it a sharpening of the housing crisis, where wide popular sectors survive to the margin of the formal sector. The inadecuate politics of the governments, as well as socio-economic factors of the countries have affected to unleash multiple processes of human settlement, neighborhoods, districts, favelas, how it is about to call them, to the margin of the law and of the local regulations. We do not pretend into the political and structural aspects of the State, nor enter on the development plans of the local goverments, we want is to understand how the informal settlements have been constructing not only the physical space, their territory in wich they are, their identity, the generation of a culture of belonging, based of tangible and intangible knowledge that they possess, they share and to adopt, for wich it is necesary into an analysis of how are seen themselves, like neighborhood, informal settlements, how they have organized themselves and grouped, in order to achieve the attention of the authorities to be inserted in a process of regularity and development that the sumak kawsay allows them to reach or well to live. We find to understand that across the participation of the proper inhabitants with comom interests, they are able to organizing themselves, of establishing social networks, in the search of finding mechanisms and solutions for many of it´s problems, how the power struggles appear, also to understand the concepts of territory and territoriality, as they have assimilated it at the same time to pick up and to analyze what the literature or the "state of the art" have development on informal settlements, wich and that raise relation level with the existing models of territorial arranging, the point of view of planning participatory urban and citizen, and the different plans that have been implemented in the last years in the Metropolitan District of Quito. In this general frame, the investigation materializes in the analysis of a case in particular that is the neighborhood named Comité Pro-Mejoras del barrio "Buena Vista" of the sector San Juan, the parish Calderón. ; Este trabajo intenta comprender las lógicas y los efectos que enfrentan muchos países latinoamericanos en mayor o menor escala sobre los procesos de crecimiento acelerado de la urbanización y con ello una agudización de la crisis habitacional, donde amplios sectores populares subsisten al margen del sector formal. Las inadecuadas políticas de los gobiernos, así como factores socio-económicos de los países han incidido para desencadenar múltiples procesos de asentamientos humanos, barrios, barriadas, favelas cómo se las quiera llamar, al margen de la ley y de las normativas locales. No pretendemos incursionar en los aspectos políticos y estructurales del Estado, ni profundizar sobre los planes de desarrollo de los gobiernos locales, lo que queremos es entender como los asentamientos informales han ido construyendo no sólo el espacio físico, su territorio en el que se encuentran, sino su identidad, la generación de una cultura de pertenencia, en base a los conocimientos tangibles e intangibles que poseen, que comparten y que adoptan, para lo cual es necesario adentrarse al análisis de cómo se ven a sí mismos, como barrio, asentamiento informal, cómo se han organizado y agrupado, a fin de lograr la atención de las autoridades para insertarse en un proceso de regularidad y desarrollo que les permita alcanzar el sumak kawsay o buen vivir. Buscamos entender que a través de la participación de los propios moradores con intereses comunes, son capaces de organizarse, establecer redes sociales, en la búsqueda de encontrar mecanismos y soluciones para muchos de sus problemas, cómo se presentan las luchas de poder, además entender los conceptos de territorio y territorialidad, como lo han asimilado, al mismo tiempo recoger y analizar lo que la literatura o el "estado del arte" han desarrollado sobre asentamientos informales, cual y que nivel de relación se plantean con los modelos de ordenamiento territorial existentes, el punto de vista de la planificación urbana participativa y ciudadana y los distintos planes que se han implementado en los últimos años en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. En este marco general, la investigación se concreta en el análisis de un caso en particular que es el barrio denominado Comité Pro-mejoras del barrio "Buena Vista" del sector de San Juan de la parroquia Calderón.

ABSTRACThis thesis discuss strategy Pontianak City Police in maintaining order on the organization of elections (Presidential Election Study 2014). In order to secure the implementation of the Presidential Election 2014 Police Pontianak organizing internally that is organizing the parts and units Operational Police Pontianak become a united force and coordinated properly it is also necessary organizing externally that the City Government of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Pontianak city Supervisory Committee, Organizing Committee for the 2014 presidential election and Community Potential in an integrated and coordinated systematically according to the task, role, functions and responsibilities of each in relation to the implementation pemelihan pressiden 2014. The dominant factor affecting the implementation of the 2014 Presidential Elections Police Pontianak and public order are primed in Pontianak Police region are: geographical conditions very broad Pontianak City 107.82 km2, with a population of 550 304 inhabitants. While the number of Police personnel Pontianak just as much as 1331 personnel, is certainly not sufficient to Pontianak Police efforts in protecting, nurturing and serving the people of the city of Pontianak in the face of the organization of the election year 2014.Kondisi jobs in Pontianak are still limited or not comparable with the needs of the population to get decent work in various sectors of life, has the potential to create interference in the administration of the 2014 presidential election in the City of Pontianak.Kondisi socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural in Pontianak are still vulnerable to the dynamics of democratic life that deviate from the values of moral, religious, social, and applicable laws and regulations, can trigger horizontal conflict and / or crime-impact kontijensi.Strategi strategy lakukakan by Pontianak City Police in maintaining maintaining order on the implementation of the 2014 presidential election through prevention, deterrence and prevention of crime to support the implementation of the general election president in 2014 conducive manner: Improving the implementation of the policing function optimally, a partnership Police with the City of Pontianak, KPU Pontianak, Panwaslu Pontianak City and related institutions, establish partnerships Police with the Community, as well as improve the ability, character, identity and professionalism Police personnel on an ongoing basis. Doing deterrence, the condition of the "threshold interference" with the objective to reduce the social order "chance factor" and lower "faith factor" through regulation, guard, escort and patrol. Enforcing