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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- INTRODUCTION -- I. THE CONCEPT OF LAW-MAKING -- 1. The need for continuous law-making -- 2. Some preliminary questions of terminology -- 3. Law-making and the "constitution" of the international community -- II. THE CONCEPT OF FORMAL SOURCES -- 1. The importance of the formal criteria of law -- 2. The notion of formal sources -- 3. Article 38(1) of the Statute of the I.C.J. as the basic norm about sources -- III. TREATIES -- 1. General observations. Terminology -- 2. The limits of formlessness in treaty-making -- 3. Treaties and third states -- A. General -- B. Objective regimes -- C. "Global treaties" -- 4. A legislation by reference? -- IV. CUSTOM -- 1. The concept of international custom -- A. General observations -- B. International custom as a law-making process -- C. Basic elements of custom -- 2. International practice -- A. Subjects of practice -- B. Types of acts -- C Requirements of practice -- 3. Opinio juris -- A. The concept of opinio juris -- B. Individual opinio juris -- C. Persistent objectors -- D. New states -- E. General opinio juris -- F. Ascertainment of opinio juris -- 4. Change in customary law -- 5. The need for further clarification of the criteria of custom -- V. INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN TREATY AND CUSTOM -- 1. The importance of treaty and custom -- 2. The interaction of treaty and custom -- A. General -- B. Treaty restatement of custom -- C. "Crystallization" of customary law -- D. The creation of custom on the basis of treaties -- 3. Changing treaty law by custom -- VI. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW RECOGNIZED BY CIVILIZED NATIONS -- 1. Traditional theories -- 2. Judicial and state practice -- 3. A new theory of "the general principles of law" -- VII. THE PROPOSED REFORMS IN THE FORMAL SOURCES.

The provision of legislative or other legal protection for linguistic minorities is widespread in domestic legal systems.1In international law, and in international human rights law in particular, the question of minority language rights has until recently received much less attention. The entry into force on 1 March 1998 of the Council of Europe'sEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages(the "Minority Languages Charter"), the first international instrument directed solely at the question of language, suggests that the situation may be changing.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a topic of global concern, with debates surrounding its potential dangers and benefits, highlighting the need for international regulation. The integration of AI into society raises profound questions of ethics, governance, and impact on global stability.

"Der Aufsatz zielt darauf ab, einen Einblick in die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung zum Thema der Fremdenfeindlichkeit zu vermitteln. Zunächst werden kurz Theorien und Hypothesen zu der Thematik vorgestellt. Anschließend wird am Beispiel der Ergebnisse einer international vergleichenden Umfrage in acht Ländern verdeutlicht, wie Sozialwissenschaftler Fremdenfeindlichkeit empirisch erfassen und welche Ergebnisse man dabei erwarten kann." (Autorenreferat)

This article assesses the international conflict propensity of leaders that come to power through revolutions. I argue that when revolutions result in the overthrow of governments perceived as enabling the interference of outside powers in internal affairs, the leaders that assume office afterward are especially inclined to provoke international conflict. I code these revolutions as "external" and juxtapose them against "internal" revolutions motivated by domestic grievances rather than animus against foreign meddling. Regression analysis and survival analysis suggest that leaders assuming office following external revolutions are more prone to conflict than leaders that assume office through internal revolutions. To illustrate the relationship between external revolution and international aggression, the paper utilizes a case study to examine Iranian foreign policy under Ayatollah Khomeini.

This article addresses the empirical puzzle as to why some formerly deeply embedded international norms either incrementally or rapidly lose their prescriptive status and, in the extreme, can even cease to exist. Why is it that some norms are replaced while others simply disappear? The IR literature has rich explanations for norm creation, diffusion and socialization, yet there is a theoretical and empirical gap on both the dynamics and scope conditions for the degeneration of international norms. Thus, we develop hypotheses on processes and outcomes of norm disappearances that are tested with a series of qualitative studies. Norm degenerations require the presence of actors who challenge the norm and the absence of central enforcement authorities or individual states that are willing and capable of punishing norm violations. Moreover, our study shows that norms are likely to be abolished swiftly if the environment is unstable and rapidly changing and if norms are highly precise. In contrast, norms are likely to become incrementally degenerated if the environment is relatively stable and if norms are imprecise. Both processes lead to norm substitutions, provided that competing norms are present. If rival norms are absent, norms simply disappear without being replaced.

Cover -- Series page -- Emerging Practices in International Development Evaluation -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Searching for Approaches to Improve International Development Evaluations -- Chapter 2: Evaluation in Developing Countries -- Chapter 3: Organizational Performance Assessment -- Chapter 4: Evaluating Capacity Development -- Chapter 5: Evaluating Policy Influence -- Chapter 6: Evaluating Networks and Partnerships -- Chapter 7: Evaluating Coalitions -- Chapter 8: Evaluating Sustainable Development -- Chapter 9: Evaluating Innovation -- Chapter 10: Future Directions for Improving International Development Evaluations -- About the Contributors -- Index.