El proyecto europeo de la posguerra es inédito en la historia universal. Descansa sobre dos partes principales: la construcción institucional y la idea de Europa. La construcción institucional supone un complejo entramado jurídico y político. Por ejemplo, el Parlamento Europeo, la Comisión Europea, el Tribunal de Justicia o la moneda común (Euro) reflejan esa construcción (1). Por otro lado, la idea de Europa descansa en la posibilidad de articular un conjunto de modus vivendi que no reflejen solo ámbitos de convivencia sino de florecimiento. En parte, la moderna idea de Europa descansa en los escritos de Sir Isaiah Berlín y, contemporáneamente, en el escepticismo post-iluminista de John Gray.¿Cuándo comienza el milagro europeo? ¿Por qué Europa en algún momento de la historia consolidó un proceso de desarrollo estable en el mediano y largo plazo? Un estudio realizado por distintos autores para el Banco Mundial analiza por qué algunas naciones han podido desarrollarse y otras no, introduciendo brevemente el alcance histórico del "milagro europeo". Los países se desarrollan por una complementación entre variables geográficas, institucionales y comerciales: "In an authoritative study on the long-run geographic determinants of development, social ecologist Jared Diamond (1997) argues that Eurasia had large geographical advantages over the Americas and Africa, and that these lie at the heart of current income disparities. He argues that since plant and animal species spread most effectively within ecological zones, the east-west orientation of the Eurasian landmass made it easier to diffuse early human technologies across the continent. As a result, Eurasia enjoyed a larger diversity of plant and animal species, and thus easier domestication of useful species, than did societies in America and Africa—continents that are oriented north-south. High-productivity agriculture led to large, dense, stratified societies, with subsequent advances in technology (weaponry, oceangoing ships) and political organization. Another important causal factor widely studied in economic history is international trade, and hence access to sea-based trade and proximity to export markets.Recent econometric and case studies have shown that even when controlling for historical endogeneity, institutions remain "deep" causal factors, while openness and geography operates at best through them (Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson 2001; Rodrik 2003b; Rodrik, Subramanian, and Trebbi 2002)."(2) La posición geográfica revela otra cuestión: en parte, el milagro europeo se explica porque la ubicación este-oeste del continente permitía a las personas comparar el desempeño de otros y copiar aquello que funcionaba y descartar las experiencias fallidas. Particularmente, la posibilidad de comparar se daba en la utilización de tecnología agrícola. Sin embargo, la geografía europea generaba los incentivos para la aparición de otra variable central: la competencia. "Each factor can potentially reveal valuable insights about the true causes of countries' development successes and failures. For instance, Western Europe benefited both from the geographical advantages of east-west continental orientation discussed by Diamond (1997), and from being predominantly a coastal region in the temperate ecozone (Gallup, Sachs, and Mellinger 1999). All of this made land scarce and valuable (Herbst 2000).Additionally, rugged mountainous relief effectively separated Western Europe into a system of "competing jurisdictions of decentralized power," constantly warring with one another, none being able to completely defeat and control the others (Landes 1998). These factors raised returns to innovation, discovery, and adoption of new warfare techniques, which later gave Europeans first-mover advantage over other parts of the world."(3)El punto desarrollado es introductorio pero central para comenzar a comprender el significado y alcance del milagro europeo. La idea de Europa contemporánea es consecuencia de un lento proceso de descubrimiento que hizo posible consolidar un capital humano, social e institucional inédito en la historia de la humanidad. El liberalismo es la filosofía política y ética donde descansa el proyecto europeo. Europa como idea y el liberalismo como filosofía política están histórica y analíticamente relacionados. ¿Cuando surgió el liberalismo? ¿En la ciudades italianas (Génova, Venecia o Florencia) en algún momento del siglo XV? ¿En el largo trayecto histórico que va desde la Carta Magna (1216) hasta el iluminismo escocés de Smith, Hume, Hutcheson o Ferguson (1700's), pasando por la "revolución gloriosa" (1688) y los pesos y contrapesos implementados a los Estuardo? ¿En los Países Bajos, donde la aparición del crédito y la moneda generó los primeros mercados de capitales institucionalizados? ¿En la antigua Grecia, donde la filosofía sistematiza el sentido de la individualidad? ¿En la escuela de Salamanca (1600's), donde los escolásticos tardíos reconcilian la fe religiosa y el ganar dinero como virtud? Finalmente, ¿Se consolida el liberalismo en la inédita experiencia contemporánea de las socialdemocracias escandinavas, donde la igualdad y la libertad han encontrado una manera virtuosa para interactuar?Es imposible determinarlo, no solo por razones de verificaron histórica sino porque el liberalismo es una concepción ética y política plural en tiempo, espacio y alcance. Es decir, asume un individualismo metodológico y construye modus vivendi donde la principal filosofía (aunque no la única) consiste en respetar las distintas formas de prosperar que construyen las personas, con la salvedad de no amenazar los distintos (y a veces opuestos) modus vivendi de terceros.El proyecto europeo ha contribuido a reconciliar la tradición de la libertad y la tradición de la igualdad. En parte, esta reconciliación entre igualdad y libertad ha comenzado a hospedarse en la nueva idea de Europa, que va desde el tratado de Roma de 1957 hasta la dinámica ampliación de la Unión, desde los 6 a los 12, de éstos a los 15 y de los 15 a los 27. La nueva Europa descansa en un proyecto inédito en la historia de la humanidad: el proyecto de la creciente convivencia no solo de distintos modus vivendi sino, en algunos casos, de modos opuestos de pensar y vivir una buena vida. El paradigma del proyecto europeo es particularmente liberal porque para consolidarse aspira a la creciente diversidad de sus partes. Es decir, su idea temporaria de todo es superior a la suma de sus partes en tanto descansa en la diversidad creciente de esas partes para consolidar una idea de todo plural, tolerante y pujante. Así, cuantos más modus vivendi se incorporan a este nuevo proyecto europeo, más consolidada se encuentra la idea de Europa. Mientras más diversos son esos modus vivendi, mas consolidado se encuentra aquello que John Gray ha denominado Liberal Project. (4) Esta idea del nuevo proyecto europeo que incipientemente se consolida en la Europa de los 27 refleja dos supuestos metodológicos fuertes. Hay una definición filosófica del proyecto que delimita su alcance y, al hacerlo, asume que el liberal Project carece de un telos universal pero, a la vez, define como valor a ser respetado (universalmente) el modus vivendi europeo de la existencia de derechos en el otro, tanto en su proyecto personal y grupal. Siguiendo a Gray, vemos que el proyecto europeo termina como aspiración política en las fronteras geográficas de la Unión, pero prosigue como idea mas allá de toda geografía, porque (con Berlin y Gray) ha aceptado tácitamente que no hay en él búsqueda de universalidad sino una búsqueda de consolidar buenas formas de vida particular. En palabras de Gray: "El Estado liberal se originó en la búsqueda de un modus vivendi. Los regímenes liberales contemporáneos son floraciones tardías de un proyecto de tolerancia que se inició en Europa en el siglo XVI. La tarea que heredamos consiste en reacondicionar la tolerancia liberal para que pueda guiarnos en la búsqueda de un modus vivendi en un mundo más plural. La tolerancia liberal ha contribuido inconmensurablemente al bienestar humano. No estando en parte alguna tan profundamente arraigada como para darla por descontada, es un logro cuyo valor no podría ser más alto. No podemos prescindir de ese ideal tardomoderno, pero tampoco puede ser nuestra guía en las circunstancias tardomodernas actuales porque el ideal de tolerancia que hemos heredado encarna dos filosofías incompatibles. Vista desde un ángulo, la tolerancia liberal es el ideal de un consenso racional sobre el mejor modo de vida posible. Desde el otro, es la creencia en que los seres humanos pueden florecer en muchas formas de vida. Si el liberalismo tiene un futuro, este reside en el abandono de la búsqueda de un consenso racional sobre el mejor modo de vida posible…" (5)Como sostiene el economista y filósofo político austriaco Friedrich Hayek, las instituciones más sólidas se construyen a través de un proceso de orden espontáneo. Es decir, a través de la interacción de personas que buscando un limitado fin en T1 alcanzan, sin quererlo, un objetivo mas amplio en T2, T3, Tn debido a la sistematización de determinados intercambios que, al haber sido crecientemente aceptados por su eficiencia, devienen normas informales y eventualmente formales (6).La construcción del proyecto europeo recupera para la filosofía política contemporánea esta concepción hayekeana: sin buscarlo, el acuerdo formal de Roma de 1957 comenzó un derrotero que culminaría (momentáneamente) con una idea de Europa, donde 27 países y naciones se complementan en una creciente armonía. Como marcamos, la principal idea sobre la que descansa el proyecto europeo es que distintas partes, con diversas expresiones inconmensurables, se suman y son más grandes que un hipotético todo. A su vez, este hipotético todo deviene inconmensurable, ya que la complementación armónica de partes (en algunos casos sumables y en otros no) da como resultado un todo articulado pero de difícil definición. Así, el orden espontáneo europeo es un ámbito de consenso creciente. Un ámbito del consenso se fortalece y enriquece cuando sus partes desarrollan sus potencialidades en un marco de respeto al desarrollo de las (distintas) potencialidades de los otros. Adquiere aquí una especial significación la existencia de un espacio público que no solo posee los mecanismos institucionales para respetar los derechos del otro sino también posee los valores, ideas y creencias morales como para respetar lo inconmensurable en ese otro. Aquí radica la importancia del "Value Pluralism" articulado por Sir Isaiah Berlin. Para Berlin "…pluralism (is) the recognition of an indefinite variety of cultures and systems of values, all equally ultimate, and incommensurable with one another, so that the belief in a universally valid path to human fulfillment is rendered incoherent…' …The object of this investigation is the almost endless plurality of total views of the world, and this precludes his espousing any exclusive vision of man and his condition…"(7). Es posible pensar que en el inarticulado programa de investigación de Sir Isaiah Berlin descansa un orden espontáneo para una idea de Europa. En un sentido analítico, Berlin toma el orden espontáneo de Hayek y lo introduce en el milagro europeo. Paso seguido, Gray asume el 'value-pluralism' de Berlin para definir los límites del Liberal Project. Al hacerlo, no solo sistematiza el liberal Project sino el papel que para su consolidación tiene el nuevo proyecto europeo. Es decir, los limites que supone la idea de Europa para el liberalismo no es para Gray una derrota analítica debido a la imposibilidad de aspirar a la universalidad. En cambio, es donde el liberalismo se asienta y convive con distintos modus vivendi dentro y fuera de su ámbito de influencia. Al hacerlo, demuestra su fortaleza y vitalidad. Cuando, siguiendo a Gray, el liberalismo redescubre sus límites no está necesariamente anunciando su decadencia. Por el contrario, anuncia y expresa los buenos valores (la buena vida) que tiene para ofrecer. El proyecto europeo expresa parte de ese modus vivendi.(1) Una Buena síntesis de las instituciones formales de la Unión Europea se encuentra enhttp://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/index_en.htm(2) "Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform", versión online http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/. Ver http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/chaps/Cnote1_EconomicGrowth.pdf, Country Note 1, Página 58. A su vez, ver el trabajo de Kenneth Pomeranz, "The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy", donde el autor sostiene que Europa Occidental no solo supone una geografía sino una construcción social, política y económica: "It should be noted here that "western Europe," for most authors, is a social, economic, and political construct, not an actual geographic entity: Ireland, southern Italy, and most of Iberia, for instance, did not have much of the economic development usually held to be characteristically European or western European. I will generally use the term in a geographical sense, while pointing out that the areas often taken to stand for "Europe" in these comparisons (e.g., the southern Netherlands, or northern England), might be better compared, in both size and economic characteristics, with such units as China's Jiangsu province, rather than with entire subcontinents such as China or India". Princeton University Press. 2000. Pagina 3.(3)http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/chaps/Cnote1_EconomicGrowth.pdf Obra citada, pagina 59.(4) Es necesario remarcar que, como mencionaremos mas adelante, Gray le da al concepto de Liberal Project una connotación analítica e histórica negativa. Gray desarrolla ampliamente esta concepción en un programa de investigación que puede tener su inicio a principios de los 80'. Por ejemplo, ver "Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy" (1989) y en "Post Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought" (1993), ambos publicados por Routledge. La filosofía política de John Gray y su relación con el proyecto europeo y la idea de Europa será desarrollada en posteriores trabajos.(5) Gray, John (2001): "Las dos caras del liberalismo. Una nueva interpretación de la tolerancia liberal". Paidos. Buenos Aires-Argentina. Pagina 11(6) La idea de orden espontáneo recorre gran parte de la obra de Hayek. Sin embargo, no se encuentra sistematizada en un texto en particular. Es posible pensar que un trabajo como "The Sensory Order" revela una incipiente articulación en los primeros años de elaboración científica del autor (este trabajo se encuentra en el campo de la psicología). Mas adelante, el joven economista Hayek deja paso al maduro filósofo político. Una versión de esta madurez se encuentra en The Constitution of Liberty (1960), publicado por University of Chicago Press. En 1974 gana el Premio Nobel en Economía por sus estudios sobre los ciclos económicos y el papel de los precios como información necesaria para la asignación eficiente de recursos (ver http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/press.html). La obra de Hayek es profusa en cuanto a su alcance (economía, filosofía, teoría del conocimiento, filosofía política, historia, psicología) y llega hasta el final de su vida (1899-1992).(7) Berlin, Isaiah: "The Proper Study of Mankind. An Anthology of Essays". Introducción. Página XXX y XXXIV. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. New York. 1997 *Profesor Depto. Estudios Internacionales, FACS - Universidad ORT Uruguay.Master en Filosofía Política, London School of Economics and Political Science.