the law against "real threat" kamtibmas explicitly, consequently and consistently under the provisions of applicable law.Keywords: Policing Strategy, the implementation of the presidential election.2ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah strategi Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum (Studi Pemilihan Umum Presiden 2014) . Dalam rangka pengamanan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak melakukan pengorganisasian secara intern yaitu pengorganisasian bagian-bagian dan satuan-satuan operasional Polresta Pontianak menjadi suatu kekuatan yang utuh dan terkoordinir dengan baik perlu juga dilakukan pengorganisasian secara ekstern yaitu dengan Pemerintahan Kota Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak, Panwaslu Kota Pontianak, Panitia Penyelenggara Pilpres 2014 dan Potensi Masyarakat secara terpadu dan terkoordinir secara sistimatis sesuai tugas, peran dan fungsi serta tanggung jawabnya masing-masing dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemelihan pressiden tahun 2014. Faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Presiden Tahun 2014 Polresta Pontianak dan ketertiban masyarakat yang prima di wilayah Polresta Pontianak adalah: Kondisi geografis Kota Pontianak yang sangat luas 107,82 km2, dengan jumlah penduduk 550.304 jiwa. Sedangkan jumlah personil Polresta Pontianak hanya sebanyak 1331 personil, tentunya tidak memadai dengan upaya Polresta Pontianak dalam melindungi, mengayomi dan melayani masyarakat kota Pontianak dalam menghadapi penyelenggaraan pilpres tahun 2014.Kondisi lapangan kerja di Kota Pontianak yang masih terbatas atau belum sebanding dengan kebutuhan penduduk untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak diberbagai sektor kehidupan, berpotensi untuk menciptakan gangguan dalam penyelenggaraan Pilpres 2014 di Kota Pontianak.Kondisi sosial ekonomi, sosial politik dan sosial budaya di Kota Pontianak yang masih rawan terhadap dinamika kehidupan demokrasi yang menyimpang dari nilai-nilai moral, agama, sosial, dan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku, dapat memicu terjadinya konflik horizontal dan/atau kejahatan berdampak kontijensi.Strategi-Strategi yang lakukakan oleh Kepolisian Resort Kota Pontianak dalam menjaga menjaga ketertiban pada penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum presiden 2014 melalui pencegahan, penangkalan dan penanggulangan kejahatan untuk menopang terlaksananya pemilihan umum presiden tahun 2014 yang kondusif dengan cara :Meningkatkan pelaksanaan fungsi kepolisian secara optimal, menjalin kemitraan Polri dengan Pemerintah Kota Pontianak, KPU Kota Pontianak,Panwaslu Kota Pontianak dan Instansi terkait, memantapkan kemitraan Polri dengan Masyarakat, serta meningkatkan kemampuan, watak, jati diri dan profesionalitas personil Polri secara berkelanjutan. Melakukan penangkalan, terhadap kondisi "ambang gangguan" kamtibmas dengan sasaran untuk mengurangi "faktor kesempatan" dan menurunkan "faktor niat" melalui pengaturan, penjagaan, pengawalan, dan patroli. Melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap "ancaman nyata" kamtibmas secara tegas, konsekuen dan konsisten berdasarkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku.Kata Kunci: Strategi Kepolisian, penyelenggaraan pemilihan president.

Принцип независимости судей является принципом правосудия в любом государстве, принявшем идею разделения властей. Идея становления независимой судебной власти была ключевой в судебной реформе 1864 г. и в концептуальных основах современной судебной реформы. В текстах Устава уголовного судопроизводства и Учреждения судебных установлений отсутствуют специальные нормы о независимости судей, притом что само организационное построение судебной системы и сами процедуры судебной деятельности однозначно сориентированы на независимое отправление правосудия каждым судьей и его самостоятельность в отношениях с любыми другими представителями власти. В современном законодательстве, напротив, в каждом отраслевом процессуальном кодексе продублировано конституционное положение о независимости судей, а в УПК РФ оно конкретизировано в целом ряде сугубо канцелярских правил, не имеющих прямого отношения к производству по уголовным делам, но ограждающих судью от некоего «внепроцессуального» воздействия. В юридической литературе, в официальных документах органов судейского сообщества и в средствах массовой информации представлены диаметрально противоположные оценки разных проявлений независимости судей. При подготовке статьи использованы: сравнительный анализ положений дореволюционного и современного законодательства; исторический анализ теоретических представлений о социально-правовой сущности и нормативном содержании принципа независимости судебной власти и судей; анализ опубликованного социологического материала и эмпирических данных, полученных методом включённого наблюдения. Сравнение теоретических представлений о независимости судей в дореволюционной и современной литературе позволяет выявить специфику отражения в научном мировоззрении этой идеи в разные периоды российской истории. Дореволюционные юристы, теоретики и практики судебной деятельности доказывали, что гарантией независимости судебной власти и судей, а значит гарантией правосудия является не только организационно-правовая обособленность судов от других ветвей государственной власти, но и опора на общественное мнение, на доверие общества, обеспеченное соответствием судебной деятельности общепринятым представлениям о нравственности и справедливости. В современной России принцип независимости судей возведён в абсолют и воспринимается частью кадрового судейского корпуса как узаконенная возможность абстрагироваться от социального эффекта, производимого как принимаемыми судебными решениями, так и самой судебной деятельностью. На основе сравнительного анализа законодательства, исторической и современной юридической литературы, авторского опыта правозащитной деятельности в статье обосновывается вывод об относительности категории судейской независимости и о том, что она есть не самоцель, а лишь средство установления в России подлинного правосудия, отвечающего народным ожиданиям. ; The principle of judicial independence is the principle of justice in any state which accepted the idea of separation of powers. The idea of becoming an independent judiciary was a crucial one both in the judicial reform of 1864 and in the conceptual foundations of the modern judicial reform. The Charter of criminal court proceedings and the constitution of courts of justice lack special rules on the independence of judges, while the organizational structure of the judicial system and procedures of judicial activity are unequivocally focused on the independent administration of justice by each judge and his independence in relations with any other representatives of the authority. In modern legislation on the contrary the Procedural code of every branch of law duplicates the constitutional provision on the independence of judges and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RF contains a number of purely clerical rules, which do not have the direct relation to