Suchergebnisse

The 'Ius Commune Europaeum' series includes comparative legal studies as well as studies on the effect of treaties within national legal systems. This book contains an empirical study of the converging effects of the harmonisation policies used by the European lawmaker in consumer sales law. It aims to fill a gap in existing literature, by looking at what European consumer sales law harmonisation has achieved and by developing a methodology to measure the convergence it has led to. The work encompasses both a substantive comparison as well as a numerical approach. While in the former, five directives and their subsequent transposition in the national laws of Member States are analysed, the latter focuses on the creation of the Convergence Index as a measurement tool for the effects of the harmonisation process. The book will be useful to both academics as well as policy makers, as it aims to trigger further debate regarding benchmarking in European consumer law. Such debate will play a role in further academic research aimed at determining whether harmonisation does indeed strengthen the internal market --Source other then Library of Congress

There was a time, not too long ago, when the introduction of the euro was hailed as a tremendous success. Yet the Eurozone now faces an existential crisis. A number of member states have, since 2008, been prevented from defaulting on their sovereign debt only by massive bailouts. Greece has teetered on the verge of insolvency for years despite repeated such measures. Many observers now believe that Greece should stay in the European Union but leave the Eurozone, a scenario often referred to as the "Grexit." This would allow Greece to devalue its currency and thereby render its economy more competitive. But just as crucially, from the perspective of Greece's sharpest critics, a Grexit would rid the Eurozone of a member state that may no longer be willing to abide by the Eurozone's austerity-oriented economic policies, which aim at limiting budget deficits and government debt even in times of economic distress. The current Greek government is adamantly opposed to leaving the Eurozone, but this has not put an end to the debate. Rather, a growing chorus of politicians and pundits now argue that Greece should be expelled from the Eurozone. Of course, this demand raises a fundamental legal question: Is it possible--and should it be--to 'terminate a country's membership in the Eurozone without that country's consent? This Article argues that in narrowly defined circumstances, a right to expel countries from the Eurozone not only is desirable as a matter of legal policy but also deserves recognition as a matter of black letter law. However, this Article also shows that such an expulsion has to remain an ultima ratio. As of now, Greece does not even come close to satisfying its conditions.

We will study in this paper the relation between public investment, public debt and fiscal rules in the European Union countries. The strict fiscal rules imposed by EU have negatively affected the investments. The decline in public investment in European Union is related to the fiscal rules (mainly the deficit rule) included in the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). There have been made several attempts to amend the SGP in such a way to grant a more flexible treatment to capital expenditure when fixing budgetary targets and ceilings. According to the golden rule of budget deficit, investments can be financed through loans, while current expenditure should be financed from taxes. The golden rule promotes thus intergenerational fairness and contributes to economic growth.

This volume analyses French and German diplomacy during the Intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) on economic and monetary union (EMU) and political union and the subsequent national treaty ratification process in each country.

1. Introduction / Rune Ervik, Nanna Kildal and Even Nilssen -- 2. Welfare contractualism, social justice and republican citizenship / Simon Birnbaum -- 3. Contractualising social policies : a way towards more active social citizenship and enhanced capabilities? / Jean-Michel Bonvin and Emilie Rasenstein -- 4. Contractualism and street-level discretion in Norwegian activation policy / Even Nilssen -- 5. From collective to individual responsibility? Changing problem definitions of the welfare state / Rune Ervik and Nanna Kildal -- 6. New obligation regimes in welfare policies : comparing Germany and the Scandinavian countries / Nanna Kildal and Even Nilssen -- 7. From unilateral towards reciprocal social policies : the changing normative basis of the Danish welfare state /JØrn Henrik Petersen -- 8. The pension contract : a matter of obligations / Patrick John Ring -- 9. Contractualism and the emergence of a new welfare regime / Rune Ervik, Nanna Kildal and Even Nilssen.

"The Politics of the Eurogroup provides an intriguing look inside the euro crisis and the secretive forum of finance ministers that came to dominate it. The history of the European Union is a history of crises and the leaps of integration they triggered. As the pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and global power competition are clouding the prospects of the European economies, the member states are looking for solutions. Yet they find their options highly constrained by the economic and political realities created in the decade of the euro crisis. This book fuses a critical political economy perspective on structural relations within the Economic and Monetary Union with a power-based approach to its institutions. It explains why a political project of European austerity emerged from the Eurogroup and side-lined alternative policies, with repercussions still felt today. The author introduces a series of interviews with key decision-makers - ministers, central bankers, EU officials - as well as leaked audio recordings from Eurogroup meetings to give an authentic report of the power struggles between finance ministers. The book retraces how the Eurogroup rose to prominence in the crisis and how a few northern countries - led by the German and Dutch finance ministries - were able to exploit the group's informal processes to shape the Economic and Monetary Union to their advantage. With its interdisciplinary and investigative approach, this book will be of great interest for scholars and students concerned with European integration, international political economy, economics, institutionalism, and governance. It will also be of value for policy makers in the fields of European politics and economic governance"--

This paper shall investigate the trade integration between Turkey and the EU. The plan of the book is as follows. At first the historical background of the development concerning the trade relations between the two parties is conveyed. This includes the period from first association to implementing a customs union (CU) between Turkey and the European Union (EU) and to deeper integration abolishing barriers of trade until today.Subsequently an evaluation of the influence of the customs union follows in chapter 3 which constitutes the main part of the paper. Hereby the analysis is divided into the short-term static and long-term dynamic effects of the CU with the EU that Turkey entered on 1st January 1996. To analyze the static effects this paper adopts Viner's traditional approach, by comparing the trade creation effects with the trade diversion effects resulting from the removal of trade restrictions for Turkey and the EU as a whole. Thus, the predominant economical theory applied in this paper is the neoclassical customs union theory. This theory was chosen because it still is the predominant and widely recognized theory in analyzing trade data providing a variety of tools. Within the neoclassical theory Ricardo as well as Heckscher-Ohlin play an important role as a tool of analysis. In the relevant passages in the text the most important theoretical principles will be explained with the help of the Turkish example. At the limits of the neoclassical theories the new trade theory is supposed to help out especially where the assumptions of the neoclassical theory limit further analysis.It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the question how the trade liberalization in form of the CU between Turkey and the EU influences the development of Turkish welfare, specialization in different sectors, economies of scale, competitiveness, technological

All the European countries that were integrated in the European Union, establishing a bilateral relationship with the Western Balkans countries has been one of the main objectives of the politics of Brussels, after the end of the Cold War. The European Union has played a clear role in the creation of the bilateral relationships between different countries in this part of the region. For instance, the relationship between Pristina and Belgrade is getting better through the interests that the European Union countries such as Germany, Austria or Sweden has for Kosovo and Serbia. The same question is regarding North Macedonia foreign relationships and Bosnia too. However the western part of the region used to be the source of a lot of conflicts that caused victims and unresolved questions. All these points will be discussed in more detail below in the paper.