In the present essay, I will examine the traces of coexistence between the Muslim and Christian world in architecture and literature, using the examples of the mezquita, or 'mosque', and the most important novel of Spain, Don Quixote of la Mancha (1605;1615) by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. This study incorporates an interdisciplinary approach that utilizes historical, literary, and architectural methods to explain the dual function of the margin— its architectural function in the Mosque and its narrative function as used in specific chapters from Cervantes's novel. Furthermore, I will show how the architectural margin of the wall of the mosque was familiar to Cervantes's readers who lived in Spain and this familiarity allows Cervantes to exploit the metaphorical meaning of the literary margin as architectural margin. A metaphor establishes an equivalency between a pair of images; the best-known example of which belongs to Ezra Pound, the founding leader of Imagism (1912-1923). This is a school of poetry that endorsed clarity of expression and simplicity through the use of precise visual imagery. The best known metaphor is Pound's own, in which faces are compared with petals in the poem, "In a Station of the Metro": The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough. Through his architectural and literary metaphor, Cervantes covertly expresses his personal beliefs about multiculturalism that could not be directly expressed for fear of censorship by the Inquisition. ; Winner of the 2020 Friends of the Kreitzberg Library Award for Outstanding Research in the Senior Arts/Humanities category. ; In the Margins of Literary and Architectural Discourse: A Comparison of Arabic Commentary in Cervantes's Don Quixote and Moorish Architectural Inscription Pablo Picasso: Don Quixote, August 10, 1955. Internet: Public Domain Alexandra Parent SP 415: Seminar on Don Quixote Professor Stallings-Ward 28 February 2020 1 Introduction The history of the Iberian Peninsula is a rich one, filled with influences from the entire European and Asian continents over time. When we think about Spain, there is one defining factor that distinguishes her from the rest of Europe: the presence of racial, ethnic and religious influence from Africa, and, resulting therefrom, a unique moment in world history: the confluence of three major world religions in one geographical place. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam once flourished side by side in mutual tolerance and economic interdependence in the Andalusian region of southern Spain, known as 'Al-Andalus,' in the High Middle Ages. Tolerance of others who are different, as Maria Rosa Menocal points out, is the underpinning of this unique historical coincidence and the essential component for the development of science, philosophy, medicine, urbanization, and hence trade and commercial prosperity.1 The Jews and Christians of Muslim Andalusia flourished economically and culturally under the Umayyad, whose dynasty (661-750) was transplanted from Damascus to Cordoba by Abd al-Rahman (756- 1031) after a civil war between two rival Caliphates. These three religions borrowed language and architecture from one another leaving traces of their coexistence, not surprisingly, within the architecture and literature of Spain. In the present essay, I will examine the traces of coexistence between the Muslim and Christian world in architecture and literature, using the examples of the mezquita, or 'mosque', and the most important novel of Spain, Don Quixote of la Mancha (1605;1615) by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. This study incorporates an interdisciplinary approach that utilizes historical, literary, and architectural methods to explain the dual function of the margin— its architectural function in the Mosque and its narrative function as used in specific chapters from Cervantes's 1 Menocal, The Ornament of the World. 2 novel. Furthermore, I will show how the architectural margin of the wall of the mosque was familiar to Cervantes's readers who lived in Spain and this familiarity allows Cervantes to exploit the metaphorical meaning of the literary margin as architectural margin. A metaphor establishes an equivalency between a pair of images; the best-known example of which belongs to Ezra Pound, the founding leader of Imagism (1912-1923). This is a school of poetry that endorsed clarity of expression and simplicity through the use of precise visual imagery. The best- known metaphor is Pound's own, in which faces are compared with petals in the poem, "In a Station of the Metro": The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough.2 Through his architectural and literary metaphor, Cervantes covertly expresses his personal beliefs about multiculturalism that could not be directly expressed for fear of censorship by the Inquisition. My essay is divided in three sections. In the first section, I will present a historical overview of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula. In the second section, I present a survey of Muslim Architecture in Andalusia based on the results of a photographic study of architecture I did while visiting Spain during study abroad. I survey the presence of Muslim architecture found throughout Andalusia, placing particular emphasis on the function of the margin in the design of the walls of the mosque reserved for the calligraphy that features citations of scripture from the Holy Koran. The margin, although small in size compared to the rest of the entire structure of the mosque, is as I will show, actually the most important part of the mosque. In the third section of my essay, I analyze the literary margin treated in the episode of the lost manuscript in Volume I: Chapters Eight and Nine of Cervantes's Don Quixote. I will look at 2 Judith Stallings-Ward, Gerardo Diego´s Creation Myth of Music: Fábula de Equis y Zeda. London: Routledge, 2020, 175. 3 the coexistence of the Christian and Arab writers in Cervantes's Don Quixote. The collaboration between Cervantes and Cide Hamete Benengeli allows Cervantes to establish a metaphor between the architectural margin of the mosque and the literary margin of the manuscript as the place for covertly expressing his esteem for multiculturalism and his condemnation of the expulsion of the Moors by national decree; a ploy he uses to escape censorship by the Inquisition. The play with spatial perspective (margin vs center) and the severance of the manuscript (with the lost section recovered in the market of Toledo) establishes the architectural and narrative metaphor that recalls the physical and cultural coexistence between Muslims and Christians valued by Cervantes. In addition, I examine how Cervantes extends this metaphor to also evoke the rupture of that coexistence through expulsion of the Moors, which Cervantes believed broke the backbone of the country. Part I: Historical Overview of Muslim Presence in the Iberian Peninsula The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula began with one young man named Abd Al- Rahman, the son of the Arab family ruling Damascus in the east—the Umayyads. However, during a civil war, his family was massacred, and his escape left him the sole survivor. He fled through North Africa into Cordoba where he began to establish himself as the Caliph, or ruler.3 After the Visigoth monarchy fell, Muslim control dominated the Iberian Peninsula. From 711 through 1492, Islamic society had a long and profound presence on shaping Spanish culture until the Christian kings unified the country. By 716, almost all of Iberia, with the exception of the far northwest and mountainous regions, was under Muslim control and the province was name 'Al- Andalus'. By naming the country in this manner, it directly opposes the 'Hispania' title that the 3 BBC Worldwide Learning, The Moorish South: Art in Muslim and Christian Spain from 711-1492. 4 Romans gave the peninsula, foreshadowing the enmity between the religions of Islam and Christianity.4 Abd Al-Rahman sought to recreate his cultural roots here in Iberia. The peninsula was dominated by the Umayyad dynasty, who had no affiliation to the eastern Muslim dynasties at the time, and were met with little to no resistance from the small groups of Christians still living in the peninsula. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the conquering forces came through Northern Africa and thus were also comprised of Berber forces from that region. By 741, there were approximately 12,000 Berber forces, 18,000 Arabs, and 7,000 Syrians entering through the Southern tip of the peninsula. This totaled anywhere from 4,000,000 to 8,000,000 living in the Iberian Peninsula at the time.5 6 Islam and Christianity under Islamic Rule By the mid eighth century, the population of Iberia had grown exponentially and became more diverse both racially and religiously. Although Muslim forces had conquered what remained of the Visigoth territories and established themselves as the dominant, ruling power, a 4 O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, 91. 5 Phillips and Phillips, A Concise History of Spain. 6 Alchetron.com. "Umayyad Conquest of Hispania - Alchetron, the Free Social Encyclopedia," August 18, 2017. https://alchetron.com/Umayyad-conquest-of-Hispania. Figure 1: Depiction of the route of Abd-Al Rahman and the subsequent conquests of the Muslim Empire. From Internet: public domain.6 5 majority of the population living in Iberia was still Christian. This undoubtedly posed issues for the Moorish rulers who practiced Islam. As a result, conversion became a necessity for Christians. It is important to distinguish between the upper and lower class when discussing the notion of conversion. Many Visigoth royalty, nobles, and influential families saw it in their best interest to convert and to do what they could to join the new rulers in an effort to pursue political advantages.7 Yet, the majority of Iberia was home to lower class Hispano-Roman Christians who converted out of survival. Despite this, many of the people in this situation retained their Christian faith while adopting Muslim customs like learning Arabic so as to appease the rulers. The name given to these people are mozárabes, or 'Mozarabs', meaning 'Muslim-like'.8 A Christian writer noted the following about Christians living under Islamic rule in 854: Our Christian young men, with their elegant airs and fluent speech, are showy in their dress and carriage, and are famed for the learning of the gentiles; intoxicated with Arab eloquence they greedily handle, eagerly devour, and zealously discuss the books of the Chaldeans (i.e. Muhammadans), and make them known by praising them with every flourish of rhetoric, knowing nothing of the beauty of the Church's literature, and looking down with contempt on the streams of the Church that flow forth from Paradise ; alas ! The Christians are so ignorant of their own law, the Latins pay so little attention to their own language, that in the whole Christian flock there is hardly one man in a thousand who can write a letter to inquire after a friend's health intelligibly, while you may find a countless rabble of kinds of them who can learnedly roll out the grandiloquent periods of the Chaldean tongue. They can even make poems, every line ending with the same letter, which displays high flights of beauty and more skill in handling metre than the gentiles themselves possess.9 It is evident from this passage that the Christians admired the Arabs for the type of civilization they created. The Mozarabs recognized that the Arabs had something to offer them in terms of literature, character, and even language. This demonstrates that on some level, there was an 7 Phillips and Phillips, A Concise History of Spain. 8 Phillips and Phillips. 9 Alvar, Indiculus luminosus; quoted from Arnold, The Preaching of Islam; A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith, 137-138. 6 acceptance of Muslim culture and practices which set the foundation for the incorporation of Islamic architectural styles and writing styles to be continued after the Christians' reconquering of Iberia. Christian Kingdoms and "La Reconquista" When the Muslim forces conquered Iberia, they were not able to infiltrate the regions in the north. These regions were not seen as an apparent threat because they were isolated, poor, and not heavily populated, so the Moors did not make a vigilant effort to convert or control these Christians.10 However, the Christian states organized themselves into kingdoms and solidified their control in northern Spain by the mid-twelfth century before moving into Southern Spain during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The progression of the Christian kingdoms' conquests can be seen in Figure 2. 11 At the height of the reconquest, there were seven individual Christian kingdoms within the peninsula: Asturias, Galicia, Aragon, Navarre, Leon, Castile, and Valencia. Each of these kingdoms had their own struggles trying to gain territory, power, and recognition. The Kingdom 10 Phillips and Phillips, A Concise History of Spain, 55. 11 "Reconquista+General.Jpg (1600×914)." Accessed February 19, 2020. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/- ofiGywz891k/TzynBPnsc7I/AAAAAAAAAok/ECNzH3rSp3E/s1600/Reconquista+General.jpg. Figure 2: Timeline of the Christian King's Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Internet: public domain.11 7 of Navarre was largely under the control of the French to the north and did not have much to do with the conquering of other Spanish Christian kingdoms, let alone taking a stance on combating the Arab south. However, not only were the Christian kings working to overthrow the Islamic caliphate and reconquer Iberia from the Muslims, they were all vying for control amongst themselves. In the tenth century, Alfonso III expanded into the regions of Galicia and Leon slowly gaining more territory and strengthening his Christian kingdom to combat the Moors. The kingdoms of Castile and Leon unified in 1085 and then under the kingship of Alfonso VI, they conquered Toledo.12 Toledo is situated where the Moorish Al-Andalus and the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Leon border each other, so the conquering of Toledo was a push in the right direction for the Christian kings' ultimate goal of expelling the Moors from Spain. In the northeast, Alfonso I of Aragon began consolidating his power and conquered Zaragoza by 1134, and joined with Barcelona in 1137 to form the Kingdom of Aragon. By this point, the Muslim empire was facing many issues in trying to run their territories and were slowly losing their sphere of power in the south. King Fernando III of Castile was able to penetrate Al-Andalus and conquer the Andalusian cities of Cordoba and Seville in the mid-thirteenth century. So, when the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile prevailed over their Christian counterparts, they were left with only the Emirate of Granada as their last steppingstone to banish Muslim rule from the peninsula. King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married in 1469 and this consolidated the royal authority of Spain.13 In January of 1492, the city of Granada fell to the Spanish forces and this ended the 780 years of Muslim control in the Iberian Peninsula. This was the final act of La Reconquista and the beginning of the age of Los Reyes Católicos or 'The Catholic Kings.' King Ferdinand and Queen 12 Phillips and Phillips, 306. 13 Phillips and Phillips, 116. 8 Isabela ruled into the first few years of the sixteenth century, which is marked as the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition—a judicial institution that was used to combat heresy in Spain. Islam and Christianity under Christian Rule Islam first began to submit to Christian rule during the period when the Christian kingdoms were all building up their states and conquering each other in the eleventh century. When Toledo was captured in 1085, allowing the Muslims to stay was crucial to the economic stability and the intellectual advancement of Christian society.14 With the expulsion of the Moors came the expulsion of their religion and began the institution of Christianity, more specifically Catholicism. The immediate issue that the church saw after the reconquest of Spanish cities was the need to introduce their ecclesiastical structure, so they began to assign bishops to these major cities in addition to creating two new ecclesiastical provinces.15 This rapid organization and dispersion of the Catholic religion in previously Islamic territories was not good news for those Muslims still living in Spain after the reconquest. The Christians could not simply expel the Muslims because in some places they made up the majority of the population and were an integral part of the economy for the country.16 Muslims who continued to live under Christian ruler adopted the name mudéjares or 'mudejars' in English. This name is derived from the Arabic word mudajan meaning 'permitted to remain' with a colloquial implication of 'tamed or domesticated.'17 Ironically, the same way the minorities were treated under Islamic rule, to include Christians, was now how the Muslims were treated under Christian rule. The Mudejars would practice their religion, law, and customs in addition to being permitted to continue their 14 Watt, A History of Islamic Spain, 150. 15 O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, 488. 16 Watt, A History of Islamic Spain, 151. 17 Watt, 151. 9 craft so long as they paid a tax. It was not uncommon for these minority groups to distinguish themselves by dressing differently and even inhabiting different quarters of town. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a period known as the Mudejar age, it is evident that there is a culture common to both Christians and Muslims, and that coexistence, to the point of assimilation, was possible. However, it is important to note that the Christians, being the dominant power, were selective in what they chose to assimilate. The most evident piece demonstrating assimilation is the artistic productions, both architecturally and literarily. It was obvious that incorporating the Muslims into society was necessary and beneficial, but towards the end of the fifteenth century, economic disparages were becoming obvious and the Mudejars were the wealthier of the two groups. This jealousy and animosity led to a growing prejudice of Mudejars and once Ferdinand and Isabella unified the peninsula, they turned this prejudice into policy. The previous flirtation of religious tolerance was coming to an end, but due to the policy written for the surrender of Granada, many people of Islamic faith were briefly safe in 1492, so these religiously intolerant policies attacked other groups, namely the Jewish factions of the country. This period of brutal intolerance is known as the Inquisition, and it drastically influenced Spanish society for the years to follow, to include Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote of La Mancha. Part II: Survey of Muslim Architecture in Andalusia Moorish architecture is something that when one sees it, they know it. It is a mixture of oriental and occidental to create a recognizable and unique form of architecture. There are certain staple architectural features that help make this style so well-known and are also the features that other cultures adopt simply because of their beauty. Some of these features include 10 stone parapets with Islamic crenellations, horseshoe windows and doors, towers sometimes evoking a minaret, domes, arches, slender pillars, and many of these features were typically constructed with alternating colors of yellow and red brick and stone.18 The following figures demonstrate these architectural features. 18 Kalmar, "Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture," 73. Figure 4 (above): The series of arches and horshoe shaped doors. Taken by Alexandra Parent in the Royal Alcazar in Seville, Spain. January 31, 2018. Figure 5 (below): The classic Islamic crennelations and attention to detail that characterizes all of Islamic architecture. This is also exemplatory of the domes that were utilized in Moorish architecture. Taken by Alexandra Parent at the Royal Alcazar in Seville, Spain. January 31, 2018. Figure 3: The slender pillars and open courtyards. Taken by Alexandra Parent at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. February 23, 2018. Figure 6: The Torre del Oro or Tower of Gold located in Seville, Spain. Exemplifies the use of towers and minarets in Islamic architecture. Taken by Alexandra Parent in Seville, Spain. April 12, 2018. 11 19 These features are apparent throughout all the everyday buildings within the cities of Al- Andalus, but they also came together to make great, exceptional buildings. One in particular is the Great Mosque in Cordoba. This was built when the religion of Islam was only a century old, so it is renowned as one of the first mosques ever built. This mosque is truly grandeur in architectural style in addition to sheer size. In Islamic faith, it is forbidden to depict Allah, or any religious figure, so the traditional methods of using a painting to inspire religious awe was not possible, thus allowing for architecture to take its place. As seen in Figure 7, the rows of archways are seemingly never ending and absolutely uniform. 20 The architectural margin of the mosque (Fig 8 and Fig 10.D), which Cervantes metaphorizes with the annotation of Dulcinea written on the margin in Don Quixote, refers to the most important part of the mosque: the inscriptions. In the Islamic religion, as aforementioned, worshipping any idols or to depict Allah, Muhammad, or any other important religious figures 20 "The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Spain)." Accessed February 19, 2020. https://www.turismodecordoba.org/the-mosque-cathedral-of-cordoba-spain. Figure 7: The Great Mosque located in Cordoba, Spain. Known for the uniformity and neverending archways and pillars. From Internet: public domain.20 12 through paintings are prohibited. So, the role of the inscriptions becomes the most important and revered part of the mosque much like the depiction of Jesus on the cross is worshipped by Christians. This is because the inscriptions are the holy words of the Koran. The phrase most 21commonly inscribed in these architectural margins are 'only Allah is victorious.' The metaphor Cervantes makes between the architectural and literary margin is developed to a second degree with the handwriting in the margin of the manuscript being Arabic calligraphy. This can be compared to the inscriptions in the architectural margin of the mosques, which are also written in Arabic calligraphy. This type of writing is very distinct from Western modes of writing because the purpose of Arabic calligraphy is "no como un medio utilitario de 21 Fernando Aznar, La Alhambra y el Generalife de Granada. Monumentos, 12. Figure 10: Architecture of the Mosque21 (from left to right and top to bottom): A) ataurique B) interlacing decoration C) calligraphy in the margin of the wall with scripture "Only Allah is Victorious". Also shown in Fig 11. D) horseshoe arc E) muqarnas F) half horseshoe arcs G) arc with muqarnas H) column with crowned capital Figure 8 (above): The horsehoe shaped windows and use of alternating colors and very detailed crennelations. The Arabic calligraphy can be seen above the windows. Taken by Alexandra Parent at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. February 23, 2018. Figure 9 (above): Fig 8 on a closer scale to better see the calligraphy 13 comunicación entre los hombres sino como un medio sagrado de comunicación entre Dios y los hombres," meaning, it is not like a utilitarian means of communication between humans, but rather a sacred means of communication between God and men.22 This type of calligraphy that Arabs place in the margins of their mosques obviously have religious value and is called caligrafía cúfica or 'Kufic calligraphy' as is shown in Figure 11. 23 The text written in Arabic calligraphy in the margin of the wall of the mosque is epigrafía. It is present in all mosques and throughout the royal palace known as La Alhambra in Granada. As Fernando Aznar explains, "El texto tiene gran importancia en la decoración. Frases que ensalzan a Alá, o que hace referencia a las bellezas del lugar donde se encuentra, ditando a veces a los constructores de cada zona, se reparten por todos los muros de la residencia real."24This quote says that text has great importance in the decoration of the buildings, and that the phrases that praise Allah, or that refers to the beauties of the place where Allah is located, are all throughout the royal palace. It amplifies the important role that language has in religious symbols. 22 "La Caligrafía Árabe." 23 "Arabic Inscription." Alamy. Accessed February 24, 2020. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-arabic-inscription- carved-in-a-palace-wall-of-the-alhambra-in-granada-17181753.html. 24 Fernando Aznar, La Alhambra y el Generalife de Granada. Monumentos, 12. Figure 11: An example of Kufic calligraphy. The style of the Arabic writing in this image is classically used in Islamic mosques to state the word of Allah from the Holy Koran. This is the architectural margin. From Internet: public domain.23 14 Moorish Architectural Influence Under Christian Rule As the Christians slowly began organizing themselves into kingdoms and conquering Moorish cities in Al-Andalus, two incredibly different cultures met each other. As previously stated, an assimilation of sorts was taking place by the Christians who were adopting Islamic practices and other elements of their culture. Architecture was one of these elements that Christian rulers not only preserved, but in some cases built from bottom up utilizing these inherently Moorish styles. Using the example of the Mosque of Cordoba, it is important to note that in the middle of this Islamic prayer hall, there is something unknown to Islam; a Catholic Cathedral (Fig. 12, 13, and 14). This addition was made in the sixteenth century after the Moors were abolished from Iberia. The rulers who erected this cathedral demolished the central columns in order to make room for the Christian edifices, however, Charles V recognized the gravity of this action and how it drastically changed the ambiance and historical significance of this architectural feat. This cultural vandalism by the Christians is symbolic of the enforcement and imposition of their religion onto a different group of people. This theme is also apparent in the literary works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to include Don Quixote of La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes. Figure 12: Located in the middle of the Great Mosque of Cordoba. Christian, gothic architecture meeting with Islamic architectural styles. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. 15 An example of Mudejar work is the Cathedral of Seville, built after the demolition of a mosque, in order to increase the power of the Christian rulers. The architectural style of the building is very European and gothic with high vaulted ceilings and stained glass.25 As a statement piece for Christianity in former Islamic Spain, it is not expected for one to find traces of Moorish architectural influence, but there is. The Cathedral was built by Christian architects, so there was no lack of qualified Christian craftsmen, however there are qualities inherently Moorish that make its way into this grand architectural achievement. As depicted in Figure 15, the high altar in the Cathedral is adorned in so much detail that it mimics the Moorish tendency to not leave any blank space. The incessant ornamental decoration style that was a part of Islamic Spain bled into and permeated traditional Christian and European styles of architecture making its way into the very soul of Christian craftsmanship. Although the Christian Spanish rulers 25 BBC Worldwide Learning, The Moorish South: Art in Muslim and Christian Spain from 711-1492. Figure 13 (right): Christian altar located in the middle of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. Figure 14 (left): Example of Christianity inserting itself into Muslim architecture. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. 16 erected this cathedral as a statement to assert their religious dominance, the Moorish aesthetic had already made its way into the minds of the architects of that era. In addition to this, the minaret attached to the Cathedral of Seville, La Giralda (Figure 16), is evidence of this as well. The construction of this minaret concluded in 1568 and is the twin tower to the city of Marrakech. Having begun construction in 1184, La Giralda is host to the visible mixing of Moorish and Christian culture. Through the stonework, inscriptions, and different styles used, La Giralda is evidence of this assimilation of cultural and architectural practices. 26 Perhaps the most notable architectural feat in regard to Moorish influence on Christianity is seen in the Real Alcázar, or Royal Alcazar. At first glance, it is a very distinct Moorish-looking building in terms of architecture; it contains the classic Moorish archways, courtyards, crenellations and pillars (Fig 17 and 18), so it would be reasonable to conclude that it was 26 "Cathedral of Seville. Aerial View." Accessed February 24, 2020. https://seebybike.com/blog/must-see-cathedral-and- alcazar-of-seville/cathedral-of-seville-aerial-view/. Figure 15 (right): The altar located inside the Cathedral of Seville. Known for it's incredulous detail and extravagant style that is suspected to be a result of lingering Moorish influences. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. Figure 16 (left): An aerial view of the Cathedral of Seville. It includes many influences of Morrish architecture to include the large tower known as La Giralda, the minarets all over the building, and the many domes that make up the cathedral. From Internet: public domain.26 17 constructed under Islamic rule. However, Christian king Peter of Castile, also known as Peter the Cruel, commissioned the Alcazar as his royal palace in the fourteenth century. He made the Alcazar identical to the architectural stylings of the Spanish Middle Ages. So, the question arises as to why a Christian ruler would deliberately choose Islamic decoration? The answer is that it comes down to power. By appropriating the Islamic art and traditional expressions, the Christian ruler projects a sort of authority over the minority subjects.27 The Moorish expressions of wealth and power are understood differently than traditional Europeans, so by creating something that the Muslim population would recognize as powerful, Peter the Cruel wielded a sort of power over the Mudejars. 27 Fernández, "Second Flowering: Art of the Mudejars." Figure 17 (left): The courtyard of the Royal Alcazar. Despite being built by a Christian king, it has many, if not completely full of, influences from Islamic architecture. Note, the pillars, the archways, the courtyard, the crennelations. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. Figure 18 (right): The Royal Alcazar in Seville, Spain. This wall has both Christian and Islamic influences. Note the differences between the lower floor and the second floor of the archways. The bottom is much more functional and plainer, like traditional Christian architecture whereas the top portions are much more detailed and colorful such as depicted by Islamic architecture. Taken by Alexandra Parent. January 31, 2018. 18 Part III: The Literary Margin Treated in the Episode of the Lost Manuscript in Volume I: Chapters Eight and Nine of Cervantes's Don Quixote When reading Don Quixote, the reader is frequently taken off the main narrative path involving the adventures of the main characters, the knight and his squire Sancho Panza, and led down secondary narratives involving encounters with characters who interrupt the main narration with tales of their own stories of love, captivity, and triumph. The complexity of the narrative shows the novel to be an amalgam of many different short novels, much like the way of the river Amazon, which is fed by many smaller rivers, at the heart of which is Cervantes's parody of books of chivalry. Nevertheless, the one unchanging constant is the way the novel opens a window onto the life and times of the man who wrote it. Cervantes's novel reflects his lived experience rooted in multicultural society whose heterogeneity was the source of Spain's economic and agricultural well-being. Cervantes saw the well-being of his country destroyed by the Hapsburg dynasty's religious intolerance and persecution of minorities who did not convert from their Jewish or Muslim faith. Cervantes himself was of Jewish ancestry. His father was a surgeon, a vocation known to be practiced by Jews. Cryptic references to his Jewish ancestry appear in the portada, or cover page of this novel. For example, the phrase from the book of Job—after darkness light is hoped for—and references to their inability to worship on the Sabbath appear in the first chapter of the novel; a day when the Jewish population must be in duelos and quebrantos, or 'pain and suffering'. While a student, Cervantes was arrested and ordered to have his right hand cut off for allegedly shooting a man who had insulted his sisters. Cervantes escaped punishment by fleeing to Italy from where he joined the Holy League (an alliance among the Vatican, France, and Spain) in the Battle of Lepanto, a major battle against the Turks in the waters of the 19 Mediterranean, during which Cervantes lost the use of his left hand. After his distinguished military service in this major victory against the Turks, Cervantes was taken captive and held prisoner for five years in Algeria. His profound understanding of the Islamic world of the Maghreb, as the northern region of Africa is known, is reflected throughout Don Quixote. Upon return to Spain, he obtained work as a tax collector tasked with gathering funds throughout Andalusia for the construction of the Spanish Armada. His detailed knowledge of the geography and customs of Southern Spain is reflected throughout the novel as well. Cervantes's experiences from his military expedition against the Turks, his years in captivity in northern Africa, his travels through Andalusia, and his Jewish ancestry can be added as another factor that forged the broad multicultural perspectivism formed in his novel. As a student, Cervantes was taught by Lope de Hoyos, a known follower of the Dutch humanist philosopher Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus criticized the empty ritual of the Catholic Church as well as its intolerance for Christians, especially followers of Martin Luther, who sought an unmediated religious relationship with God; one that did not require mediation by a Catholic priest. The teachings of Erasmus, an intellect who denounced the hypocrisy of the Catholic Church and its persecution of minorities and different versions of Christianity, are embraced by Cervantes and find expression in a covert manner in Don Quixote (II: 22-23).28 The episode of the lost manuscript (Volume I:8-9) reflects the perspective of multiculturalism and diversity Cervantes gained from the life experiences outlined above. Chapter eight is first and foremost about Don Quixotes's iconic battle with the windmills, the most well-known episode of the novel. Don Quixote's illusion leads him to believe that the windmills were originally giants that have been transformed into windmills by his enemy, the 28 Judith Stallings-Ward, "Tiny (Erasmian) Dagger or Large Poniard? Metonymy vs. Metaphor in the Cave of Montesinos Episode in Don Quixote." 20 wizard Freston, to cheat Don Quixote from a victory in battle against them. The deception of the knight conveys Cervantes's use of humorous parody to denounce the books of chivalry whose fantasy version of reality has brainwashed Don Quixote. A subsequent adventure in this chapter reveals Don Quixote has another lapse of reason. He believes that a Basque woman travelling to Seville, preceded by two Benedictine friars who are not in her party, and surrounded by her own men on horseback, is a princess being kidnapped. Upon observing once again his master's mind in the grip of delusion, Don Quixote's squire Sancho Panza replies, "This will be worse than the windmills."29 This foreshadows the battle that Don Quixote will ultimately have with the Basque. At the end of Chapter eight, we are left with both men having their swords unsheathed and raised at each other, but then the narration of the story abruptly stops. The narrator, a literary form of Cervantes inserted into the story by the real historical Cervantes, begins to speak directly to the reader as if in an informal conversation with them to convey that the end of the scene and the rest of the history are missing.30 This narrative style continues into Part II, chapter nine when the narrator begins a search for the missing manuscript. In this chapter we are brought to Toledo and the narrator brings the reader through the Alcaná market. The narrator Cervantes tells the story of his journey to find the manuscript in the market and how he comes across a young boy trying to sell him some notebooks, old torn papers, and other small commodities. Cervantes is inclined to pick up a certain book that the boy has and realizes the script on the front is in Arabic. Since he could not read Arabic, he finds a Morisco aljamiado, so called for their ability to speak both Arabic and Spanish, who can help translate the manuscript. It was not difficult to find this person and soon Cervantes flipped to the middle of the book and asked the Morisco to translate. Cervantes points out the availability of translators of 29 Cervantes, Don Quixote, 62. 30 Cervantes, 65. 21 all classic languages in the market, thus underscoring the advantage of multicultural spaces such as the markets of Spain. As the translator--the Morisco aljamiado--began to read the page, he laughed at something written in the margin: it stated, "'This Dulcinea of Toboso, referred to so often in this history, they say had the best hand for salting pork of any woman in La Mancha.'"31 The narrator immediately knew that this was the missing manuscript he was looking for, so he had the Morisco read even more. It is then that the reader learns the novel was originally written in Arabic by the Arab historian Cide Hamete Benengeli. Narrator Cervantes commissions the Morisco to translate the entire novel, paying him in "two arrobas of raisins, and two fanegas of wheat," so that the story of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza can be continued.32 This process of translation of the original manuscript from Arabic to Spanish is now the source of the narrator Cervantes's history of Don Quixote, and it is a collaboration between the literary Christian "Cervantes" and the original Arabic author Cide Hamete Benengeli, delivered through the translator. The reader is now being told the story through someone else's eyes and mind. The novel descends into a rabbit hole of authorship in which, ironically, the new lens is a Morisco translator. This metaphor demonstrates that true Spanish history is written as a compilation between Christianity and Islam, not one or the other, thus demonstrating historical Cervantes's disdain and disapproval of the expulsion of the Moors. Rather, Cervantes displays the importance and necessity of diversity and multiculturalism. The true author, historical Cervantes, also establishes a metaphor between the literary margin, in which the literary Cervantes discovered the novel was indeed Don Quixote, and the architectural margins of the mosque. Cervantes does this in a very clever and implicit manner, 31 Cervantes, 67. 32 Cervantes, 68. 22 otherwise he would be severely censored. Through this implied metaphor of architectural and literary margins, Cervantes is able to write a novel that has commentary to covertly express his condemnation of the Moors and announce his glorification of multiculturalism. The focus of attention placed on the margin of the manuscript wherein Arabic commentary is written calls to mind the architectural margin of the mezquita, or 'mosque', in which the Arabic calligraphy is written. The comparison between the textual margin of Cervantes's manuscript and architectural margin of the walls of the mosque would be easy for the readers of Cervantes's day to recognize given the prevalence of Muslim architecture throughout Spain, as my survey in the first part of this essay shows. Furthermore, the handwriting in Arabic by the Arab historian easily calls to mind the calligraphy used for citations from the Koran. The Arabic commentary—associated with the authoritative word of the Koran placed in the margin of the walls of the mosque—second guesses the religious purity of Dulcinea, the object of courtly worship by the Christian knight. When the translator points out the Arab historian's commentary in the margin of the manuscript, that 'the Lady Dulcinea has the best hand at salting pork,' he taints her purity by placing her in contact with a food source that is considered polluted for Muslims. The comment casts Dulcinea in tainted light. The Arab historian's questioning of religious purity occurs in tandem with the questioning of the authority or authorship of the history of Don Quixote. The literary Cervantes is a Christian writer, but he is not the true author of the original manuscript; the Arab historian Cide Hamete claims true authorship; and Dulcinea is not the pillar of religious purity she is perceived to be. The play with the double meaning of the margin (textual vs architectural) occurs with the play of spatial perspective between margin vs center. The reader sees through Cervantes's use of the metaphor as a multicultural perspective that questions the absolute status of Christian 23 authority and Christian purity. The play with meaning and perspective in Cervantes's treatment of the margin in chapters eight and nine may be taken to one final and third level of development. The margin, shown to be central in connection with the ruptured or severed manuscript, is a covert expression for Cervantes's esteem for the contributions to Spanish society by the Muslim population of his country and his condemnation for their expulsion by governmental degree from Spain. In the eyes of Cervantes, this broke of the backbone of Spain's culture and economy since the Arab population made up an incredibly large portion of the Iberian Peninsula. Cervantes accomplishes this by, not only changing chapters, but beginning a whole new section of the novel. Part I concludes with chapter eight and the pending battle between Don Quixote and the Basque, then Part II begins with the narrator Cervantes informing the reader of his journey to find the rest of the novel. Being wary of the censorship that plagued others during the Inquisition, Cervantes chose this metaphorical approach to convey his true sentiments about the situation of Spain at this moment in history. This rupture in Don Quixote's history is reflective of the moment in Spain's history where law has been decreed to banish something so inherent to the nation itself: the Moorish people. By placing these episodes side by side, Cervantes invites the reader to compare the delusion of the Hapsburg imperial vision and its expulsion of the Moors with the episode of the windmills. The blindness of Spain's government seems even more laughable than Don Quixote's own misguided attack on the windmills. Cervantes's play with the margin allows him to express his views on multiculturalism in an indirect manner that allowed him to escape censorship by the Inquisition. The Inquisition was not savvy enough to realize that this profound division between Part I and II is symbolic of the division of tolerant Spain into an intolerant Spain. After Cervantes 24 died, the Inquisition did censor and expurgate a passage that was considered too directly stated. In chapter thirteen, Don Quixote is once again declaring his servitude and attesting to the beauty of his beloved Dulcinea of Toboso. In his description to Vivaldo, he uses a Petrarchan metaphor, a very classical and renaissance style of poetry, to describe Dulcinea. Don Quixote states (Volume I:13): "Her tresses are gold, her forehead Elysian fields, her eyebrows the arches of heaven, her eyes suns, her cheeks roses, her lips coral, her teeth pearls, her necklace alabaster, her bosom marble, her hands ivory, her skin white as snow, and the parts that modesty hides from human eyes are such, or so I believed and understand, that the most discerning consideration can only praise them but not compare them."33 While eloquently put, Cervantes is nonetheless making references to the private areas of Dulcinea's body and thus was censored by the Catholic Church in 1624 after his death; they dared not censor him before since his novel made him so beloved by the people. Cervantes was too clever to have to follow the rules. His questioning of authority was apparent from the very opening words of the novel when he writes, "[s]omewhere in La Mancha, in a place whose name I do not care to remember…"34 Cervantes conveys how exact places and names are all arbitrary and are not relevant to the novel. This echoes Cervantes own questioning of authority and Spain's religious Inquisition going on that persecuted the Moors and other minorities alike. 33 Cervantes, Don Quixote, 91. 34 Cervantes, 19. 25 Conclusion The religious tolerance and interdependence between minorities of Al-Andalus, which are reflected through the architecture of Andalusia and also underscored in Cervantes's Don Quixote through the metaphorical treatment of the literary margin in the episode of the lost manuscript, seems evermore elusive today. In light of the divisiveness and racism rampant in our society that mars efforts toward multiculturalism and diversity, such as those undertaken at universities like Norwich, tolerance seems like the impossible dream that is the object of the quest of the chivalrous knight Don Quixote. 26 Bibliography Arnold, Thomas Walker. The Preaching of Islam; A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1913. http://archive.org/details/preachingofisla00arno. Aznar, Fernando. La Alhambra y el Generalife de Granada. Monumentos Declared of World Interest by Unescco. Mariarsa:1985. BBC Worldwide Learning. The Moorish South: Art in Muslim and Christian Spain from 711- 1492. Documentary Film. The Art of Spain: From the Moors to Modernism, 2009. https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=39408. Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quixote. Translated by Edith Grossman. 5 edition. New York: Harper Collins, 2003. Fernández, Luis. La Historia de España en 100 preguntas. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Nowtilus, 2019. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/norwich/reader.action?docID=5703133&ppg=1. Fernández, María Luisa. "Second Flowering: Art of the Mudejars." Saudi Aramco World, The Legacy of Al-Andalus, 44, no. 1 (February 1993): 36–41. Harsolia, Khadija Mohiuddin. "Captivity, Confinement and Resistance in Mudejar and Morisco Literature." University of California, Riverside, 2016. WorldCat.org. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1849025713?accountid=14521. Kalmar, Ivan Davidson. "Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture." Jewish Social Studies 7, no. 3 (2001): 68–100. "La Caligrafía Árabe." Accessed February 21, 2020. http://www.arabespanol.org/cultura/caligrafia.htm. Maíz Chacón, Jorge. Breve historia de los reinos ibéricos. 1a. edición. Quintaesencia ; 6. Barcelona: Ariel, 2013. http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1313/2013369841- b.html. Menocal, Maria Rosa. The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Reprint edition. Boston: Back Bay Books, 2003. O'Callaghan, Joseph. A History of Medieval Spain. 1st ed. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1975. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/norwich/detail.action?docID=3138541. 27 Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://library.norwich.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true &db=e000xna&AN=490553&scope=site. Raquejo, Tonia. "The 'Arab Cathedrals': Moorish Architecture as Seen by British Travellers." The Burlington Magazine 128, no. 1001 (1986): 555–63. Sheren, Ila Nicole. "Transcultured Architecture: Mudéjar's Epic Journey Reinterpreted." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 1 (June 1, 2011): 137–51. https://doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2011.5. Stallings-Ward, Judith. "Tiny (Erasmian) Dagger or Large Poniard? Metonymy vs. Metaphor in the Cave of Montesinos Episode in Don Quixote." Comparative Literature Studies. 43.4 (2006) special issue: Don Quixote and 400 Years of World Literature. 441-65. Stallings-Ward, Judith. Gerardo Diego´s Creation Myth of Music: Fábula de Equis y Zeda. London: Routledge, 2020. Urquízar-Herrera, Antonio. Admiration and Awe: Morisco Buildings and Identity Negotiations in Early Modern Spanish Historiography. 1 online resource (289 pages) vols. Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2017. http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4850548. Watt, W. Montgomery. A History of Islamic Spain. Islamic Surveys; 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977.
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A whole generation goes by, and nothing changes for Bossier Parish apparently playing fast and loose with the law when it comes to squeezing money from the citizenry.
The Bossier Watch transmission of Apr. 16 contained a couple of minutes of commentary and video of a sign reading "VOTE SATURDAY, APRIL 27, 2024 BOSSIER PARISH LIBRARIES" planted near a roadway. The hosts recounted they had seen some around, although the exact location of this one was unknown. On that date is the spring municipal runoff elections in Louisiana, where a 7.43 mils property tax renewal to fund Bossier Parish libraries reengaging in 2026 for 10 years is the one item that will appear on ballots parish-wide.
What follows is a reprint of a post I made at my Louisiana-centric blog site, Between the Lines, on Dec. 30, 2010 that reviewed events of four years previous. (Keep in mind nearly 18 years ago that the Arthur Ray Teague Parkway stopped at the southern end of the now-Brookshire Grocery Arena). It's amazing how little things (and people involved) change:
As 2011 approaches and observing that Bossier Parish seems to have no difficulty, even in trying economic times, in finding money to service road construction, as well as reviewing the past year and digesting the renewed enthusiasm that the people have acquired courtesy of over-reaching national government to monitor the activities of government, it makes me think back some years ago about an object lesson concerning how government operates. The specific example is Bossier Parish's, and the apparent whimsy of situation might amuse save for the unsettling consequences implied had things turned out differently.
Perhaps somebody remembers in the days leading up to the 2006 fall elections that a sign touting an affirmative vote for Bossier Parish raising property taxes essentially threefold, at what was then the southern end of the Arthur Ray Teague Parkway, was moved a short distance away only a few days before that election. Blame me for the consternation.
I first noticed the sign on Sep. 21 and became simultaneously curious and concerned. It didn't state who sponsored it, and it was in a spot I thought might be part of the public right-of-way, and certainly was on public property (Bossier City's). Obviously, it was an attempt to encourage passage of the measure which should bring pause to anyone who believes in fairness by government: Bossier City was permitting a pro-vote sign, supporting a Bossier Parish measure which would enrich the parish coffers by $2 million a year, to be placed on its property, regardless of whether its citizens supported such a measure.
According to the Unified Development Code for both the city and parish, this is permissible under certain circumstances. Article 9 Section 10 states: "Temporary signs containing no commercial message and related to an election or other event or matter of public interest may be erected in any zoning district of the city or parish but not within the public right-of-way." Note, however, that the Code does not mention placement on government property.
After a couple of phone calls I got hold of Parish Engineer Joe "Butch" Ford, who said a private entity had put up the sign (and a similar one elsewhere). At least no government was using taxpayer dollars to try to influence its citizens voting behavior. Still, apparently it was on city property and the right-of-way question he couldn't answer, so on I called the Bossier City engineer to find out the answer to the latter.
He took time out of his busy day to relay to me that the public right-of-way extended to the back side of the barricade blocking the end of the pavement (about 25 feet from the roadway). However, the sign was located on the front side of the barricade, meaning it was in the public right-of-way and therefore illegally placed.
I then placed another call to the Metropolitan Planning Commission (I had placed one the day before but, like the call to Ford, had been close to the end of the workday and, unlike the one to him, was not answered). The employee there said they would deal with the situation, once I informed him of it. Since this was early Friday afternoon, I didn't know whether anything would happen before the weekend.