criminal proceedings, but protect the judge from a certain «non-procedural» influence. Diametrically opposite assessments of different manifestations of the independence of judges are presented in legal literature, in official documents of the judicial community and mass media. While preparing the present article the author has used: the com parative analysis of the provisions of the pre-revolutionary and modern legislation; historical analysis of the theoretical concepts of the social and legal entity and the normative content of the principle of independence of the judiciary and judges; the analysis of the published sociological material and the empirical data obtained by the method of participant observation. The comparison of theoretical ideas about the independence of judges in pre-revolutionary and contemporary literature helps to reveal the specificity of reflection of this idea in the scientific outlook during the different periods of the Russian history. Prerevolutionary lawyers, theorists and practitioners of judicial activity proved that the guarantee of the independence of the judiciary and the judges, and consequently the guarantee of justice does not depend only on the organizational and legal isolation of courts from other branches of government, but also on reliance on public opinion, on the trust of the society provided by the conformity of judicial activity to the standard ideas of morals and justice. In modern Russia, the principle of independence of judges has been rendered absolute and is perceived by part of the judiciary as an institutionalized possibility to abstract away from the social effect produced by both judicial decisions and the judicial activity itself. On the basis of the comparative analysis of the legislation, the historical and modern legal literature, the author's experience in advocacy, the author makes a conclusion about the relativity of the category of judicial independence and makes the inference that this category is not an end in itself but merely a means of establishing genuine justice in Russia which meets people's expectations.

The '30 glorious years' is a period of great development (i.e. economy, society, and politics), when France went through and completed the phase of rapid urbanization. During the period, a considerable number of regional planning with the aim of 'balance' was established and implemented in France. In similar, after a long period of development, China met the period of rapid urbanization in the late 1990s and a series of regional planning with the 'balance' feature begin to emerge almost at the same time. The experiences regarding regional planning in France are quite meaningful to do some further research, in order to draw some useful lessons for China nowadays and in the future, which is the main purpose of the thesis. For reaching the goal, the whole thesis could mainly be divided into two parts: 1. Summarize the evolution process of French regional planning during the '30 glorious years', and analyze the effect and development after implementation of regional planning during and after the important period; 2. Conclude the development of China after the open-up policy, the existing regional planning and certain related problems, and present several implication for China finally, based on the experiences of France. After summarizing, analyzing and evaluating French regional planning during the '30 glorious years', we find that the content of regional planning changed with the evolution of background (i.e. economy, society, and politics). And the regional planning with obvious, positive effect all belonged to these which follow and predict the process and the inherent law of development. Therefore, regional planning should catch and foresee the decisive factor and solve the major problems during different phases of development. In order to make China avoid of or solve some important problems during the period of rapid development (also a period of rapid urbanization), we propose some implications for China's regional planning in the end. It includes: 1. the major objective of regional planning; 2. the provision by government for migrants; 3. the method for big cities to keep their vitality; 4. the 'balance' development of urban agglomeration; 5. the healthy development of rural area; 6. the creation of growth pole; 7. the choice of location for public housing ; Dans l'histoire contemporaine de la France, on désigne couramment par 'Les trente glorieuses' la période qui, courant de 1945 à 1975 environ, fut marquée par un développement économique intense et une évolution sociale et politique rapide et profonde. Cette période fut aussi celle d'une forte urbanisation.De nombreuses politiques relevant de l'aménagement du territoire ont alors été mises en œuvre, ayant généralement pour objectif 'l'équilibre' du territoire français. De manière comparable, la Chine est entrée dans une phase d'urbanisation rapide depuis les années 1990. Simultanément, une série de planifications régionales ayant pour l'objet de 'l'équilibre' ont commencé à émerger. Dans cette perspective, les expériences françaises en matière d'aménagement du territoire sont importantes et utiles pour éclairer une recherche approfondie sur la Chine d'aujourd'hui et de demain. C'est l'objectif principal de la thèse.Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, la thèse est divisée en deux parties. Premièrement, résumer le processus d'évolution de l'aménagement du territoire français au cours des 'trente glorieuses', et en apprécier a posteriori les effets sur le développement du pays. Deuxièmement, faire un bilan du processus de développement lancé en Chine après 1978 (le début de la réforme faisant suite à de nombreuses années d'agitation politique), identifiant les planifications régionales et les problèmes qu'elles traitent, pour enfin tirer quelques enseignements pour la Chine de l'expérience française.Au terme de la synthèse, de l'analyse et de l'évaluation de l'aménagement du territoire français pendant 'les trente glorieuses', nous trouvons que leurs contenus et leurs effets sont complexes, et qu'ils ont changé au fil des ans avec l'évolution du contexte économie, social et politique. Les politiques d'aménagement du territoire ont exercé un effet positif éminent sur le processus de développement et ses suites. A cette fin, la planification régionale a du identifier les facteurs décisifs et résoudre les problèmes majeurs au cours des différentes phases de développement.Afin de désigner et de mieux résoudre les problèmes de la Chine pendant la période actuelle de développement rapide qui est aussi une phase d'urbanisation rapide, nous proposons quelques propositions à la fin de la thèse. Elles touchent : 1. le choix de l'objectif majeur de l'aménagement du territoire ; 2. l'offre de services publics aux migrants par le gouvernement ; 3. le maintien de la position compétitive des grandes villes ; 4. la recherche de l'équilibre des agglomérations urbaines ; 5. le développement de l'espace rural ; 6. la création de pôles de croissance ; 7. les choix de localisation et d'aménagement du logement social.

In the doctrine of the "Living Constitution" ("Constitucion viviente"), originating in the United States and linked to "non-interpretivism", it is understood that the Constitutions is something ultimately emancipated from the written text. From this perspective, the Constitution is what both the people and the government recognize and respect as such. In this regard, when judges construe the Constitution, instead of looking for already made solutions to dissipate constitutional doubts they should consult the aspirations, beliefs and values of the present community, and only then proceed to prepare beneficial constitutional answers according to these elements.For the legitimization of this stance, the «"generations" argument» is used. (Le., the generation having passed the Constitution has no rigl1t to impose on the next, the present one, its ways of understanding and enforcing the supreme law), as well as the «"present constituents" argument» (where the important thing is not being faithful to the historical constituent but to the people of our present days, who are those that ultimately possess the real constituent power).Of course, the "Living Constitution" vision is criticized for the insecurity dose implied in any Constitution being able to say different things in different times. Moreover, it is not always easy to detect social consensus about what judgments and beliefs are now prevailing within the community today. In parallel, perhaps there is no real consensus but debatable positions, or a "bad consensus" (for instance, if the majority puts forward discriminatory or axiomatically negative solutions).It would be worth as well asking whether judges, in interpreting and giving shape to the "Living Constitution", should merely act like a microphone conveying common social opinion or beliefs, if there is any consensus. Or if, in a more active role, they would have to retouch and polish up any such beliefs according to the constitutional values (like justice, equality, and so forth), and even reject any "bad consensus".Any way, and despite the above-mentioned criticism, several courts, without telling anyone, apply many guidelines of the "Living Constitution" doctrine under the label of evolutionary and dynamic interpretations of the Chart and constitutional mutation, related to decidedly activist positions adopted by the constitutional magistracy. Ultimately, a detailed and critical analysis of this thesis is imperative: on the one hand is useful too as to make a constitution be come operative (particularly if it is old), give it a modern social legitimacy and, on the other hand, establish both its limits and tops in terms of axiomatic and juridical legitimatization. ; La doctrina de la "Constitución viviente" (Living Constitution), de fuente, estadounidense y vinculada al "no interpretativismo", entiende que la Constitución es algo en última instancia emancipado del texto escrito. La Constitución, desde esa perspectiva, es lo que el pueblo y el gobierno reconocen respetan como tal. Al respecto, cuando los jueces interpretan la Constitución, en vez de buscar soluciones ya hechas para disipar las dudas constitucionales, deberían consultar las aspiraciones, creencias y valores de la comunidad presente, y elaborar respuestas constitucionales provechosas en función de tales elementos.La legitimación de tal postura utiliza principalmente el "argumento de la generaciones" (la generación que sancionó a la Constitución no tiene derecho de imponerle a la actual su modo de entender y hacer efectiva la le suprema), y el "argumento del constituyente actual" (lo importante no es se fiel al constituyente histórico, sino al pueblo de nuestros días, que es quien posee en definitiva el poder constituyente realDesde luego, la visión de la "Constitución viviente" es criticada por la dosis de inseguridad que significa que la misma Constitución pueda decir cos distintas en tiempos diferentes, Por lo demás, no siempre es fácil detectarlos consensos sociales acerca de cuáles son las valoraciones y las creencia imperantes hoy en la comunidad. Paralelamente, puede que no haya real mente consenso, sino posiciones controvertidas, o que haya un "consenso malo" (p. ej., si la mayoría postula soluciones discriminatorias o axiológica mente negativas). También cabe preguntarse si el juez, al interpretar y d forma a la "Constitución viviente", debe ser un mero micrófono de lo que piense el consenso social, cuando éste exista, o si, en un papel más activo tendría que retocar esas creencias, pulirlas en función de los valores constitucionales (como justicia, igualdad, etc.), y aun desechar los "consensos malos".De todos modos, y pese a las críticas referidas, muchos tribunales aplican sin decirlo varias de las directrices de la doctrina de la "Constitución viviente", bajo el rótulo de interpretaciones evolutivas y dinámicas de la Constitución y de la mutación constitucional, emparentadas con posiciones decididamente activistas por parte de la magistratura constitucional. En definitiva, se impone un análisis detallado y crítico de la tesis, útil, por un lado, para tomar operativa una constitución (sobre todo, si ella es antigua) y darle legitimación social contemporánea y, por otro lado, fijarle límites y topes en términos de legitimación axiológica y jurídica.