Early the next Monday, now five days prior to the election, I got a call from the Bossier MPC director Sam Marsiglia, who said it was legal to have the sign there because "it's a public sign." He alleged that a government had put it there, and that was legal. I informed him that the parish engineer had said otherwise and tried to explain that wouldn't look very good if a government was using taxpayer dollars to sway their votes so a government wouldn't do that, but he was insistent and said I should call Parish Administrator Bill Altimus about the matter.
I had duties to attend to so it was about 20 minutes later that I dialed Altimus. He cheerfully informed me the sign would be moved. As soon as I hung up, Marsiglia called, saying it would be moved to the Reeves Marine property (adjacent east of the barricades) and to check back with him if it wasn't done. (It would have been out of the right-of-way simply by moving it behind the barricades but would have remained on city property.)
This, I might add, is simply wonderfully neighborly behavior by the city and parish and Reeves Marine. Silly me, I thought whenever illegal campaign signs were discovered they either were destroyed or confiscated to a location where their owners could liberate them. Instead, not only were the interests behind the sign being allowed to move it, within only minutes of being informed of that necessity Reeves Marine graciously volunteered to host the sign. What a friendly place! Future candidates for office, now you know, if you place a sign on Bossier City property and/or illegally, it won't be destroyed or removed, they'll let you move it, maybe even to Reeves Marine. (If you ask nicely, maybe they'll even move it for you!)
(Note: in a subsequent communication, even Bossier City elected officials seemed confused over the incident. At my request, city councilman Scott Irwin wrote to Mayor Lo Walker, whose office's reply did not even discuss the legal issue and did not address the propriety of an electioneering sign on city property, adding "With your concurrence I will consider this ITEM CLOSED." Maybe not; maybe this issue of propriety is something that ought to be addressed by the city.)
Regardless of the sign's position (or of any others; there were several other similar ones touting the bond issue around the parish), the proposition narrowly failed. It took one concerned citizen to make the system work properly regarding the sign. Sep. 30, 2006, it took a majority of concerned citizens voting to make the Bossier Parish Police Jury see the truth that it didn't need to raise taxes to make sure the parkway was extended expeditiously and, even with deteriorated economic conditions, then to proceed to fulfill the other projects that had argued could be completed only with the increased taxation.
And confirmation of this came earlier this month, when the extension to the Parkway opened (through where the sign originally had been) without the extra tax dollars having gone into its construction. Lesson: watch government very closely lest it take what it does not need nor deserve from the people.
And now to 2024 … the sign displayed on Bossier Watch seemed awfully close to the road, meaning it's in the right-of-way, and the Bossier UDC hasn't changed since making that placement illegal. Thus, it would be incumbent on either the parish or whatever municipality may have such signs to remove these.
And where are they coming from? Campaign finance disclosure law would mandate that any political committee spending money on electioneering at this date close to the election would had to have filed a report about the expenditure for signs. None has, meaning either some PAC somewhere illegally hasn't reported this or no registered PAC has done it. That leads to a loophole in the law (R.S. 18:1501.1): any person who spends in opposition or support of a candidate or ballot item must report that – unless the aggregate contributions and expenses involved don't exceed $500. It is possible that, if there are few enough of these signs, that their cost didn't exceed that figure, and that someone or a few people got together and did that.
So, the public never may know who is doing this, and what their potential relationship is to Bossier Parish's government and libraries. In fact, it may be quite close, given the wording of the sign which ambiguously doesn't advocate for or against the ballot item. It merely exhorts the viewer to vote on that day and slips in "BOSSIER PARISH LIBRARIES." By doing this, if discovered government employees actually were involved, the parish could claim it wasn't electioneering but merely informing the public there was an election on Saturday, Apr. 27.
Of course, the signs' presentation implies something critical about libraries will appear on the ballot and, further, people should vote in whatever manner available to support libraries. After all, who is against libraries?
If anybody in Bossier Parish government knows about this, they need to go public. At the very least, parish government must remove any such signs on public rights-of-way; tolerance of this denotes acceptance not only of illegal behavior but also endorsement of a political preference. And state lawmakers would do well to clarify statute to make it expressly illegal for any government to spend any dollars to electioneer, even if in a manner that doesn't explicitly advocate for or against something on the ballot. Because when it comes to gorging themselves on taxpayer dollars, government will try any dodge available to keep other peoples' money rolling in.
Key words: sports activities, sports activities legal regulation, temporary laws, ambushmarketing, image rights, local rulemaking The article analyses the legal regulation of the use of intellectualproperty in sports activities. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that theincome of the global sports industry is increasingly depending on the use of the intellectualproperty by sports organizations.The author notices that adoption of temporary laws aimed at protecting the intellectualproperty rights of sports organizations who organize major sporting events ina country are distinctive features of sports activities. There were two similar laws inthe Ukrainian legislation. Although these laws contained some gaps, this experienceshould become a basis for the introduction of the concept of ambush marketing on aregular basis in the domestic law.Analysis of international agreements in the sporting sphere shows that nowadaysamong the world sports organizations, only intellectual property of InternationalOlympic Committee has an exclusive basis of protection. At the same time, the factthat in general the use and protection of intellectual property is given too little attentionin international agreements in the field of sports gives greater importance tolocal regulations adopted by sports authorities.According to the established practices of foreign sports organizations, professionalrules and contracts between the athlete and the organization contains mutual restrictionsof the use of a number of intellectual property objects constituting the athlete'simage. To date, in Ukrainian practice, only regulations and contracts of several footballorganizations contain the similar provisions, which at the same time have a numberof shortcomings. One of the issues is terminological ambiguity in image rightslegal phenomena, which is still new to Ukrainian practice, and therefore requires theconsistency of definitions between different sports organizations.Thus, although Ukrainian legislation creates the background for domestic sportsorganizations to benefit from their intellectual property, it still requires the adoptionof some new important definitions. ; Ключові слова: спортивна діяльність, правове регулювання спортивної діяльності,закони тимчасової дії, паразитичний маркетинг, право на образ, іміджеві права,локальна нормотворчість У статті міститься огляд нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють відносини у спор-тивній діяльності в розрізі використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у сферіспорту. На основі аналізу законодавства України, міжнародних договорів і особливостейлокальної нормотворчості визначено проблемні аспекти розпорядження об'єктами праваінтелектуальної власності у вітчизняному спорті. Окреслено світові тенденції, що роз-кривають специфіку використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у спорті таповинні стати орієнтиром для законодавця та спортивних організацій України. Список використаних джерел: 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (дата звернення 30.04.2021). 2. Лавренюк О. Ю. Цивільно-правове регулювання відносин інтелектуальної власності у сфері спорту : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. Одеса, 2019. 236 с. 3. Про фізичну культуру і спорт : Закон України від 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 1994. № 14. С. 80. 4. Про підтримку олімпійського, паралімпійського руху та спорту вищих досягнень в Україні : Закон України від 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2000. № 43. С. 370. 5. Про антидопінговий контроль у спорті : Закон України від 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2017. № 11. С. 102. 6. Про організацію та проведення фінальної частини чемпіонату Європи 2012 року з футболу в Україні : Закон України від 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2007. № 31. С. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 8. Дорошенко Д. О. Захист від паразитичного маркетингу як один з пріоритетів спортивного права України / Тези доповідей міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Спортивне право України: сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку» (19 жовтня 2018 року). Навчально-науковий «Центр спортивного права», Запорізький національний університет, Запоріжжя, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 11. Про забезпечення охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності УЄФА під час проведення в Україні фінальних матчів Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА та Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок сезону 2017/2018 : Закон України від 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2018. № 22. С. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 13. Організація Об'єднаних Націй. Найробський договір про охорону Олімпійського символу (Найробі, 26 вересня 1981 року). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 14. Міжнародний Олімпійський комітет. Олімпійська хартія 2020 - DidWeDe, Лозанна, Швейцарія. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 17. Венедиктов В. С. Трудовое право Украины (Общая часть). Харьков : НУВД, 2004. С. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 19. Галузева Угода між Громадською спілкою «Федерація футболу України», Об'єднанням професіональних футбольних клубів України «Прем'єр-Ліга», об'єднанням футбольних клубів «Професіональна футбольна ліга України», та Всеукраїнською професійною спілкою «Футбол України», Всеукраїнською асоціацією футболістів-професіоналів у сфері професіонального футболу України на 2017-2022 роки. Київ-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 20. Федерація футболу України. РЕГЛАМЕНТ Федерації футболу України зі статусу і трансферу футболістів. Київ-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/ 2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). ===================== 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (data zvernennia 30.04.2021). 2. Lavreniuk O. Yu. Tsyvilno-pravove rehuliuvannia vidnosyn intelektualnoi vlasnosti u sferi sportu : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk. Odesa, 2019. 236 s. 3. Pro fizychnu kulturu i sport : Zakon Ukrainy vid 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1994. № 14. S. 80. 4. Pro pidtrymku olimpiiskoho, paralimpiiskoho rukhu ta sportu vyshchykh dosiahnen v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2000. № 43. S. 370. 5. Pro antydopinhovyi kontrol u sporti : Zakon Ukrainy vid 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2017. № 11. S. 102. 6. Pro orhanizatsiiu ta provedennia finalnoi chastyny chempionatu Yevropy 2012 roku z futbolu v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2007. № 31. S. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 8. Doroshenko D. O. Zakhyst vid parazytychnoho marketynhu yak odyn z priorytetiv sportyvnoho prava Ukrainy / Tezy dopovidei mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Sportyvne pravo Ukrainy: suchasnyi stan i perspektyvy rozvytku» (19 zhovtnia 2018 roku). Navchalno-naukovyi «Tsentr sportyvnoho prava», Zaporizkyi natsionalnyi universytet, Zaporizhzhia, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 11. Pro zabezpechennia okhorony ta zakhystu prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti UIeFA pid chas provedennia v Ukraini finalnykh matchiv Lihy chempioniv UIeFA ta Lihy chempioniv UIeFA sered zhinok sezonu 2017/2018 : Zakon Ukrainy vid 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2018. № 22. S. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 13. Orhanizatsiia Ob'iednanykh Natsii. Nairobskyi dohovir pro okhoronu Olimpiiskoho symvolu (Nairobi, 26 veresnia 1981 roku). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 14. Mizhnarodnyi Olimpiiskyi komitet. Olimpiiska khartiia 2020 - DidWeDe, Lozanna, Shveitsariia. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 17. Venedyktov V. S. Trudovoe pravo Ukraynы (Obshchaia chast). Kharkov : NUVD, 2004. S. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 19. Haluzeva Uhoda mizh Hromadskoiu spilkoiu «Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy», Obiednanniam profesionalnykh futbolnykh klubiv Ukrainy «Premier-Liha», obiednanniam futbolnykh klubiv «Profesionalna futbolna liha Ukrainy», ta Vseukrainskoiu profesiinoiu spilkoiu «Futbol Ukrainy», Vseukrainskoiu asotsiatsiieiu futbolistiv-profesionaliv u sferi profesionalnoho futbolu Ukrainy na 2017-2022 roky. Kyiv-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 20. Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy. REHLAMENT Federatsii futbolu Ukrainy zi statusu i transferu futbolistiv. Kyiv-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. 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Key words: sports activities, sports activities legal regulation, temporary laws, ambushmarketing, image rights, local rulemaking The article analyses the legal regulation of the use of intellectualproperty in sports activities. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that theincome of the global sports industry is increasingly depending on the use of the intellectualproperty by sports organizations.The author notices that adoption of temporary laws aimed at protecting the intellectualproperty rights of sports organizations who organize major sporting events ina country are distinctive features of sports activities. There were two similar laws inthe Ukrainian legislation. Although these laws contained some gaps, this experienceshould become a basis for the introduction of the concept of ambush marketing on aregular basis in the domestic law.Analysis of international agreements in the sporting sphere shows that nowadaysamong the world sports organizations, only intellectual property of InternationalOlympic Committee has an exclusive basis of protection. At the same time, the factthat in general the use and protection of intellectual property is given too little attentionin international agreements in the field of sports gives greater importance tolocal regulations adopted by sports authorities.According to the established practices of foreign sports organizations, professionalrules and contracts between the athlete and the organization contains mutual restrictionsof the use of a number of intellectual property objects constituting the athlete'simage. To date, in Ukrainian practice, only regulations and contracts of several footballorganizations contain the similar provisions, which at the same time have a numberof shortcomings. One of the issues is terminological ambiguity in image rightslegal phenomena, which is still new to Ukrainian practice, and therefore requires theconsistency of definitions between different sports organizations.Thus, although Ukrainian legislation creates the background for domestic sportsorganizations to benefit from their intellectual property, it still requires the adoptionof some new important definitions. ; Ключові слова: спортивна діяльність, правове регулювання спортивної діяльності,закони тимчасової дії, паразитичний маркетинг, право на образ, іміджеві права,локальна нормотворчість У статті міститься огляд нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють відносини у спор-тивній діяльності в розрізі використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у сферіспорту. На основі аналізу законодавства України, міжнародних договорів і особливостейлокальної нормотворчості визначено проблемні аспекти розпорядження об'єктами праваінтелектуальної власності у вітчизняному спорті. Окреслено світові тенденції, що роз-кривають специфіку використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у спорті таповинні стати орієнтиром для законодавця та спортивних організацій України. Список використаних джерел: 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (дата звернення 30.04.2021). 2. Лавренюк О. Ю. Цивільно-правове регулювання відносин інтелектуальної власності у сфері спорту : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. Одеса, 2019. 236 с. 3. Про фізичну культуру і спорт : Закон України від 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 1994. № 14. С. 80. 4. Про підтримку олімпійського, паралімпійського руху та спорту вищих досягнень в Україні : Закон України від 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2000. № 43. С. 370. 5. Про антидопінговий контроль у спорті : Закон України від 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2017. № 11. С. 102. 6. Про організацію та проведення фінальної частини чемпіонату Європи 2012 року з футболу в Україні : Закон України від 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2007. № 31. С. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 8. Дорошенко Д. О. Захист від паразитичного маркетингу як один з пріоритетів спортивного права України / Тези доповідей міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Спортивне право України: сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку» (19 жовтня 2018 року). Навчально-науковий «Центр спортивного права», Запорізький національний університет, Запоріжжя, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 11. Про забезпечення охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності УЄФА під час проведення в Україні фінальних матчів Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА та Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок сезону 2017/2018 : Закон України від 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2018. № 22. С. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 13. Організація Об'єднаних Націй. Найробський договір про охорону Олімпійського символу (Найробі, 26 вересня 1981 року). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 14. Міжнародний Олімпійський комітет. Олімпійська хартія 2020 - DidWeDe, Лозанна, Швейцарія. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 17. Венедиктов В. С. Трудовое право Украины (Общая часть). Харьков : НУВД, 2004. С. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 19. Галузева Угода між Громадською спілкою «Федерація футболу України», Об'єднанням професіональних футбольних клубів України «Прем'єр-Ліга», об'єднанням футбольних клубів «Професіональна футбольна ліга України», та Всеукраїнською професійною спілкою «Футбол України», Всеукраїнською асоціацією футболістів-професіоналів у сфері професіонального футболу України на 2017-2022 роки. Київ-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 20. Федерація футболу України. РЕГЛАМЕНТ Федерації футболу України зі статусу і трансферу футболістів. Київ-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/ 2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). ===================== 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (data zvernennia 30.04.2021). 2. Lavreniuk O. Yu. Tsyvilno-pravove rehuliuvannia vidnosyn intelektualnoi vlasnosti u sferi sportu : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk. Odesa, 2019. 236 s. 3. Pro fizychnu kulturu i sport : Zakon Ukrainy vid 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1994. № 14. S. 80. 4. Pro pidtrymku olimpiiskoho, paralimpiiskoho rukhu ta sportu vyshchykh dosiahnen v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2000. № 43. S. 370. 5. Pro antydopinhovyi kontrol u sporti : Zakon Ukrainy vid 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2017. № 11. S. 102. 6. Pro orhanizatsiiu ta provedennia finalnoi chastyny chempionatu Yevropy 2012 roku z futbolu v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2007. № 31. S. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 8. Doroshenko D. O. Zakhyst vid parazytychnoho marketynhu yak odyn z priorytetiv sportyvnoho prava Ukrainy / Tezy dopovidei mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Sportyvne pravo Ukrainy: suchasnyi stan i perspektyvy rozvytku» (19 zhovtnia 2018 roku). Navchalno-naukovyi «Tsentr sportyvnoho prava», Zaporizkyi natsionalnyi universytet, Zaporizhzhia, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 11. Pro zabezpechennia okhorony ta zakhystu prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti UIeFA pid chas provedennia v Ukraini finalnykh matchiv Lihy chempioniv UIeFA ta Lihy chempioniv UIeFA sered zhinok sezonu 2017/2018 : Zakon Ukrainy vid 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2018. № 22. S. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 13. Orhanizatsiia Ob'iednanykh Natsii. Nairobskyi dohovir pro okhoronu Olimpiiskoho symvolu (Nairobi, 26 veresnia 1981 roku). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 14. Mizhnarodnyi Olimpiiskyi komitet. Olimpiiska khartiia 2020 - DidWeDe, Lozanna, Shveitsariia. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 17. Venedyktov V. S. Trudovoe pravo Ukraynы (Obshchaia chast). Kharkov : NUVD, 2004. S. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 19. Haluzeva Uhoda mizh Hromadskoiu spilkoiu «Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy», Obiednanniam profesionalnykh futbolnykh klubiv Ukrainy «Premier-Liha», obiednanniam futbolnykh klubiv «Profesionalna futbolna liha Ukrainy», ta Vseukrainskoiu profesiinoiu spilkoiu «Futbol Ukrainy», Vseukrainskoiu asotsiatsiieiu futbolistiv-profesionaliv u sferi profesionalnoho futbolu Ukrainy na 2017-2022 roky. Kyiv-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 20. Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy. REHLAMENT Federatsii futbolu Ukrainy zi statusu i transferu futbolistiv. Kyiv-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. 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La economía ecuatoriana a lo largo de los años ha atravesado un escenario negativo de eventos y acontecimientos que han originado el ascenso del riesgo-país. El objetivo de esta investigación es demostrar el impacto que genera el índice riesgo país en los flujos de inversión directa de la balanza de pagos del Ecuador. El diseño metodológico evidenció un enfoque cuantitativo-predictivo de alcance correlacional, puesto que, se analizó una base de datos con información recabada del Banco Central del Ecuador mediante el software estadístico R-Studio. Se evidenciaron resultados que indican la reducción de inversión extranjera frente a eventuales incrementos en los puntos básicos del índice riesgo-país. En conclusión, la inversión extranjera directa se muestra con una alta sensibilidad ante los eventuales sucesos políticos, macroeconómicos y de inestabilidad social que provoca la alta calificación en los puntos básicos del indicador. Palabras Clave: inversión extranjera, riesgo-país, balanza de pagos. Referencias [1]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Notas metodológicas de la balanza de pagos del Ecuador,» BCE, Quito, 2018. [2]J. Armijos, «Efecto de la inversión extranjera directa en el crecimiento económico en Ecuador,» Revista Económica, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 31-38, 2017. [3]J. López y J. Laverde, «Inversión Extranjera Directa y carga tributaria en Ecuador, periodo 2004-2016,» Valor Agregado, vol. 5, nº 7, pp. 50-53, 2017. [4]G. Rodriguez y D. Forero, «Factores determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa,,» Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, vol. 2, pp. 119-134, 2016. [5]S. Cárdenas y J. Behr, «La inversión extranjera y el riesgo país en el Ecuador, Periodo 2007-2013,» Revista Observatorio de la Economía Latinoamericana,Ecuador, 2016. [6]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Análisis trimestral de labalanza de pagos,» BCE, Quito, 2019. [7]D. Rosillo, Análisis de la inversión extranjera directa en el ecuador, la afectación del índice riesgo país en la captación de inversiones y su incidencia en la economía de las empresas en el período 2007-2010, Quito, 2011. [8]A. Espín y A. Villalva, Análisis de la inversión extranjera directa y sus determinantes en el Ecuador, período 2007-2015, Quito, 2017. [9]O. Cedeño y Á. Mendoza, «Impacto del índice riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa de Ecuador periodo 2016-2018,» Polo de Conocimiento, vol. 5, nº 03, pp. 619-639, 2020. [10]J. Mogrovejo, «Factores determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa en algunos países de Latinoamérica, » Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico, vol. 5, pp. 51-82, 2005. [11]C. Silvia, Impacto del riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa en el Ecuador en el período 2005-2015, Cuenca, 2018. [12]Organización de las Naciones Unidas ONU, «Análisis de las políticas de inversión Ecuador,» de Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas Sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, Nueva York y Ginebra, 2012. [13]J. Espín, A. Córdova, y G. López r,» Retos- Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economia, vol. 6, nº 12, p. 215, 2016. [14]J. Soliz, La inversión extranjera directa en el Ecuador y su incidencia en la economía, periodo 2008–2013, Quito, 2015. [15]E. Zurita, G. González, y E. Borja «Análisis de la dolarización y sus efectos sobre la inversión extranjera directa en Ecuador. Periodo 2000 - 2016,» Bolentín de Coyuntura, vol. 1, p. 4, 2017. [16]OXFAM, «Ecuador 2016 Respuesta al terremoto,» Ecuador, 2017. [17]A. Acosta, El otro riesgo país, Quito-Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2005. [18]L. Domenech y J. Diaz, Análisis de la evolución del riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa ecuatoriana.período 2003 -2007, Guayaquil, 2008. [19]J. Erazo y K. Lindao Riesgo Pais Ecuador: "Principales determinantes y su incidencia", Guayaquil, 2004, pp. 1–77, 2004. [20]C. Larrea, «Crisis, dolarización y pobreza en Ecuador, » Retos para la integración social de los pobres en América Latina, vol. 1, pp. 217-227, 2005. [21]E. G. Montenegro Cueva, «Análisis de riesgo de las acciones de las empresas más representativas que estructuran el mercado de valores del Ecuador,» Quito, 2014. [22]J. M. Wooldridge, Introducción a la econometría. Un enfoque moderno, Michigan : South-Western, 2010. [23]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Información estadística monetarias y financieras mensuales,» 31 03 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/home1/estadisticas/bolmensual/IEMensual.jsp. [Último acceso: 15 07 2020]. [24]J. Galán, «Equilibrios y conjeturas,» Cuadernos del Seminario de Credibilidad Macroeconómica, vol. 1, p.1, 2014. [25]J. S. Santana, «El arte de programar en R,» Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, vol. 1, 2014. [26]L. Mahadeva, «Prueba de raíz unitaria para ayudar a la construcción de un modelo,» Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, vol. 1, p. 54, 2009. [27]H. Catalán, «Econometría y análisis de políticas fiscales, » University of Minnesota, vol. 48. [28]A. Novales, «Modelos vectoriales autoregresivos,» Universidad Complutense, vol. 1, 2017. [29]T. Calagua, «La Metodología del Vector Autorregresivo: Presentación y Algunas Aplicaciones,» Ciencias Empresariales, vol. 2, pp. 103-108, 2010. ; The Ecuadorian economy over the years has gone through a negative scenario of events and events that have caused the rise in country risk. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the impact that the country risk index generates on direct investment flows in Ecuador's balance of payments. The methodological design evidenced a quantitative-predictive approach of correlational scope, since a database with information collected from the Central Bank of Ecuador was analyzed using the statistical software R-Studio. Results were evidenced that indicate the reduction of foreign investment in the face of eventual increases in the basic points of the country risk index. In conclusion, foreign direct investment is highly sensitive to eventual political, macroeconomic and social instability events caused by the high rating in the basic points of the indicator. Keywords: foreign investment, country-risk, balance of payments. References [1]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Notas metodológicas de la balanza de pagos del Ecuador,» BCE, Quito, 2018. [2]J. Armijos, «Efecto de la inversión extranjera directa en el crecimiento económico en Ecuador,» Revista Económica, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 31-38, 2017. [3]J. López and J. Laverde, «Inversión Extranjera Directa y carga tributaria en Ecuador, periodo 2004-2016,» Valor Agregado, vol. 5, nº 7, pp. 50-53, 2017. [4]G. Rodriguez and D. Forero, «Factores determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa,,» Universidad Tecnológica de Bolivar, vol. 2, pp. 119-134, 2016. [5]S. Cárdenas and J. Behr, «La inversión extranjera y el riesgo país en el Ecuador, Periodo 2007-2013,» Revista Observatorio de la Economía Latinoamericana,Ecuador, 2016. [6]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Análisis trimestral de labalanza de pagos,» BCE, Quito, 2019. [7]D. Rosillo, Análisis de la inversión extranjera directa en el ecuador, la afectación del índice riesgo país en la captación de inversiones y su incidencia en la economía de las empresas en el período 2007-2010, Quito, 2011. [8]A. Espín and A. Villalva, Análisis de la inversión extranjera directa y sus determinantes en el Ecuador, período 2007-2015, Quito, 2017. [9]O. Cedeño and Á. Mendoza, «Impacto del índice riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa de Ecuador periodo 2016-2018,» Polo de Conocimiento, vol. 5, nº 03, pp. 619-639, 2020. [10]J. Mogrovejo, «Factores determinantes de la inversión extranjera directa en algunos países de Latinoamérica, » Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico, vol. 5, pp. 51-82, 2005. [11]C. Silvia, Impacto del riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa en el Ecuador en el período 2005-2015, Cuenca, 2018. [12]Organización de las Naciones Unidas ONU, «Análisis de las políticas de inversión Ecuador,» de Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas Sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, Nueva York y Ginebra, 2012. [13]J. Espín, A. Córdova, and G. López r,» Retos- Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economia, vol. 6, nº 12, p. 215, 2016. [14]J. Soliz, La inversión extranjera directa en el Ecuador y su incidencia en la economía, periodo 2008–2013, Quito, 2015. [15]E. Zurita, G. González, and E. Borja «Análisis de la dolarización y sus efectos sobre la inversión extranjera directa en Ecuador. Periodo 2000 - 2016,» Bolentín de Coyuntura, vol. 1, p. 4, 2017. [16]OXFAM, «Ecuador 2016 Respuesta al terremoto,» Ecuador, 2017. [17]A. Acosta, El otro riesgo país, Quito-Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2005. [18]L. Domenech and J. Diaz, Análisis de la evolución del riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa ecuatoriana.período 2003 -2007, Guayaquil, 2008. [19]J. Erazo and K. Lindao Riesgo Pais Ecuador: "Principales determinantes y su incidencia", Guayaquil, 2004, pp. 1–77, 2004. [20]C. Larrea, «Crisis, dolarización y pobreza en Ecuador, » Retos para la integración social de los pobres en América Latina, vol. 1, pp. 217-227, 2005. [21]E. G. Montenegro Cueva, «Análisis de riesgo de las acciones de las empresas más representativas que estructuran el mercado de valores del Ecuador,» Quito, 2014. [22]J. M. Wooldridge, Introducción a la econometría. Un enfoque moderno, Michigan : South-Western, 2010. [23]Banco Central del Ecuador, «Información estadística monetarias y financieras mensuales,» 31 03 2020. [Online]. Available: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/home1/estadisticas/bolmensual/IEMensual.jsp. [Last access: July 15, 2020]. [24]J. Galán, «Equilibrios y conjeturas,» Cuadernos del Seminario de Credibilidad Macroeconómica, vol. 1, p.1, 2014. [25]J. S. Santana, «El arte de programar en R,» Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua, vol. 1, 2014. [26]L. Mahadeva, «Prueba de raíz unitaria para ayudar a la construcción de un modelo,» Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, vol. 1, p. 54, 2009. [27]H. Catalán, «Econometría y análisis de políticas fiscales, » University of Minnesota, vol. 48. [28]A. Novales, «Modelos vectoriales autoregresivos,» Universidad Complutense, vol. 1, 2017. [29]T. Calagua, «La Metodología del Vector Autorregresivo: Presentación y Algunas Aplicaciones,» Ciencias Empresariales, vol. 2, pp. 103-108, 2010.
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by the City of Dripping Springs to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory survey and assessment of the proposed Dripping Springs Wastewater System Improvements Project (EID 1) in Dripping Springs, Hays County, Texas (USACE Project No. SWF-2020-00075). This survey represents the first phase of a larger project involving the proposed construction of wastewater system improvements in Dripping Springs. The current phase of the project would involve three separate components—the West Interceptor segment, which extends approximately 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles) in length along Onion Creek west of Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 12; the Reclaimed Water Line segment, which extends approximately 1.3 kilometers (0.8 mile) in length between Needham Road and the intersection of FM 12 and FM 150; an approximately 2.3-hectare (5.7-acre) effluent pond located south of an existing water reclamation facility south of FM 150; and the proposed expansion of the existing water reclamation facility adjacent to the proposed effluent pond, which together cover 3.3 hectares (8.0 acres). The linear rights-of-way (ROW) of proposed pipeline segments would measure a maximum of 30.5 meters (100.0 feet) in width, and the proposed project components would cover a combined area of approximately 18.5 hectares (45.6 acres). The proposed undertaking would be sponsored by the City of Dripping Springs, a public subdivision of the state of Texas. As a political subdivision of the state of Texas, the project would fall under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Natural Resources Code, Title 9, Chapter 191). In addition, the project would utilize funding provided by the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program, which is a federal-state partnership between the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the state of Texas. As the US EPA is a federal agency, the project would also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966, as amended. As the proposed project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking, the project sponsor is required to provide the Texas Historical Commission (THC), which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for the state of Texas, with an opportunity to review and comment on the project's potential to adversely affect historic properties listed on or considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under the NHPA and for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) under the Antiquities Code of Texas. From October 1 to 3, on November 4, and on November 22, 2019, Horizon archeologists Jesse Dalton, McKinzie Froese, Amy Goldstein, Elizabeth Sefton, and Jared Wiersema conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area, including pedestrian walkover with shovel testing and backhoe trenching. The survey was performed under the supervision of Jeffrey D. Owens, who served as Principal Investigator, under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 9114. The purpose of the survey was to locate any significant cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon's archeologists traversed the project area on foot and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. Overall, vegetation across the entire project area generally consisted of short- to medium-length grasses interspersed with mature live oak and cedar trees, which afforded fair to good ground surface visibility (30 to 60%). Within the riparian zone of Onion Creek, vegetation consisted of tall, dense grass and mature honey mesquite, cedar, live oak, and hackberry trees, which provided poor ground surface visibility (<30%). The West Interceptor segment runs along the gravelly terraces of Onion Creek. Topographically, this segment of the project area consists of steep limestone steps and rocky outcrops that give way to flat, open fields. The proposed interceptor crosses Onion Creek at three locations, and the lower stream terraces of the creek have extensive gravel bars and debris associated with high-energy flooding. Soil profiles typically consist of a shallow A horizon of hard, calcareous clay loam underlain by dense gravelly deposits; however, in the southeastern portion of the West Interceptor, deeper clayey loam alluvium underlain by limestone bedrock was encountered. The Reclaimed Water Line segment traverses the west-facing hillslopes of upland ridges east of Onion Creek. Approximately the southeastern half of this segment of the project area would be constructed within the existing ROW of FM 12 west of the roadway, and construction, use, and ongoing maintenance of the roadway and associated facilities has resulted in extensive prior disturbances. Evidence of ground disturbance resulting from land clearing for housing developments and a transmission line were also noted within the northwestern portion of the proposed Reclaimed Water Line segment. The far northwestern end of the proposed Reclaimed Water Line segment skims the edge of the floodplain associated with a tributary of Onion Creek. Sediments on the terraces of this stream channel consist of calcareous loamy alluvial deposits, while soils across the upland portions of the segment consist of shallow deposits of gravelly clay and clay loam underlain by naturally degrading limestone bedrock. The water reclamation facility expansion and effluent pond segment are located on the upper terraces northeast of Onion Creek. The water reclamation facility is an existing industrial facility surrounded by septic fields, and prior disturbances from construction, use, and ongoing maintenance of the facility are extensive. The proposed expansion area to the north of the existing facility is currently utilized as a septic field. Sediments within this segment of the project area consist of shallow, gravelly, calcareous loamy to clayey loam alluvium underlain by naturally degrading limestone bedrock. In addition to a pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of 16 subsurface shovel tests per 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mile) for each 30.5-meter- (100.0-foot-) wide transect (or fraction thereof) for linear surveys unless field conditions warrant more shovel tests (e.g., in cultural high-probability areas) or fewer shovel tests (e.g., on steep slopes, in areas with excellent ground surface visibility). For block-area surveys, the TSMASS require two shovel tests per 0.4 hectare (1.0 acre) for project areas between 1.2 and 4.0 hectares (3.0 and 10.0 acres) in size. As such, a minimum of 37 shovel tests would be required within the West Interceptor segment, 13 shovel tests would be required within the Reclaimed Water Line segment, and 16 shovel tests would be required within the proposed water reclamation facility expansion and effluent pond area, for a total of 66 shovel tests for the project area as a whole. Horizon excavated a total of 106 shovel tests during the survey, including 82 shovel tests within the West Interceptor segment, 13 shovel tests within the Reclaimed Water Line segment, and 11 shovel tests within the facility expansion and effluent pond area. The shovel tests within the proposed facility expansion and effluent pond area were not all excavated directly within the final proposed construction footprint as the boundaries of this portion of the project area had not been firmly determined at the time of the survey, and no shovel tests were excavated within the existing water reclamation facility due to the extent of observable prior disturbances within this area. Overall, Horizon exceeded the minimum number of shovel tests required for the project area as a whole, and it is Horizon's opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain subsurface archeological deposits (with the exception noted below where backhoe trenches were excavated along a portion of the West Interceptor segment). In addition to shovel testing, Horizon excavated four backhoe trenches within the southeastern portion of the proposed West Interceptor segment. The trenches were excavated at roughly 100.0-meter (328.0-foot) intervals along the proposed centerline to depths ranging from 105.0 to 350.0 centimeters (41.3 to 137.8 inches) below surface. Sediments observed within trench profiles typically consisted of moderately deep deposits of grayish-brown fine clay loam over yellowish-brown fine sandy loam. Dense deposits of river cobbles and/or naturally degrading limestone bedrock were observed at the base of three of the four trenches, and it is Horizon's opinion that backhoe trenching was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain archeological deposits. One chert flake was recorded in a shovel test (ST AG30) at a depth of 0.0 to 30.0 centimeters (0.0 to 11.8 inches) below surface at the far northwestern end of the West Interceptor project segment. Supplemental delineation shovel tests excavated around this initial discovery failed to produce any additional evidence of prehistoric cultural activity at this location, so the chert flake was recorded as an isolated artifact occurrence but was not documented as an archeological site. No other cultural resources of prehistoric or historic age were recorded within the project area during the pedestrian survey, shovel testing, or backhoe trenching. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26 or for inclusion in the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of "no historic properties affected," and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the THC should be notified immediately. Following completion of the project, all project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL).