Los limitados procesos reformistas agrarios que se desarrollan en Portugal desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII hasta la revolución liberal presentan dos sentidos principales: lo primero, en el tiempo del gobierno de Pombal, tiene sobre todo preocupaciones fiscales sin molestar la nobleza titulada; lo segundo, desde el último cuarto del Setecientos, está inserto en la crisis del régimen señorial, buscando nuevas formulas de desarrollo de la agricultura y el apoyo de la burguesía rural. Después de los pronunciamientos liberales hay que no confundir las ideas reformistas debatidas dentro y fuera de las Cortes con las decisiones efectivas tomadas por estas y también con los efectos que originarán. Los ataques al régimen señorial han sido limitados y no cambiaran profundamente las condiciones de explotación agraria y la vida de los campesinos. De la misma forma, cambios profundos no han sido producidos en las cuestiones centrales del régimen jurídico de la propiedad territorial, de la liberación de la tierra amortizada o vinculada, del individualismo agrario, de las relaciones entre los interventores en el proceso de explotación agraria, del acceso al disfrute de la tierra por nuevos grupos sociales. Habría sido necesaria, también, una reforma profunda de la enfiteusis, lo que era contrario a los intereses de la grande mayoría de las Cortes. Así, no se puede hablar de una reforma agraria liberal entonces en Portugal. El reconocimiento del fracaso de la legislación agraria liberal por los mismos gobernantes liberales al final del Trienio provocó la necesidad urgente de elaborar un proyecto de ley de fomento agrícola que es el documento con una visión reformista más profunda, amplia e coherente. Pero era tarde. En 31 mayo 1823 la contrarrevolución terminaba la primera experiencia liberal. Fue en las circunstancias dramáticas de la guerra civil (1828-1834) que hubo la ruptura más profunda con los fundamentos sociales y económicos del Antiguo Régimen. La legislación revolucionaria de Mouzinho da Silveira sobre la Hacienda, la Justicia y la Administración Interna lanzarán los fundamentos para la construcción del Estado-Nación, contribuyeron para los cambios de la naturaleza jurídica de la propiedad territorial y reforzarán el poder del Estado liberal contra las otras poderosas instituciones (señoríos, Iglesia) y las fuerzas locales (ordenanzas, aristocracia y poderosos municipales). ; Since the middle of the eighteenth century until the liberal revolution the limited reformist agrarian processus had two main aspects: The first, at the time of Pombal's government, was dominated by fiscal preocupations without attacking the nobility with titles; the second, since the last quarter of the century, there was inserted in the crisis of the seigniorial regime, trying to find new solutions for the agricultural development and the suport of the rural bourgeoisie. After the liberal revolution we can't confuse the reformist ideas discussed inside and outside the Courts with the effective decisions taken by them and also with the effects that they caused. The attacks on the seigniorial regime were Iimited and they did'nt profoundly change the conditions of the agrarian exploitation and the life of the pessants. In the same way, there were no deep transformations about the central questions of the juridical regime of the territorial land, about the liberation of amortized or inalienable land, about the agrarian individualism, about the relations amongst the intervenients in the process of agrarian exploitation, about the access to the land by new social groups. It would be necessary a deep reform of the emphyteusis what was opposite to the interests of the great majority of the Courts. Then, we can't speak about an agrarian reform in Portugal at that time. The acknowledgement of the failure of the liberal agrarian legislation by the liberal governors at the end of the Trienio provoqued the urgent necessity to elaborate a project of law about the agriculture encouragement which is the document with a more profound and coherent reformist perspective. But it was too late. On 31 May 1823 the counter-revolution ended the first liberal experience. It was in the dramatic circumstances of the civil war (1828-1834) that happened the most deep rupture with social and economic basis of the Ancien Regime. The revolutionary legislation of Mouzinho da Silveira about the Public Finances, Justice and the Internal Administration have built the foundations of the State-Nation, have contributed to the transformations in the juridical nature of the territorial property and had reinforced the power of the liberal State against the other powerful institutions of the Ancien Regime (seigniorial powers, Church) and the local forces (ordinances, aristocracy and municipal abuses).

This article deals with the question of budgetary spending having been produced by the class struggles occurring in capitalist society. Social spending during the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva is looked at and the data is used for presenting the reduction of public social spending and the detriment produced in Brazilian workers' daily lives. Cities are seen as the place where social rupture, inherent in capitalist society, became clearly manifest by the parallel state reproduced by narcotrafficking, another necessary ingredient for society's dynamics. The question of taxes during the last few years has been the object of analysis and this is used for verifying which significant part of them is being assumed by the workers, and whether this signifies a transfer of income for the state and the owners of capital. Public debt is (like inflation) presented as being necessary and inherent in the capitalist system. The concrete totality constituting Brazilian economic formation becomes the object of investigation when primary surplus and the law of fiscal responsibility as the state's autocratic and despotic imposition are being studied. ; L'article aborde la question des coûts budgétaires en tant que produit des luttes de classes dans la société capitaliste. Une lecture des coûts sociaux est faite durant les gouvernements de Fernando Henrique Cardoso et Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. À partir de données, le travail présente la diminution des coûts sociaux publics et la réduction qui se produit dans la réalité vécue par les travailleurs brésiliens. Les villes sont considérées comme les lieux où les ruptures sociales, immanentes dans la société capitaliste, se manifestent en toute clarté par le biais d'un État parallèle se reproduisant par le trafic de stupéfiants, autre ingrédient nécessaire dans la dynamique sociétaire. La question des impôts dans les dernières années est objet d'analyse et il est ainsi possible de vérifier quelle partie importante de ceux-ci est assumée par les travailleurs, et si ceci signifie un transfert de revenus pour l'Etat et pour les propriétaires du capital. La dette publique, tout comme l'inflation, est présentée comme nécessaire et immanente au système capitaliste. Finalement, la « totalité concrète », constituée par la formation économique brésilienne, est objet de recherche dans l'étude de l'excédent primaire et la loi de responsabilité fiscale, imposition d'un État autocratique et despotique. ; O trabalho Gastos sociais e crise do capital apresenta a questão dos gastos orçamentários como produto das lutas de classe que ocorrem na sociedade capitalista. Fazemos uma leitura desses gastos nos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. É constatada uma diminuição dos gastos sociais públicos e, portanto, a piora da realidade vivida pelos trabalhadores brasileiros. As cidades, as megalópoles, são vistas como lugar privilegiado em que a clivagem social, inerente à sociedade capitalista, se manifesta de forma clara por meio do Estado paralelo que se reproduz com o narcotráfico, outro ingrediente necessário à dinâmica societária. A questão relativa aos impostos, nos últimos anos, é objeto de análise e, através de sua análise, verificamos que parte substantiva dos mesmos são pagas pelos trabalhadores assalariados e que tal fato significa uma transferência de renda para o Estado e para os proprietários do capital. A dívida pública é apresentada, assim como a inflação, necessária e imanente à dinâmica do mundo do capital. Concluímos a análise sobre os gastos sociais ao tratarmos do superávit primário e da lei de responsabilidade fiscal como imposição de um Estado autocrático e despótico. ; El artículo Gastos sociales y crisis del capital presenta la cuestión de los gastos presupuestarios como producto de las luchas de clases que ocurren en la sociedad capitalista. Hacemos una lectura de los gastos sociales en los gobiernos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso y Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. El trabajo presenta con datos la disminución de los gastos sociales públicos y, por lo tanto, el menoscabo de la realidad vivida por los trabajadores brasileños. Las ciudades son vistas como lugar en el que las rupturas sociales, imanentes a la sociedad capitalista, se manifiestan de forma muy clara por medio del Estado paralelo que se reproduce con el narcotráfico, otro ingrediente necesario a la dinámica societaria. La cuestión de los impuestos en los últimos años, es objeto de análisis y, a través de él, verificamos qué parte significativa de los mismos es pagada por los trabajadores y si esto significa una transferencia de renta para el Estado y para los propietarios del capital. La deuda pública es, como la inflación, presentada como necesaria e inmanente al sistema capitalista. Finalmente, la "totalidad concreta" que constituye la formación económica brasileña es objeto de investigación cuando se estudia el superávit primario y la ley de responsabilidad fiscal como imposición de un Estado autocrático y despótico.

El artículo Gastos sociales y crisis del capital presenta la cuestión de los gastos presupuestarios como producto de las luchas de clases que ocurren en la sociedad capitalista. Hacemos una lectura de los gastos sociales en los gobiernos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso y Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. El trabajo presenta con datos la disminución de los gastos sociales públicos y, por lo tanto, el menoscabo de la realidad vivida por los trabajadores brasileños. Las ciudades son vistas como lugar en el que las rupturas sociales, imanentes a la sociedad capitalista, se manifiestan de forma muy clara por medio del Estado paralelo que se reproduce con el narcotráfico, otro ingrediente necesario a la dinámica societaria. La cuestión de los impuestos en los últimos años, es objeto de análisis y, a través de él, verificamos qué parte significativa de los mismos es pagada por los trabajadores y si esto significa una transferencia de renta para el Estado y para los propietarios del capital. La deuda pública es, como la inflación, presentada como necesaria e inmanente al sistema capitalista. Finalmente, la "totalidad concreta" que constituye la formación económica brasileña es objeto de investigación cuando se estudia el superávit primario y la ley de responsabilidad fiscal como imposición de un Estado autocrático y despótico. ; O trabalho Gastos sociais e crise do capital apresenta a questão dos gastos orçamentários como produto das lutas de classe que ocorrem na sociedade capitalista. Fazemos uma leitura desses gastos nos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. É constatada uma diminuição dos gastos sociais públicos e, portanto, a piora da realidade vivida pelos trabalhadores brasileiros. As cidades, as megalópoles, são vistas como lugar privilegiado em que a clivagem social, inerente à sociedade capitalista, se manifesta de forma clara por meio do Estado paralelo que se reproduz com o narcotráfico, outro ingrediente necessário à dinâmica societária. A questão relativa aos impostos, nos últimos anos, é objeto de análise e, através de sua análise, verificamos que parte substantiva dos mesmos são pagas pelos trabalhadores assalariados e que tal fato significa uma transferência de renda para o Estado e para os proprietários do capital. A dívida pública é apresentada, assim como a inflação, necessária e imanente à dinâmica do mundo do capital. Concluímos a análise sobre os gastos sociais ao tratarmos do superávit primário e da lei de responsabilidade fiscal como imposição de um Estado autocrático e despótico. ; L'article aborde la question des coûts budgétaires en tant que produit des luttes de classes dans la société capitaliste. Une lecture des coûts sociaux est faite durant les gouvernements de Fernando Henrique Cardoso et Luis Inácio Lula da Silva. À partir de données, le travail présente la diminution des coûts sociaux publics et la réduction qui se produit dans la réalité vécue par les travailleurs brésiliens. Les villes sont considérées comme les lieux où les ruptures sociales, immanentes dans la société capitaliste, se manifestent en toute clarté par le biais d'un État parallèle se reproduisant par le trafic de stupéfiants, autre ingrédient nécessaire dans la dynamique sociétaire. La question des impôts dans les dernières années est objet d'analyse et il est ainsi possible de vérifier quelle partie importante de ceux-ci est assumée par les travailleurs, et si ceci signifie un transfert de revenus pour l'Etat et pour les propriétaires du capital. La dette publique, tout comme l'inflation, est présentée comme nécessaire et immanente au système capitaliste. Finalement, la « totalité concrète », constituée par la formation économique brésilienne, est objet de recherche dans l'étude de l'excédent primaire et la loi de responsabilité fiscale, imposition d'un État autocratique et despotique. ; This article deals with the question of budgetary spending having been produced by the class struggles occurring in capitalist society. Social spending during the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva is looked at and the data is used for presenting the reduction of public social spending and the detriment produced in Brazilian workers' daily lives. Cities are seen as the place where social rupture, inherent in capitalist society, became clearly manifest by the parallel state reproduced by narcotrafficking, another necessary ingredient for society's dynamics. The question of taxes during the last few years has been the object of analysis and this is used for verifying which significant part of them is being assumed by the workers, and whether this signifies a transfer of income for the state and the owners of capital. Public debt is (like inflation) presented as being necessary and inherent in the capitalist system. The concrete totality constituting Brazilian economic formation becomes the object of investigation when primary surplus and the law of fiscal responsibility as the state's autocratic and despotic imposition are being studied.