Echocardiography has become an indispensable tool for the study of heart performance, improving the monitoring of individuals with cardiac diseases. Diverse genetic factors associated with echocardiographic measures have been previously reported. The impact of several apoptotic genes in heart development identified in experimental models prompted us to assess their potential association with human cardiac function. This study aimed at investigating the possible association of variants of apoptotic genes with echocardiographic traits and to identify new genetic markers associated with cardiac function. Genome wide data from different studies were obtained from public repositories. After quality control and imputation, a meta-analysis of individual association study results was performed. Our results confirmed the role of caspases and other apoptosis related genes with cardiac phenotypes. Moreover, enrichment analysis showed an over-representation of genes, including some apoptotic regulators, associated with Alzheimer's disease. We further explored this unexpected observation which was confirmed by genetic correlation analyses. Our findings show the association of apoptotic gene variants with echocardiographic indicators of heart function and reveal a novel potential genetic link between echocardiographic measures in healthy populations and cognitive decline later on in life. These findings may have important implications for preventative strategies combating Alzheimer's disease. ; General. Data collection and sharing for this project was partially funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. For the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp19content/uploads/how_to_apply/ADNI_Acknowledgement_List.pdf. The AddNeuroMed data are from a public-private partnership supported by EFPIA companies and SMEs as part of InnoMed (Innovative Medicines in Europe), an Integrated Project funded by the European Union of the Sixth Framework program priority FP6-2004-LIFESCIHEALTH-5. Clinical leads responsible for data collection are Iwona Kłoszewska (Lodz), Simon Lovestone (London), Patrizia Mecocci (Perugia), Hilkka Soininen (Kuopio), Magda Tsolaki (Thessaloniki), and Bruno Vellas (Toulouse), imaging leads are Andy Simmons (London), Lars-Olad Wahlund (Stockholm) and Christian Spenger (Zurich) and bioinformatics leads are Richard Dobson (London) and Stephen Newhouse (London). This dataset was downloaded from Synapse (https://doi.org/10.7303/syn2790911). Funding support for the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) was provided through the NIA Division of Neuroscience (U01-AG032984). This study was downloaded from NIH dbGaP repository (phs000372.v1). The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham (N01-HC95095 & N01-HC48047), University of Minnesota (N01-HC48048), Northwestern University (N01-HC48049), and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (N01-HC48050). This manuscript was not approved by CARDIA. The opinions and conclusions contained in this publication are solely those of the authors, and are not endorsed by CARDIA or the NHLBI and should not be assumed to reflect the opinions or conclusions of either. Genotyping for the CARDIA GENEVA cohort was supported by grant U01 HG004729 from the National Human Genome Research Institute. This study was downloaded from NIH dbGaP repository (phs000285.v3.p2). The Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01-HC85079, N01-HC-85080, N01-HC-85081, N01-HC-85082, N01-HC-85083, N01-HC-85084, N01-HC-85085, N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133, and N01-HC-85239; grant numbers U01 HL080295 and U01 HL130014 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and R01 AG-023629 from the National Institute on Aging, with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at https://chs-nhlbi.org/pi. This manuscript was not prepared in collaboration with CHS investigators and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of CHS or the NHLBI. Support for the genotyping through the CARe Study was provided by NHLBI Contract N01-HC-65226. This study was downloaded from NIH dbGaP repository (phs000287.v5.p1). The Framingham Heart Study is conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with Boston University (Contract No. N01-HC-25195 and HHSN268201500001I). This manuscript was not prepared in collaboration with investigators of the Framingham Heart Study and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the Framingham Heart Study, Boston University, or NHLBI. "Funding for SHARe Affymetrix genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02-HL64278. SHARe Illumina genotyping was provided under an agreement between Illumina and Boston University. Funding for Affymetrix genotyping of the FHS Omni cohorts was provided by Intramural NHLBI funds from Andrew D. Johnson and Christopher J. O'Donnell. This dataset was obtained from the NIH dbGaP repository (phs000007.v29.p10). The genotypic and associated phenotypic data used in the study, "Multi-Site Collaborative Study for Genotype-Phenotype Associations in Alzheimer's Disease (GenADA)" were provided by the GlaxoSmithKline, R&D Limited. The datasets used for analyses described in this manuscript were obtained from NIH dbGaP repository (phs000219.v1.p1). The Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Studies, led by Dr. Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner and Dr. Steven G. Younkin, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL using samples from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank. Data collection was supported through funding by NIA grants P50 AG016574, R01 AG032990, U01 AG046139, R01 AG018023, U01 AG006576, U01 AG006786, R01 AG025711, R01 AG017216, R01 AG003949, NINDS grant R01 NS080820, CurePSP Foundation, and support from Mayo Foundation. This dataset was downloaded from Synapse (https://doi.org/10.7303/syn5550404). The MESA study was supported by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168 and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and by grants UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420 from NCATS. The authors thank the other investigators, the staff, and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. This dataset was obtained from the NIH dbGaP repository (phs000209.v6.p2). The Neocodex-Murcia study was funded by the Fundación Alzheimur (Murcia), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Gobierno de España), Corporación Tecnológica de Andalucía and Agencia IDEA (Consejería de Innovación, Junta de Andalucía). The Diabetes Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Foundation. University Hospital Clínico San Carlos has been supported by CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM); CIBERDEM is an ISCIII Project. The ROS/MAP study data were provided by the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. Data collection was supported through funding by NIA grants P30AG10161, R01AG15819, R01AG17917, R01AG30146, R01AG36836, U01AG32984, U01AG46152, the Illinois Department of Public Health, and the Translational Genomics Research Institute. This dataset was downloaded from Synapse (https://doi.org/10.7303/syn3219045). The TGEN study was supported by Kronos Life Sciences Laboratories, the National Institute on Aging (Arizona Alzheimer's Disease Center P30 AG19610, RO1 AG023193, Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Center P50 AG16574, and Intramural Research Program), the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (U01 AG016976), and the state of Arizona. TGEN investigators provided free access to genotype data to other researchers via Coriell Biorepositories (http://www.coriell.org). The results published here are in part based on data obtained from the AMP-AD Knowledge Portal accessed at https://doi.org/10.7303/syn2580853. D.S. research is supported by Grant 20153810 from Fundació La Marató de TV3 and Grant SAF2013-44942-R from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and, with J.X.C., Grant 2009SGR-346 from the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) from the Government of Catalonia. A.B. has a predoctoral contract from Fundació La Marató de TV3. A.R. research is also supported by grants PI13/02434 and PI16/01861. Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National R&D&I Plan and financed by ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF – "A way to make Europe"), by Fundación banca "La Caixa" and Grifols SA (GR@ACE project). This work was also partly supported by the ADAPTED consortium, which has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 115975. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations.
Film, curated exhibition + curated events (Nocturnal Creatures, Refugee Tales, Text Messages, Anti-university game play) On Loop: Civil Rites (2017, 28mins) Thank the following institutions and individuals who have lent campaigning materials from their collections: Holly Antrum, Andrew Cooper, Anton Califano, Aysen Dennis, Anita Gray, Tina Grace, Dan Jones, David Herd, Cee-J Hutchinson, London Action Resource Centre Archive, Alessio Lunghi, Lindis Percy, Noor Afshan Mirza, Anna Pincus, Refugee Tales, AnnRobinson, Juliet Jaques, NinaScott, Emma Sangster, Stanley Schtinter, Shiri Shalmi, Refugee Tales, Berna Vardar, Class War, Cathy Ward and those who wish to remain anonymous --- The collection of banners and posters from Greenham Common are dedicated to Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp co- founder Helen John who died in 2017. Black Women Will Not Be Intimidated, 1980–81; Take a Pill Mrs Brown, 1977 12 Women's Day March, 1975; Posters from See Red Women's Workshop (1974–90). The organisation ran collective poster making workshops in support of the women's liberation movement, countering negative images of women in advertising and the media. Their first commission was for International Women's Day in 1975 and they subsequently supported campaigns raging from healthcare politics to racial equality. Precarity PingPong, 2004; Poster for Precarity Ping Pong, a series of events organised by Greenpepper Magazine, Amsterdam and Mute Magazine, London, which explored issues of labour and precarity. Social Housing Not Social Cleansing, 2015; Poster made by artist Nina Scott for housing campaigning group Focus E15 Posters for The Women's Strike Assembly, a coalition of autonomous feminist groups organising around issues of paid and reproductive labour, trans and sex workers rights, gender violence and access to services. Sex / Work Strike, 2018, Women's Strike, 2018, There's No Liberation Without Trans Liberation, 2018, Women's Strike, 2018 Flyer for Peace News Issue 2443: Gender and Militarism, 2001; Poster for International Women's Day published in Peace News, 2012; Peace News is a community organised newspaper, established in 1936, that promotes peace and justice causes. A 2012 issue included a poster to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the women-led 'Bread and Roses' strike, in which 25,000 textile workers in the town of Lawrence, Massachusetts, USA, protested for fairer wages and better living conditions. Leaflet for JENGbA,2017; JENGbA (Joint Enterprise: Not Guilty by Association) campaigns on behalf of prisoners and their families against convictions brought under controversial joint enterprise laws. Landlord Gangster,c.2015; We Want Secure Homes Now for Everyone, c. 2015; Posters gathered by Andrea Luka Zimmerman during housing protests Advance to Mayfair, 2016; Posters used in protests against the sale and redevelopment of social housing made by Class War, an anarchist newspaper and activist group set up in 1983. We Love our Home, which is why we support the Ayelsbury Occupation, 2015; Ayelsbury Occupation poster by Andrew Cooper, andrewcooper-unseen.org GentrificationWatch, 2015; This Area is Under Community Protection: Stop Evictions, c. 2015; Anti-Gentrification posters from the collection of Aysen Dennis. A feminist and anarchist, Dennis founded a campaign in 2000 to ght against the redevelopment of the South London Aylsebury Estate and the displacement of her community. Carnival Against Capital, 1999; The Carnival Against Capital, held on 18 June 1999, was an international day of protest timed to coincide with the 25th G8summit in Cologne, Germany. NO, 2003; Campaigning materials for Stop the War Coalition. Founded in September 2001 in the weeks following 9/11 and George W. Bush announcement of the 'war on terror', Stop the War Coalition has campaigned to prevent and end the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and elsewhere. Artist, writer and activist David Gentleman designed a range of graphics featuring a red blood spatter. No War for Oil! c. 2004 Gin For Everyone: Plan C London, 2016; Poster designed for anti-capitalist organisation Plan C. The pink cocktail refers to the drinks served during Plan C London's monthly meetings, a gesture of decadence and luxury that counters the perceived frugality of other leftist groups Greenham Women Against Cruise: Take President Reagan to Court in the USA, 1983; Thousands of Women will Reclaim GreenhamCommon,1983; Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp was a peace camp established in 1981 to protest at nuclear weapons being sited at RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire, England Nothing to Lose but our Chains, 2017; Baby grow worn by baby Gabriel. The clothing was printed by the South London group of Sisters Uncut, who campaign on behalf of domestic violence survivors. Gabriel and his mother were housed as a result of Sisters Uncut meetings with the council. This is Privatised Space, 2016; Balloon printed with anti-capitalist message. Balloons were released by artist and activist Richard DeDominici at locations throughout Newcastle upon Tyne as a playful protest action. Found in London. AdSpaceHackPack, 2015; Toolkit for removing and replacing commercial advertising, designed by anti-capitalist collective Special Patrol Group. --- From LARC (London Action Resource Center) archive: This Election Use Your Cross Wisely, 2010 (LARC) Bring on The Cuts, 2010–15 (LARC) Welcome to WhitechApel: An Invitation., Unknown date; Campaigning materials from the Whitechapel Anarchist Group MayDay,2003; MayDay,2000; MayDayActionGuide,2003; Flyers for London May Day protests Reclaim the what??, 1991–2003; Reclaim the streets, 1991–2003; Posters used by Reclaim the Streets, a collective that promotes the community ownership of public spaces, founded in 1991. Please obstruct privatisation, c. 2007 We are more powerful than they can possibly imagine, 2000s Fracking is coming to the UK!!! Together we can stop it, 2017; Flyer for environmental campaigners Frack Off Storm the Banks!, 2009; Anti-capitalist poster for protests that accompanied the 2009 G20 summit held in London Who Killed Altab Ali, Never Forget Altab Ali, Bangladeshi Altab Ali was 24 years old when he was killed by members of the National Front in a racist attack on 4 May 1978. Since then, commemorations have been held annually on this day in addition to a wide range of campaigning activities that honour his memory and promote anti-racist causes. Banner by Dan Jones --- More banners: Gatwick Detainees Welfare Group Quilt, 2014; Quilt made as the result of a community sewing project with the Gatwick Detainees Welfare Group. School children, detained and formerly detained asylum seekers and volunteers contributed patchwork panels featuring images of journey and friendship. The project was organised by Refugee Tales, an organisation promoting the rights of refugees Out of Order, 2018; Banner printed on an upside-down US flag by Lindis Percy, co-founder of the Campaign for the Accountability of American Bases. In 2001 Percy was initially ned after conducting a protest at a U.S. Air Force station in Norfolk, East Anglia. She subsequently brought a landmark case in the UK High Court, which granted legal authority to use and 'deface' the U.S. flag. Thank you Schtinter. Battersea CND,1985; Banner made by Battersea's CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) Group and used at Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, a peace camp established in 1981 to protest at nuclear weapons being sited at RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire, England. Stairs Right Wall SexWorkisWork, 2018; Banner for The Women's Strike Assembly, a coalition of autonomous feminist groups organising around issues of paid and reproductive labour, trans and sex workers rights, gender violence and access to services. Stairs Left Wall JusticeForCleaners,2017; Banner made by United Voices of the World, an independent member- led trade union that organises for precarious workers, mainly in service industries. This banner was used as part of a successful campaign at the London School of Economics where cleaners, many of whom were low paid migrant workers, fought to be employed in-house rather than through a private contractor. Stairs Middle Wall LIARS, 2016; Banner used at the March for Europe on 2nd July 2016, shortly after the Brexit referendum. The slogan 'liars' was printed in response to pledges made during the referendum campaign. --- EVENTS: 9 July 2018 Are Rites Your Responsibility? Gallery visit and game play. A visit to artist and cultural activist Andrea Luka Zimmerman's screening room and installation (including key texts from 1968 and London protest banners from across the decades), part of the London Open 2018 at the Whitechapel Gallery. The central work is Andrea's 2017 film Civil Rites, an exploration of radical Newcastle and the political and social legacy of Martin Luther King's visit in 1967. The film is 28 minutes long. Game play: Part of the exhibition is the 1980s game 'Roots and Bootstraps' developed by feminist and anti-racist activist Pat Garrett (also founding member of the 1980s queer punk band The Frigging Little Bits) exploring class privilege. The game board is hand-drawn, and its rules and moves are designed to prompt discussion about social mobility, opportunity and allegiances. The game is based on first hand experiences and this play hopes to make a current version of it for 2018. Andrea Luka Zimmerman will talk about how the Civil Rites project came together, and one of the activist groups lending a banner may speak about their current campaign. --- 11 July 2018 Refugee Tales - Whitechapel Gallery 3- 3.30pm On the final day of its 2018 walk, the Refugee Tales project, which walks in solidarity with refugees, asylum seekers and detainees, paused at the gallery to recite articles from The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, marking its 70th anniversary. This special happening coincides with Andrea Luka Zimmerman's presentation in the exhibition of Civil Rites (2018). The film takes Martin Luther King's honorary doctorate acceptance speech at the University of Newcastle in 1967 as the point of departure for a timely meditation on contemporary social justice movements. Continuing its call for an end to indefinite detention, Refugee Tales 2018 runs from 7-11 July. --- 21 July 2018 Nocturnal Creatures - Whitechapel Gallery 8-10pm A shared reading that echoes Luka Zimmerman's film Civil Rights, exploring how poverty, racism and war continue to haunt our lives. Readings by Aysen Dennis, Evan Ifekoya, So Mayer, Liberty Anthony Sadler, Daniella Shreir and Andrea Luka Zimmerman.
Congressmember Sam Farr (born July 4, 1941) represented California's Central Coast in the United States House of Representatives for twenty-three years until his retirement from office in 2016. Farr also served six years as a member of the Monterey County Board of Supervisors and twelve years in the California State Assembly. This oral history, a transcript of twenty-five hours of interviews conducted by Irene Reti, director of the UCSC Library's Regional History Project, during the period immediately before and after Farr's retirement from Congress, covers Farr's political career and much of his personal history. Sam Farr was born into a family that extends back five generations in California. His father's grandfather was the brother of Senator William Sharon, who arrived in San Francisco during the Gold Rush. On his mother's (Janet Haskins) side, Farr also has deep California roots; his mother's father, Sam Haskins, was a regent for the University of California and a prominent liberal lawyer in Los Angeles. Sam's father, Fred Farr, was an attorney and served as a California state senator from Carmel from 1955 to 1966. He was the first Democrat in forty-three years elected to represent the Central Coast. Senator Fred Farr was a pioneer in both social justice and environmental protection and well-known on the national political scene. While Farr was inspired by both of his parents, he had no early aspirations for a career in legislative politics like his father. He was mostly raised in Carmel, California (after the family spent some time on the East Coast and in Puerto Rico) before it became an expensive tourist town. The young Sam Farr discovered a love for the natural environment while roaming through the hills and along the beaches of the Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Valley. His mother gave him a love for the outdoors and for gardening. At Carmel High School, he found a mentor in his biology teacher, Enid Larson. His life plan at that time was to study biology in college and return to Carmel to teach high school. Farr struggled with undiagnosed dyslexia during his youth and later became a passionate advocate for people with this then-unrecognized disability. He graduated from Carmel High School in 1959 and journeyed north to earn his BA in biology at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. After graduation, Farr served in the Peace Corps in Medellín, Colombia in 1964, where he honed community development skills, in an experience that was to be one of the most formative of his life. But it was also while he was in the Peace Corps that Farr's life was forever altered by two terrible tragedies that afflicted his family. The first was the unexpected death of his mother from cancer; the second was a horrendous horseback riding accident that killed his sister, Nancy, while the family was visiting Sam in Colombia. In this oral history, Farr speaks with candor and remarkable emotional courage about the effect these two events had on his trajectory. This was the point where he had an epiphany and decided to dedicate himself to fighting the war on poverty through a career in public service, a path that eventually led him to a career as a U.S. congressmember. After a brief stint in law school at Santa Clara University, Farr worked as professional staff in the California Assembly for the next decade. He served under the longtime legislative analyst Alan Post, helping write cost-effectiveness studies of categorical education programs. Later he became staff to the Constitutional Revision Commission. While he was a staffer, in 1972 Farr helped organize a groundbreaking and now legendary coastal bike ride from San Francisco to San Diego, to raise awareness and support for Proposition 20, the Coastal Zone Conservation Act, which resulted in the California Coastal Commission. Farr was developing valuable experience as a staffer in the California State Legislature, but he yearned to return to Carmel and serve in local politics. That opportunity presented itself in 1975, when there was a sudden vacancy on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors which needed to be filled by an appointment from then-governor Jerry Brown. With humor and love, Sam tells the story of how he ended up (successfully) vying with his father for that appointment. The next year (1976) he ran for official election to secure that office. Farr served as a Monterey County Supervisor, representing District 5 from 1975 to 1980. As a supervisor, he helped accomplished many things, including writing the Master Plan for Big Sur; developing the Carmel Highlands Master Plan; the Pebble Beach Master Plan; and the Master Plan for the Carmel Valley. Farr also chaired the Monterey Bay regional planning body, LAFCO [Local Agency Formation Commission] and spearheaded the creation of the Monterey Peninsula Water Management District, leading a historic breakthrough in the regionalization of water management in California. During this period, Farr formed a powerful organizational alliance across the bay with Santa Cruz activists, including Santa Cruz County Supervisor Gary Patton, to stop oil drilling on the Central Coast. This alliance later blossomed into the groundbreaking effort to create the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. In 1980, another chapter began when Farr was elected to the California State Assembly, representing the 27th Assembly District. While in the assembly, Farr authored the 1990 California Organic Standards Act (COFA), which established standards for organic food production and sales in California. This groundbreaking legislation became one of the models for the National Organic Program's federal organic standards and is one of the reasons why the international organic farming movement considers Sam Farr one of its heroes. While in the assembly, Farr also wrote one of the country's strictest oil spill liability laws and the California Ocean Resources Management Act (CORMA). Both the Humane Society and PETA have honored Farr for his lifelong work on behalf of animal rights; while in the assembly he worked on a bill banning certain types of steel-jawed animal traps; a bill increasing state regulations on the transportation of horses to slaughterhouses; and a bill banning the purchase of dogs in California from puppy mills. During Farr's period in the California State Assembly he also worked on issues such as banning corporal punishment in public schools; requiring the labeling of all agricultural products sold in California by their country of origin; and authorizing the installation of ignition interlock ("Breathalyzer") devices in automobiles operated by drivers with DUI convictions. In this section of the oral history, Farr also reflects on changes during that period of California electoral politics and shares his firsthand impressions of Governors Jerry Brown, Ronald Reagan, George Deukmejian, and Pete Wilson, as well as Speaker of the House Willie Brown. An unexpected opportunity arose in 1993 when Congressmember Leon Panetta, who was representing Farr's district in the U.S. House of Representatives, was tapped by the incoming Clinton administration to serve as director of the Office of Management and Budget. After days of deliberation, Farr decided to run in the special election. As state assemblymember, Farr was already deeply involved in the Fort Ord Resuse Authority (FORA), which had been targeted for closure by the BRAC (Base Realignment and Closure) Commission in 1991. Part of Farr's motivation for running for Congress was that he believed that as a U.S. congressmember he would be better able to help secure a university on the site of Fort Ord. Farr would indeed be successful in this endeavor; in 1994 California State University, Monterey Bay opened on the site, an institution that is near and dear to him today. He had other visions for Fort Ord as well, some of which were realized and some of which were not, and discusses Fort Ord extensively in this narrative. This oral history provides a colorful, up-close, and sometimes painful view of the myriad of complex issues Congress engaged with during the twelve terms Farr served, including (but certainly not restricted to) the North American Free Trade Agreement, gay marriage, the terrorist acts of 9/11; the war in Iraq, the passage of Obamacare, immigration rights, organic farming standards, the U.S. relationship with Cuba, ongoing controversies over gun control, and ocean and land conservation. One of Farr's most lasting legacies will be his leadership in the area of ocean conservation. He authored many bills on behalf of ocean health, including the Oceans Conservation, Education, and National Strategy for the 21st Century Act ("OCEANS 21") which recommended having a national policy on the oceans similar to the national policies set forth in the Clean Air Act. He shares his fond recollections of the groundbreaking White House Conference on the Oceans which took place in Monterey, California on the steps of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Farr authored the Southern Sea Otter Recovery and Research Act, to establish a program of research and other activities to aid the recovery of the southern sea otter. Through his sponsorship of the Marine Debris Act Amendments of 2012, Farr created a NOAA program that uses innovative solutions to protect marine ecosystems and coastal communities from the hazards of marine debris. He introduced the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act of 2015, to establish an Ocean Acidification Advisory Board of diverse experts to analyze and help guide policy on this important ocean issue. Farr was also a founding member and chair of the House Oceans Caucus. Both the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Exploration Center have honored Farr's lifelong contributions to ocean conservation. On shore, Farr leaves quite an extensive legacy of parks he helped establish on the Central Coast, including Pinnacles National Park, created from the former Pinnacles National Monument by legislation introduced by Farr into Congress in 2012, and signed into law by President Barack Obama in January of 2013. Someone once asked Farr what he wanted to be remembered for and he replied, "I guess, if you look at all the parks I created as a supervisor, parks I created as a state legislator, and parks I created, including a national park, as a congressman—I'm the parks guy. The John Muir of the Central Coast."
VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – Habilitated doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: general educology, education and spiritual development of personality, methodology of educational research. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: aramaviciute@gmail.comMARTYNA BAKAITĖ – Master student in Education at Vilnius University. Research interests: adult education, digital culture, language didactics. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: martyna.bakaitė@gmail.comJURATE ČERNEVIČIŪTĖ – Doctor of Humanities (Philosophy), Professor at the Department of Creative Entrepreneurship and Communication, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: communication, cultural and media studies, creative industries, innovations. Address: 26/1 Pylimo Str., LT-01132 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: jurate.cerneviciute@vgtu.ltMIGLĖ DOVYDAITIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at the Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: consultancy theory and practice, family crises prevention, short-term therapy, conflict resolution. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: migle.dovydaitiene@fsf.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor and the Head of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: education philosophy, education policy, multicultural education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltOLGA ILJINA – PhD student of Social Sciences (Education) at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education sociology, social justice in education, grounded theory. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: olgailjina@gmail.comŽILVINAS JANČORAS – Head of Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: creative industries, innovations, innovation management, business models. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zilvinas.jancoras@vgtu.ltALBINAS KALVAITIS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Sociology), Education Development Centre's methodologist. Research interests: education sociology, education management, general education. Address: 44 M. Katkaus Str., LT-09217 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: albinaskalvaitis@gmail.comRUSNĖ KREGŽDAITĖ – PhD student of Social Sciences (Economics); junior researcher at the Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: creative industries, economics of culture, econometrical analysis. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rusne.kregzdaite@vgtu.ltELVYDA MARTIŠAUSKIENĖ – Habilitated Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at Department of Education, Vilnius University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: general educology, methodology of moral and spiritual research. Address: 39 Studentų Str., LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: martisauskiene@gmail.comVAIDAS MORKEVIČIUS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Sociology), Researcher at the Creative Innovation Lab, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: social survey, social science methods, qualitative comparative analysis, applied statistics and data analytics. Address: 5-35 Linkmenų Str., Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vaidas.morkevicius@vgtu.ltŽIGIMANTAS PEČIŪRA – Master student, Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational psychology, psychology of career. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zigpec@gmail.comVAIDA PLATKEVIČIŪTĖ – Student, Department of General psychology, Vilnius University. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania.BIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Psychology), Associate Professor at the Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational psychology, psychology of career choice, learning. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltGIEDRĖ JUDITA RASTAUSKIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: socioeducational research analysis. Address: 6 Sporto Str., LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address:giedre.rastauskiene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: history of education, anthropology of education, education and culture, gender and education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: irena.stonkuviene@fsf.vu.ltROLANDAS STRAZDAS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Management), Researcher at the Institute of Open Source Research, Associate Professor at the Mechanical Engineering Department, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests: innovation management, process improvement, collective creativity, creative industries. Address: 11 Saulėtekio Ave., LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rolandas.strazdas@vgtu.ltSAULIUS ŠUKYS – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Head of the Department of Health, Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: peculiarities of prosocial children behavior in physical activity. Address: 6 Sporto Str., LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address: saulius.sukys@lsu.ltMARIA TILK – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Associate Professor at the Department of Educational Sciences, Tallinn University. Research interests: history of education, narrative. Address: Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn 10120, Estonia; e-mail address: maria.tilk@tlu.eeSVETLANA VASILIONOK – Master student in Education at Vilnius University. Research interests: Lithuanian language teaching in minority schools, Eastern philosophy, the visual arts in teaching and learning. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: svetlana.vasilionok@gmail.comEDITA VAINIENĖ – PhD student of Social Sciences (Education) of Sports and Movement Science Center, Lithuanian Sports University. Research interests: physical culture, identity of specialists of physical education and sports. Address: Sporto Str. 6, LT–44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; e-mail address: editavaina@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Lecturer at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: philosophy of education, musical education, phenomenology in education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vitavensl@gmail.comCHARL C. WOLHUTER – Professor in Comparative and International Education, North-West University. Research interests: teaching of comparative education, theory of comparative education, teacher education, higher education in Africa. Address: North-West University Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa; e-mail address: Charl.Wolhuter@nwu.ac.zaRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – Habilitated Doctor of Social Sciences (Education), Professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education policy, education management, higher education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rimantas.zelvys@leu.lt ; VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: bendroji edukologija, ugdymas ir asmenybės dvasinis brendimas, ugdymo tyrimų metodologija. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: aramaviciute@gmail.comMARTYNA BAKAITĖ – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros magistrantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: suaugusiųjų švietimas, skaitmeninė kultūra, kalbų didaktika. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: martyna.bakaitė@gmail.comMIGLĖ DOVYDAITIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: konsultavimo teorija ir praktika, šeimos krizių prevencija, trumpalaikė terapija, streso įveika, konfliktų sprendimas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: migle.dovydaitiene@fsf.vu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, švietimo politika, tarpkultūrinis ugdymas, medijų raštingumo ugdymas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: lilija.duoblienė@fsf.vu.ltJŪRATĖ ČERNEVIČIŪTĖ – humanitarinių mokslų (filosofijos) daktarė, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybos verslo ir komunikacijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: komunikacija, kultūros ir medijų studijos, kūrybinės industrijos, inovacijos. Adresas: Pylimo g. 26/1, LT-01132 Vilnius. El. paštas: jurate.cerneviciute@vgtu.ltOLGA ILJINA – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo sociologija, socialinis teisingumas ugdant, grindžiamoji teorija. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: olgailjina@gmail.comŽILVINAS JANČORAS – Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos vedėjas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: kūrybinės industrijos, inovacijos, inovacijų vadyba, verslo modeliai. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: zilvinas.jancoras@vgtu.ltALBINAS KALVAITIS – socialinių mokslų (sociologija) daktaras, Ugdymo plėtotės centro metodininkas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo sociologija, švietimo vadyba, bendrasis ugdymas. Adresas: M. Katkaus g. 44, LT-09217 Vilnius. El. paštas: albinaskalvaitis@gmail.comRUSNĖ KREGŽDAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (ekonomikos) doktorantė, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos jaunesnioji mokslo darbuotoja. Mokslinių interesų sritys: kūrybinės industrijos, kultūros ekonomika, ekonometrinė analizė. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: rusne.kregzdaite@vgtu.ltELVYDA MARTIŠAUSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: bendroji edukologija, dorinis ugdymas, dvasingumo tyrimų metodologija. Adresas: Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paštas: martisauskiene@gmail.comVAIDAS MORKEVIČIUS – socialinių mokslų (sociologijos) daktaras, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Kūrybinių inovacijų laboratorijos mokslo darbuotojas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: socialinės apklausos, socialinių tyrimų metodai, kokybinė lyginamoji analizė, taikomoji statistika ir duomenų analizė. Adresas: Linkmenų g. 5-35, Vilnius. El. paštas: vaidas.morkevicius@vgtu.ltBIRUTĖ POCIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagoginė psichologija, karjeros psichologija, mokymasis. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: birute.pociute@fsf.vu.ltŽIGIMANTAS PEČIŪRA – Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros magistrantas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas zigpec@gmail.comVAIDA PLATKEVIČIŪTĖ – Vilniaus universiteto Bendrosios psichologijos katedros studentė. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius.GIEDRĖ JUDITA RASTAUSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologija) daktarė, Lietuvos sporto universiteto Taikomosios biologijos ir reabilitacijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: socioedukacinių tyrimų analizė. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: giedre.rastauskiene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagogikos istorija, ugdymo antropologija, ugdymas ir kultūra, ugdymas ir lytis. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: irena.stonkuvienė@fsf.vu.ltROLANDAS STRAZDAS – socialinių mokslų (vadyba) daktaras, Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto Atvirojo kodo instituto mokslo darbuotojas, Mechanikos inžinerijos katedros docentas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: inovacijų valdymas, procesų tobulinimas, kolektyvinis kūrybiškumas, kūrybinės industrijos. Adresas: Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius. El. paštas: rolandas.strazdas@vgtu.ltSAULIUS ŠUKYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktaras, Lietuvos sporto universiteto Sveikatos, fizinio ir socialinio ugdymo katedros vedėjas. Mokslinių interesų sritys: vaikų prosocialaus elgesio sportinėje veikloje ypatumai. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: saulius.sukys@lsu.ltMARIA TILK – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Talino universiteto Edukologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: pedagogikos istorija, naratyvas. Adresas: Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn 10120, Estija. El. paštas: maria.tilk@tlu.eeEDITA VAINIENĖ – Lietuvos sporto universiteto Sporto ir judesių mokslo centro doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: universitetinės kūno kultūros studijos, disciplininis identitetas. Adresas: Sporto g. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas. El. paštas: editavaina@gmail.comSVETLANA VASILIONOK – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros magistrantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: lietuvių kalbos mokymas tautinių mažumų mokyklose, Rytų filosofija, vizualinių menų taikymas mokymo(si) metu. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: svetlana.vasilionok@gmail.comVITA VENSLOVAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, muzikinis ugdymas, fenomenologija ugdyme. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: vitavensl@gmail.comCHARL C. WOLHUTER – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktaras lyginamosios edukologijos ir tarptautinio švietimo profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: lyginamosios edukologijos mokymas, lyginamosios edukologijos teorija, mokytojų rengimas, aukštasis mokslas Afrikoje. Adresas: North-West University, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa. El. paštas: Charl.Wolhuter@nwu.ac.zaRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituotas daktaras, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo politika, švietimo vadyba, aukštasis mokslas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: rimantas.zelvys@leu.lt
Since a few years, in many different domains (e.g. sociology, ecology or economy), there is a growing trend in designing models that can be used for exploratory purposes rather than purely predictive ones. Loosely following a "complex systems" paradigm, exploratory models are often based on explicit and detailed representations of the components of the systems studied, and offer a large degree of freedom in the parameter or structural adjustments available to their final users (researchers, decision-makers or stakeholders). They are intended to be used as a support of "as-if experiments" as they allow, through these adjustments, for the formulation of detailed hypotheses at various levels of description of the system. These hypotheses then lead to the generation of scenarios whose outcomes are explored and compared by way of repeated simulations. Epidemiology is an interesting example of this situation. Its long modelling history can be characterised as a search for simple predictive models, but recent examples like the outbreaks of avian influenza in South-East Asia have shown their limits: without properly taking into account the interplays between social, ecological and biological dynamics to understand how this pandemic evolves, these models become useless as far as prediction goes. And when some of these dynamics are tentatively taken into account, the resulting models often become dependent on incomplete or qualitative data (for instance, the decision-making processes of social actors or the behaviours of birds), which prevents them to be used for any serious predicting purposes. As a consequence, there has been a recent shift of focus of the community on the design of exploratory models, which are meant to allow understanding the links between these dynamics, generating and studying various hypotheses, and measuring, with respect to these hypotheses, the impact of local or global policies in complex scenarios. However, designing and using such models gives rise to serious methodological issues and existing modelling and simulation methodologies do not cope very well with this new type of models. When they are adapted to take their peculiarities into account, this often results in ad hoc solutions, which can barely be reused for other models in the same domain, let alone in different domains. The objective of this thesis is to propose a domain-independent methodology (KIMONO) to facilitate the design and use of such exploratory models. Based on a series of examples from various domains (road traffic, social segregation, soil dynamics and more extensively epidemiology), I proceed from an account of the design requirements (taking conflicting and evolving hypotheses into account during the modelling process, producing highly-modular models, enabling an iterative modelling cycle, allowing for the collaboration of different experts and the combination of different formalisms, etc.) to a concrete proposal involving dedicated computer tools and a common accessible formalism, both aimed at facilitating the collaboration, communication and the implementation of "world models" (the name given in this proposal to open exploratory models). The methodology I propose focuses on two elements: the implication of the experts and a detailed representation of the system. Experts are at the centre of the modelling process, which starts with extensive descriptions of their knowledge, possibly reusing their formalism, and further proceeds through iterative amendments (of increasing or decreasing complexity) that they are able to evaluate and validate in interaction with the modellers. The iterative process comes to an end when the experts estimate that they have a sufficient insight of the system or when further investigations require field experiments. Regarding the kind of representation suitable for supporting this process, I propose an adaptable and modular combination of two implementation systems: Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) and Geographical 3 DRAFT 26/09/11 Information Systems (GIS). I show that this combination provides for an arbitrary level of description of the components of a system, that it allows both qualitative and quantitative knowledge to be equally represented and that it supports a high level of evolution of the hypotheses during the modelling process. The interactions between modellers and experts are based on two abstractions of these implementation details, using both the ODD (Overview, Design concepts, Details) protocol for communication purposes, and the GAML modelling language for the collaborative programming of the model. The methodology proposed has been applied and validated in the context of a large study undertaken in South-East Asia (especially North-Vietnam) by epidemiologists and veterinarians to understand the role of various hypotheses in explaining the recurring outbreaks of the avian influenza epidemics among domestic poultry. During a four years long interdisciplinary collaboration, several "world models" have been co- designed, implemented on the GAMA platform and used as "virtual laboratories" by experts. This collaboration, and its unique outcomes, have allowed them to test a broad range of hypotheses (especially on the local conditions of persistence), better understand the role of various spatial, ecological or social factors in the survival and propagation of the virus and reorient some of their field studies in consequence. ; Depuis plusieurs années, on peut observer une tendance, dans de nombreux domaines (Sociologie, Ecologie, Economie, etc.), à construire des modèles vers l'exploration des systèmes qu'ils représentent que vers la prédiction ou l'explication. S'inscrivant dans le paradigme des "systèmes complexes", ces modèles exploratoires utilisent généralement une représentation explicite et détaillée des composants du système étudié. Ils offrent aussi aux utilisateurs finaux (chercheurs, décideurs, parties prenantes) une grande liberté d'adaptation en termes de paramètres et de structure du modèle. Ces modèles servent de support à des expériences "as-if" en permettant, au travers de ces ajustements, la formulation d'hypothèses détaillées et ce à différents niveaux de descriptions du système. A partir de ces hypothèses, des scénarios sont construits, dont les résultats sont explorés et analysés grâce à des simulations répétées. L'épidémiologie est exemplaire de cette situation. Elle a une longue histoire de modélisation qui peut être caractérisée comme la recherche de modèles essentiellement prédictifs. Cependant, certaines situations, comme l'émergence de foyers épidémiques de grippe aviaire en Asie du Sud Est, montre la limite d'une telle approche: sans une prise en compte adéquate des interactions entre les dynamiques sociales, écologiques et biologiques, l'utilisation de modèles prédictifs est sans fondement. De plus, dès lors que l'on tente de prendre en compte ces dynamiques, les modèles deviennent dépendants de données incomplètes ou qualitatives (le processus de décision des acteurs sociaux ou bien le comportement des oiseaux, par exemple). En conséquence, on assiste actuellement à un changement d'orientation de la communauté épidémiologique vers la conception de modèles plus exploratoires, mieux adaptés à la génération et à l'étude d'hypothèses variées, et mieux à même d'aider à mesurer, par rapport à ces hypothèses, l'impact des politiques locales et globales de lutte contre les épidémies dans le cadre de scénarios complexes. Cependant, concevoir et utiliser de tels modèles souligne les sérieux problèmes méthodologiques auxquels ne peuvent réellement répondre les méthodologies de modélisation et simulation existantes. Et quand celles-ci ont été adaptées pour prendre ces spécificités en compte, il en résulte des solutions ad hoc qui ne peuvent être réutilisées ni dans le domaine en général, ni dans d'autres domaines. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie (KIMONO) qui, sans être spécifique à un domaine particulier, facilite la conception et l'utilisation de ces modèles exploratoires. En partant d'une série d'exemples tirés de différents domaines (trafic routier, ségrégation sociale, dynamique du sol, mais aussi, et de façon plus extensive, épidémiologie), je commence par une caractérisation des besoins de conception (prise en compte d'hypothèses contradictoires et évolutives lors du processus de modélisation, génération de modèles extrêmement modulaires, rendant possible un cycle de modélisation itératif, permettant la collaboration entre différents experts et la combinaison de différents formalismes, etc.) pour aboutir à une proposition concrète impliquant un outil informatique dédié et un formalisme commun et accessible, orienté aussi bien vers la facilitation de la collaboration, la communication et l'implémentation de "modèles monde" (le nom donné dans ce document à ces modèles exploratoires ouverts). La méthodologie que je propose se concentre sur deux éléments: l'implication des experts et la représentation détaillée du système. Les experts sont au coeur de processus de modélisation. Celui-ci s'appuie sur une description étendue de leurs connaissances, potentiellement exprimées dans leurs propres formalismes, description qui est ensuite amendée de façon itérative (soit pour la complexifier, soit pour la simplifier) dans un dialogue continu avec les modélisateurs et en utilisant le modèle pour support. Ce processus itératif s'arrête quand les experts estiment qu'ils ont obtenu suffisamment de précisions sur le système ou lorsque la poursuite de ces itérations nécessite des expériences ou données de terrain. Concernant les types de représentations qui soient adaptées à un tel processus, je propose une combinaison modulaire et adaptable de deux systèmes d'implémentation: les modèles à base d'agent (MBA) et les Systèmes d'Information Géo-référencées (SIG). Je montre que cette combinaison offre une très grande souplesse de description des composants d'un système (réel), qu'elle permet de représenter de façon équivalente les 5 DRAFT 26/09/11 connaissances qualitatives et quantitatives des experts, et qu'elle supporte un haut niveau d'évolution des hypothèses au cours du processus de modélisation. Les protocoles d'interaction proposés entre modélisateurs et experts se basent sur deux abstractions de cette implémentation: ODD (Overview, Design concepts, Details, un protocole de communication de modèle) et GAML (un langage de modélisation pour la programmation collaborative du modèle). La méthodologie proposée a été appliquée et validée dans le contexte d'une étude détaillée située en Asie du Sud Est (essentiellement au Nord Vietnam) par des épidémiologistes et des vétérinaires. Ceux-ci voulaient pouvoir évaluer, en l'absence de données de terrain ou de résultats d'expérimentation, l'effet de différentes hypothèses expliquant la réapparition récurrente de foyers épidémiques de grippe aviaire parmi la population domestique de volailles. Au cours de cette coopération interdisciplinaire, qui a duré quatre ans, plusieurs "modèles monde" ont été co-conçus et implémentés au sein de la plate-forme GAMA, et utilisés comme "laboratoires virtuels" par les experts. Cette collaboration, et ces résultats, ont permis de tester un large champ d'hypothèses (en particulier sur les conditions locales de persistance), d'avoir une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l'environnement spatial, des facteurs écologiques et sociaux dans la survie et la propagation du virus et ont également permis de réorienter certaines des études de terrains.