Public Administration has been, since the dawn of our Republic, a refuge of politicians and public officials entrenched in their positions during successive presidential terms. We are not referring to the legion of workers who live on their meager salaries as public employees, but to officers and directors of the highest state levels. The servants and public officials have duties that are inherent to the positions they are in. When those exercise their functions irregularly, the problem of "accountability" arises. GASCÓN Y MARTÍN says that "public officials accountability is the most important tool in order to prevent abuse of power in the bureaucracy and to ensure effective guarantees for citizens. It can not be said that a rule of law exists if the employee's responsibility can't be real. It requires laws that declare it and facilitate it being demanded, and for public opinion to claim its effectiveness". During Mariscal Castilla's government, various criminal provisions were given to punish public officials and employees for acts that, at present, are considered serious offenses. It means that over the years, regulation and the principle of authority have relaxed, which has resulted in overt acts of corruption that should be punished with the deprivation of liberty. Public Administration has always been in the eye of the storm, for various reasons: 1. The high number of public servants, permanent and hired, who before public opinion can't justify their employment in the administration. 2.The slow procedures. 3. High salaries of many high ranking officials. 4. Everyday corruption acts brought out, not by the action of the administration itself but because of the reports on mass media. The profusion of illegal acts, almost entirely on commission rather than omission, are related to the management of public funds, especially when these are intended to acquisitions. One might think that this alarming situation is the result of the absence or loopholes in regulation. However, it is not. By contrast, in our country there is sufficient legislation that should, theoretically, have positive effect on the management of public affairs. From our analysis of the decisions of various public entities that imposed sanctions on public officials and servants for wrongdoing during the exercise of their functions, it follows that the regulatory framework for public ethics doesn't produce the desired effects. ; La Administración Pública ha sido desde inicios de la República el refugio de políticos y funcionarios enquistados durante sucesivos periodos presidenciales. No nos referimos con ella a la legión de trabajadores que viven de sus magros sueldos de empleados públicos, sino a funcionarios y directivos de los más altos niveles estatales. Los servidores y funcionarios públicos tienes deberes que son inherentes a sus funciones. Cuando aquellos ejercen sus funciones en forma irregular surge el problema de la "responsabilidad". Dicen GASCÓN Y MARTIN "Es importantísima la responsabilidad de los funcionarios para evitar el abuso del poder de la burocracia y asegurar garantías efectivas a los ciudadanos. No puede decirse que se viva en estado de derecho si la responsabilidad del empleado no puede hacerse real. Precisa de leyes que la declaren y faciliten su exigencia y que la opinión pública reclame su efectividad" Durante el gobierno del Mariscal Castilla, se dieron diversas normas penales para sancionar a funcionarios y servidores públicos por hechos que, en la actualidad, son consideradas faltas graves. Quiere decir que con el paso de los años, se han ido relajando el control y el principio de autoridad, lo que ha derivado en actos de abierta corrupción, merecedores de pena privativa de la libertad. La Administración Pública ha estado siempre en el ojo de la tormenta, por diversas razones, entre las que destacan: 1.- El alto número de servidores, permanentes y contratados que, ante la opinión pública, no justifican su relación laboral con el Estado. 2.- La lentitud en la atención de los procedimientos. 3-. Los altos sueldes de muchos funcionarios de Alta Dirección. 4-. Los actos de corrupción que cada día son puestos en evidencia, no por acción de la propia administración, sino por denuncias de los medios de comunicación social. La profusión de actos ilícitos, en su casi totalidad por comisión y no por omisión, están relacionados con el manejo de fondos públicos, especialmente cuando estos están destinados a adquisiciones. Podría pensarse que esta alarmante situación es producto de la ausencia normativa o vacios legales, sin embargo no es así. Por el contrario en nuestro país existe suficiente legislación que teóricamente debiera surtir efecto positivo en el manejo de la cosa pública. De nuestro análisis de resoluciones de diversas entidades públicas que sanción a funcionarios y servidores públicos por actos irregulares cometidos durante el ejercicio de sus funciones, se desprende que el marco normativo en materia de ética pública no surte los efectos deseados.