AMÉRICA LATINA Cinco detenidos en México por la matanza del casino de Monterrey.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14707394 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/detenidos/Mexico/matanza/casino/elpepuint/20110829elpepuint_8/Tes http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/doce-personas-participaron-en-atentado-a-casino-en-mxico_10253610-4Mil policías federales refuerzan la seguridad en norte de México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/policas-refuerzan-seguridad-en-el-norte-de-mxico_10242724-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14717934"Los Angeles Times" analiza situación de niñas y mujeres en Haití.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-haiti-women-20110831,0,3644819.storyRenuncia el Ministro de Defensa de Colombia.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-colombia-defense-minister-20110901,0,6661667.story http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/790007.htmlLa muerte de un joven de 16 años en la huelga de Chile agrava el conflicto.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muerte/joven/anos/huelga/Chile/agrava/conflicto/elpepiint/20110827elpepiint_11/Tes http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/estudiantes-chilenos-aceptan-dilogo-pero-con-condiciones_10244448-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14677953Terremoto de magnitud 5.1 sacude a Chile.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/31/content_13226744.htmHenrique Capriles será quien le dé la pelea en las urnas a Hugo Chávez.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/henrique-capriles-opositor-de-hugo-chvez_10252207-4Batalla de Chávez contra el cáncer genera inquietud en Venezuela.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/americas/29chavez.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/situacion-de-hugo-chavez-y-su-cancer_10256026-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14713717 Caracas vivió el fin de semana más violento del año.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/caracas-vivi-el-fin-de-semana-ms-violento-del-ao_10249844-4El crecimiento económico del noreste brasileño es acompañado por el aumento de la violencia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/americas/30brazil.html?ref=worldPeriodista ecuatoriano alega persecución y se refugia en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/periodista-ecuatoriano-alega-persecucin-y-se-refugia-en-ee-uu_10245006-4Encarcelan en Bolivia a oficiales responsables de 65 muertes durante las protestas del 2003.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14725689 Ecuador sigue luchando contra las consecuencias del alcohol contaminado, ya son 48 las víctimas mortales.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44326425/ns/world_news-americas/ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁEstados Unidos mata al nuevo número dos de Al Qaeda.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/08/27/pakistan.al.qaeda/index.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/EE/UU/aniquila/nuevo/numero/Qaeda/elpepuint/20110827elpepuint_7/TesEstados Unidos refuerza seguridad por aniversario del 11-S.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/789956.htmlComienza la reconstrucción en Estados Unidos tras el desastre causado por el huracán IrenePara más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/08/31/obama-decrete-l-etat-de-catastrophe-majeure-dans-deux-etats-apres-le-passage-d-irene_1565910_3222.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/reconstruccion/EE/UU/paso/Irene/elpepuint/20110829elpepuint_11/Tes http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/irene-y-su-paso-por-estados-unidos_10244766-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/789917.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14731768Según la FED el mercado laboral estadounidense continúa en un grave estado. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/31/content_13226031.htmWikiliaks revela información de fuentes confidenciales. Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/789958.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-wikileaks-20110831,0,7705762.storyEUROPANueve muertos y 21 heridos dejan tres atentados suicidas en Chechenia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/atentados-suicidas-en-chechenia_10260284-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/08/30/chechnya.suicide.bombing/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14726122Cantidad de pobres en Francia aumentó a 8,2 millones en el 2009.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/aumenta-en-francia-cantidad-de-pobres-82-millones-en-2009_10251324-4Para muchos la moral británica ha decaído considerablemente.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-britain-malaise-20110826,0,2242144.story Turquía asegura haber matado a más de 140 guerrilleros kurdos.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Turquia/asegura/haber/matado/140/guerrilleros/kurdos/elpepiint/20110830elpepiint_4/TesCercanía militar entre Rusia y Corea del Norte.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/31/content_13226028.htmLos socialistas franceses escenifican su unidad a un mes de las primarias.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-france-socialist-party-20110829,0,1133697.story http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/socialistas/franceses/escenifican/unidad/mes/primarias/elpepuint/20110828elpepuint_7/TesEl cierre del proceso judicial contra Dominique Strauss-Kahn.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/fiscal/acorralado/mentiras/testigo/elpepiint/20110829elpepiint_8/TesRusia tendrá elecciones parlamentarias el 4 de Diciembre.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/europe/30russia.html?ref=world"BBC" analiza la evolución del Euro.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14735414 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEYoshihiko Noda se perfila como el nuevo primer ministro de Japón.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/asia/30japan.html?ref=world http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/30/content_13226013.htm http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-japan-20110831,0,6727301.story http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/la-cmara-baja-nombra-a-yoshihiko-noda-nuevo-primer-ministro-de-japn_10252444-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-japan-resignation-20110827,0,1117715.storyAscienden a 16 los muertos por el tifón 'Nanmadol' en Filipinas.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/ascienden-a-16-los-muertos-por-el-tifn-nanmadol-en-filipinas_10247104-4Ai Weiwei, el artista disidente chino, carga de nuevo contra el Gobierno chino.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ai/Weiwei/carga/nuevo/Gobierno/chino/elpepuint/20110829elpepuint_9/Tes http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/08/29/world/asia/AP-AS-China-Secrets-Leaked.html?ref=worldNepal elige a un maoísta como Primer Ministro.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/asia/29nepal.html?ref=worldAmnistía Internacional denuncia muertes en cárceles de Siria.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/represin-en-siria_10260024-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/31/syria.unrest/index.htmlContinúa la represión indiscriminada en Siria.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14726294 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/08/31/la-ville-de-damas-est-perdue-pour-le-regime-assad_1565709_3218.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-violence-20110831,0,412896.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/middleeast/30syria.html?ref=worldPrincipio de acuerdo para embargar el petróleo sirio.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/principio-de-acuerdo-para-embargar-el-petrleo-sirio_10247384-4Países de Medio Oriente llaman a una reforma en Siria.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/29/turkey.syria/index.htmlAl menos 28 muertos deja atentado suicida en mezquita de Bagdad.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/middleeast/29iraq.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-suicida-en-mezquita-de-bagdad_10242584-4Palestino perpetra ataque terrorista en Tel Aviv dejando 8 heridos.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/middleeast/30israel.html?ref=worldEjército de Corea del Sur mejora sus células de combate.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/30/content_13226735.htmSri Lanka presenta su legislación anti terrorista.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14735405Terremoto de grado 7 golpea Filipinas.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/30/content_13226010.htmInundaciones dejan 54 muertos en Tailandia.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/30/content_13226007.htmKim Jong-il quiere la reanudación de las negociaciones nucleares.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Kim/Jong-il/quiere/reanudacion/negociaciones/nucleares/elpepuint/20110824elpepuint_5/TesAtaque suicida en Pakistán deja 11 muertos.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14727621 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/08/31/pakistan.violence/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44337322/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/Líder de la oposición iraní esta desaparecido hace más de 6 semanas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/29/iran.opposition.detention/index.html http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/08/30/les-reformateurs-iraniens-saluent-la-liberation-d-une-centaine-de-prisonniers-politique_1565521_3218.htmlÁFRICAArgelia anuncia que la mujer de Gadafi y tres de sus hijos están el país.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-08/30/content_13226019.htm http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Argelia/anuncia/mujer/Gadafi/hijos/estan/pais/elpepuint/20110829elpepuint_1/Tes Las ejecuciones tiñen de sangre Trípoli.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/world/africa/30megrahi.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/infographe/2011/08/31/la-vie-a-tripoli-bat-au-rythme-de-l-aid-al-fitr_1565646_3212.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/30/libya.female.fighter/index.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ejecuciones/tinen/sangre/Tripoli/elpepiint/20110827elpepiint_1/Tes El duro camino hacia la transición en Libia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/transicin-en-libia_10240574-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/30/libya.war/index.html http://www.economist.com/node/21526959 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-kadafi-20110831,0,4893429.story http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/790023.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44330735/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/El terrorista del atentado de Lockerbie se encuentra en coma en Trípoli.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/terrorista/atentado/Lockerbie/encuentra/coma/Tripoli/elpepuint/20110829elpepuint_6/TesNigeria, con pruebas de que Al Qaeda estuvo tras atentado a la ONU.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/30/nigeria.violence/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/nigeria-sospechoso-vinculado-a-al-qaeda-tras-atentado-contra-la-onu_10260185-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/08/31/le-cerveau-de-l-attentat-contre-l-onu-au-nigeria-est-lie-a-al-qaida_1565968_3212.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/africa/29nigeria.html?ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14734738La Unión Africana destina 264 millones a combatir la hambruna.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Union/Africana/destina/264/millones/combatir/hambruna/elpepuint/20110825elpepuint_8/TesAl menos 28 muertos por deslizamiento de tierra en Uganda.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/al-menos-28-muertos-por-deslizamiento-de-tierra-en-uganda_10247064-4OTRAS NOTICIASSegún informe de la ONU hay más de 12 millones de personas apátridas.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-14654066"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526960
The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) was a usual species in Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1962). However now it is included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and has the most threatened status. Saker Falcons are favorite birds of Arabian falconers and falcons were exported from Kazakhstan for a long time. But usually no more than several tens of birds were exported a year. The first legal groups of trappers were created in independent Kazakhstan republic after disintegration of the USSR in 1992, they received from the government permissions to catch sakers from the wild. Hundreds falcons had already been exported from Kazakhstan. Up to 1000 birds were exported from Kazakhstan every year at the middle of 1990-s (Sklyarenko, 1995). Legal groups caught birds mainly during autumn migrations in the areas of their concentrations which were being simultaneously and the main areas of their breeding. Those territories were the Zaysanskaya and Alakolskaya depressions, Syugatinskaya valley, the Western Balkhash Lake region and the Betpak-Dala desert. In spite of the fact that number sakers in that areas decreased every year and executive ministries were informed about it, quotas for catching increased year by year. Only Saudi Arabia had the permission for the catching of 25 falcons in 1995, but groups of trappers already from four countries with the permission on 165 sakers had caught falcons in Kazakhstan in 1999, and even more applications on catching of falcons had been submitted to the ministry which requested to the Institute of Zoology a substantiation on catching of 200 birds from the wild in 2000! Many illegal groups of trappers have appeared since 1992. Local criminal groups which organized catching of sakers and bought chicks harvested from nests from local people for a song had been already created till 1993. For instance, a female of saker caught a sack of flour in the Zaysanskaya depression in 1996-1997. But mass media with enviable persistence estimated a saker for the mythical sum of 50-70 thousands dollars. The agiotage around of trade in falcons mobilized local people to harvest falcons. Poachers have accumulated the significant experience last years and they know very much about saker biology and requirements of the falcon market. Only females are harvested from broods and males do not caught at nests. As a result of such selective approach balance of the sexual population structure has been disturbed, the portion of males is higher than females. A total of 400-450 pairs were estimated to breed in eastern regions earlier. This number decreased to 120-145 pairs for last 15 years. Only a nest from 8 monitored nests was active in the Betpak-Dala desert in 1999 (Levin, 2003). Number changes of saker populations in the southeast and the east of Kazakhstan are demonstrated in Fig.4. Only 22 (29,3 %) of 75 visited breeding territories were occupied in the all Eastern Kazakhstan. The principal cause of low breeding success of sakers in east regions is the continuation of poaching. The number of empty breeding territories increased in 4 times (comparing with previous year) during the breeding season in 2006. Another important reason of the saker number decreasing is falcon deaths from electrocution on overhead power lines with voltage 6-10 kV. Following S. V. Starikov's data (1996/1997) 68 sakers were killed in the Zaysan depression in 1990-93. Number of electrocuted birds is awful: 30 dead sakers were found during surveys of 95 km of power line on the northern side of the Zaysan Lake on 29-30 September 1993, 27 dead sakers per 400 km of power line in the southern side of the Zaysan Lake on 20-26 October 1993 (8.6 % of all killed raptors and 6.6 % of all killed birds). Another important reason of absence of breeding sakers in east regions is considered to be the depression of numbers of susliks (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S. undulatus), and great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) continuing more than 10 years. Now the number of susliks is stable or increases in many areas, but the number of sakers decreases persistently. According to the information from the Arabian countries demand for wild birds has sharply fallen last two years. The number of detentions of sakers on customs and police posts has decreased. But long-term monitoring of breeding territories of sakers in different regions of Kazakhstan shows the number ob breeding population slow and continuous decreasing. And the reason of that is the continuation with absence of any logics of catching of birds from the wild. The state program «Restoration of the Saker population in the southeast of Kazakhstan» has been carried out in 2007. 60 birds breed in the Sunkar facility center were released in the nature (Fig.8). Because that action has been widely advertised in press, there were the people wishing to catch these falcons in the area of release in September. The Game Service detained three times vehicles where pigeons with loops were found. The mentioned facts are evidences that persons busy in the trade in falcons in Kazakhstan are professionals. The ways of illegal export from Kazakhstan to the Gulf States exist. And blocking of such ways on the border is one of effective methods to struggle against the illegal trade in rare animals in our country and to stop the saker number falling. ; The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) was a usual species in Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1962). However now it is included in the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan and has the most threatened status. Saker Falcons are favorite birds of Arabian falconers and falcons were exported from Kazakhstan for a long time. But usually no more than several tens of birds were exported a year. The first legal groups of trappers were created in independent Kazakhstan republic after disintegration of the USSR in 1992, they received from the government permissions to catch sakers from the wild. Hundreds falcons had already been exported from Kazakhstan. Up to 1000 birds were exported from Kazakhstan every year at the middle of 1990-s (Sklyarenko, 1995). Legal groups caught birds mainly during autumn migrations in the areas of their concentrations which were being simultaneously and the main areas of their breeding. Those territories were the Zaysanskaya and Alakolskaya depressions, Syugatinskaya valley, the Western Balkhash Lake region and the Betpak-Dala desert. In spite of the fact that number sakers in that areas decreased every year and executive ministries were informed about it, quotas for catching increased year by year. Only Saudi Arabia had the permission for the catching of 25 falcons in 1995, but groups of trappers already from four countries with the permission on 165 sakers had caught falcons in Kazakhstan in 1999, and even more applications on catching of falcons had been submitted to the ministry which requested to the Institute of Zoology a substantiation on catching of 200 birds from the wild in 2000! Many illegal groups of trappers have appeared since 1992. Local criminal groups which organized catching of sakers and bought chicks harvested from nests from local people for a song had been already created till 1993. For instance, a female of saker caught a sack of flour in the Zaysanskaya depression in 1996-1997. But mass media with enviable persistence estimated a saker for the mythical sum of 50-70 thousands dollars. The agiotage around of trade in falcons mobilized local people to harvest falcons. Poachers have accumulated the significant experience last years and they know very much about saker biology and requirements of the falcon market. Only females are harvested from broods and males do not caught at nests. As a result of such selective approach balance of the sexual population structure has been disturbed, the portion of males is higher than females. A total of 400-450 pairs were estimated to breed in eastern regions earlier. This number decreased to 120-145 pairs for last 15 years. Only a nest from 8 monitored nests was active in the Betpak-Dala desert in 1999 (Levin, 2003). Number changes of saker populations in the southeast and the east of Kazakhstan are demonstrated in Fig.4. Only 22 (29,3 %) of 75 visited breeding territories were occupied in the all Eastern Kazakhstan. The principal cause of low breeding success of sakers in east regions is the continuation of poaching. The number of empty breeding territories increased in 4 times (comparing with previous year) during the breeding season in 2006. Another important reason of the saker number decreasing is falcon deaths from electrocution on overhead power lines with voltage 6-10 kV. Following S. V. Starikov's data (1996/1997) 68 sakers were killed in the Zaysan depression in 1990-93. Number of electrocuted birds is awful: 30 dead sakers were found during surveys of 95 km of power line on the northern side of the Zaysan Lake on 29-30 September 1993, 27 dead sakers per 400 km of power line in the southern side of the Zaysan Lake on 20-26 October 1993 (8.6 % of all killed raptors and 6.6 % of all killed birds). Another important reason of absence of breeding sakers in east regions is considered to be the depression of numbers of susliks (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S. undulatus), and great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) continuing more than 10 years. Now the number of susliks is stable or increases in many areas, but the number of sakers decreases persistently. According to the information from the Arabian countries demand for wild birds has sharply fallen last two years. The number of detentions of sakers on customs and police posts has decreased. But long-term monitoring of breeding territories of sakers in different regions of Kazakhstan shows the number ob breeding population slow and continuous decreasing. And the reason of that is the continuation with absence of any logics of catching of birds from the wild. The state program «Restoration of the Saker population in the southeast of Kazakhstan» has been carried out in 2007. 60 birds breed in the Sunkar facility center were released in the nature (Fig.8). Because that action has been widely advertised in press, there were the people wishing to catch these falcons in the area of release in September. The Game Service detained three times vehicles where pigeons with loops were found. The mentioned facts are evidences that persons busy in the trade in falcons in Kazakhstan are professionals. The ways of illegal export from Kazakhstan to the Gulf States exist. And blocking of such ways on the border is one of effective methods to struggle against the illegal trade in rare animals in our country and to stop the saker number falling.