Statement of Problem: There are many reasons why a youth goes to college and there are many reasons why first semester freshmen do not pass the first semester. As a student personnel worker your job is to screen these students and find out a little about them, so some sort of program can be organized. Of course, there are advisement centers and Guidance and Counseling Programs at most colleges, but how effective these programs are remains to be seen. It is essential to understand the first semester freshman from the first day they come riding into college on a sea of new adjustments and problems. The problems they will face will be many. Inherent problems, as well as problems caused by others, will complicate their lives. Feelings of inferiority, guilt, confusion over sex, problems growing out of efforts for emancipation from the family, thereby giving rise to a series of secondary problems. Procedure: By keeping the first semester freshman in mind and some of his/her problems, guidelines for the student personnel workers will be presented. Although the new freshmen may not agree with every procedure in the handbook, the guidelines will give them direction for their education. Some information needed for this type of project will come from references from books and college manuals. The material found in the following pages is a sample handbook that could be utilized by a college or university. Some information used will be existing policy and procedures already being used by most colleges. But by modifying those, there will be a basis from which to begin construction of a handbook. . .along with information provided by administrators and faculty members. Information was also received from discussing college experiences with current and past students. Conclusions: Those first semester freshmen who follow the methods outlined in this handbook may or may not know as much material as some people who read every book mentioned in their academic career. Since most classes start from scratch in their learning process, the most important thing is staying in the class. The first semester freshman may not realize it, but the new freshman has learned a lot more than they think. One of the most valuable things is that the new semester freshman learns how to use a system. So what, one may say, Good Lord! Listen, government is a system, law is a system, and so is life. The most important thing to be able to say when one has finally finished dealing with the educational system is that, I made it through. Recommendations: Recruitment - Admissions counselors on their visits to high schools should go over the handbook rather than just passing them out. Students are often put off by all the words and terms they do not understand. A verbal explanation with the handbook would make them familiar with the material while someone was there to answer questions. Any steps to help the new freshman get over the newness of college life must be taken. The handbook along with more clearly defined registration procedures, should make the new freshman more confident as he becomes acquainted with the campus. These measures would also ease parents' minds and make them more supportive of educational institutions. One definite recommendation would be for all freshmen to live in dorms. The exceptions to this were outlined in the previous pages. Implementing this rule would give the new freshman a type of security. This security is very important as he faces many other adjustments which will already take from his studies. To enforce this, would free him from pressures of paying monthly bills, transportation to campus, cooking his meals, trips to the grocery store, and fear from living alone. The dorm will be the closest thing to the home he has just left. It is important to constantly improve recruitment, orientation, and registration procedures as times change. To do this, it is necessary to consult with and receive feedback from current students. Their input is extremely valuable as they will be the best advertiser for the school when they leave. If they have had a good experience at college, they will pass this on to others. Their input can be received through questionnaires, committees, and consulting with them. This information can then be used to evaluate and improve upon current practices. Upper classmen might also be made available to freshmen as they come on campus, to sit down and discuss classes, work, and instructors. It is common knowledge that there are personality clashes between people which might be avoided if people were more aware of what is expected. These clashes can greatly affect the new freshman's ideas about college. Avoiding these conflicts might mean keeping more students from dropping out or doing poorly. These sessions between upperclassmen and freshmen may also be a sharing experience of fears to let the freshmen know that they are not alone.

ABSTRACT The United States is the world's largest oil consumer demanding about twenty five percent of the total world oil production. Whenever there are difficulties to supply the increasing quantities of oil demanded by the market, the price of oil escalates leading to what is known as oil price spikes or oil price shocks. The last oil price shock which was the longest sustained oil price run up in history, began its course in year 2004, and ended in 2008. This last oil price shock initiated recognizable changes in transportation dynamics: transit operators realized that commuters switched to transit as a way to save gasoline costs, consumers began to search the market for more efficient vehicles leading car manufactures to close "gas guzzlers" plants, and the government enacted a new law entitled the Energy Independence Act of 2007, which called for the progressive improvement of the fuel efficiency indicator of the light vehicle fleet up to 35 miles per gallon in year 2020. The past trend of gasoline consumption will probably change; so in the context of the problem a gasoline consumption model was developed in this thesis to ascertain how some of the changes will impact future gasoline demand. Gasoline demand was expressed in oil equivalent million barrels per day, in a two steps Ordinary Least Square (OLS) explanatory variable model. In the first step, vehicle miles traveled expressed in trillion vehicle miles was regressed on the independent variables: vehicles expressed in million vehicles, and price of oil expressed in dollars per barrel. In the second step, the fuel consumption in million barrels per day was regressed on vehicle miles traveled, and on the fuel efficiency indicator expressed in miles per gallon. The explanatory model was run in EVIEWS that allows checking for normality, heteroskedasticty, and serial correlation. Serial correlation was addressed by inclusion of autoregressive or moving average error correction terms. Multicollinearity was solved by first differencing. The 36 year sample series set (1970-2006) was divided into a 30 years sub-period for calibration and a 6 year "hold-out" sub-period for validation. The Root Mean Square Error or RMSE criterion was adopted to select the "best model" among other possible choices, although other criteria were also recorded. Three scenarios for the size of the light vehicle fleet in a forecasting period up to 2020 were created. These scenarios were equivalent to growth rates of 2.1, 1.28, and about 1 per cent per year. The last or more optimistic vehicle growth scenario, from the gasoline consumption perspective, appeared consistent with the theory of vehicle saturation. One scenario for the average miles per gallon indicator was created for each one of the size of fleet indicators by distributing the fleet every year assuming a 7 percent replacement rate. Three scenarios for the price of oil were also created: the first one used the average price of oil in the sample since 1970, the second was obtained by extending the price trend by exponential smoothing, and the third one used a longtime forecast supplied by the Energy Information Administration. The three scenarios created for the price of oil covered a range between a low of about 42 dollars per barrel to highs in the low 100's. The 1970-2006 gasoline consumption trend was extended to year 2020 by ARIMA Box-Jenkins time series analysis, leading to a gasoline consumption value of about 10 millions barrels per day in year 2020. This trend line was taken as the reference or baseline of gasoline consumption. The savings that resulted by application of the explanatory variable OLS model were measured against such a baseline of gasoline consumption. Even on the most pessimistic scenario the savings obtained by the progressive improvement of the fuel efficiency indicator seem enough to offset the increase in consumption that otherwise would have occurred by extension of the trend, leaving consumption at the 2006 levels or about 9 million barrels per day. The most optimistic scenario led to savings up to about 2 million barrels per day below the 2006 level or about 3 millions barrels per day below the baseline in 2020. The "expected" or average consumption in 2020 is about 8 million barrels per day, 2 million barrels below the baseline or 1 million below the 2006 consumption level. More savings are possible if technologies such as plug-in hybrids that have been already implemented in other countries take over soon, are efficiently promoted, or are given incentives or subsidies such as tax credits. The savings in gasoline consumption may in the future contribute to stabilize the price of oil as worldwide demand is tamed by oil saving policy changes implemented in the United States. ; 2009-05-01 ; M.S. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.