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Liberty in the constitutional sense is always a right against state interference (a "freedom from"). The First Amendment begins by saying that "Congress shall make no law"; it forbids Congress to license or fine or jail people for speaking, or publishing, or assembling. Liberty is also, always, a right to do something (a "freedom to"): to speak, to assemble, to practice religion, to get married, etc. So "freedom from" and "freedom to" are always parts of the same idea, just as "flying from" and "flying to" are aspects of the same airplane trip. Freedom is always the right to do some particular act without government restraint. I mention Berlin's confusion because I think that a focus on these two aspects of liberty (freedom from state interference and freedom to practice religion) can help us understand the battles we are currently having about religious liberty. There have been two phases in this modern fight. In the first phase, opponents of religious freedom have focused on the freedom from state interference. They have argued that although religion is an important social (and theological!) good which deserves our utmost respect, nevertheless in this or that particular case the state should prevail because its concerns are especially weighty—more weighty than the plaintiff's religious concerns. In the second phase, people have argued that the religion that we should be free to practice is a more limited idea than we might suppose. In this phase, it is not a matter of weighing private concerns against public ones and finding the public ones more weighty. The private concerns simply don't count as religious, so we don't get to the point of balancing them against concerns of state.

Résumé Cet article discute les relations entre les interactions sociales et la théorie de l'esprit. La littérature montre l'importance des interactions sociales précoces dans le développement de la compréhension d'autrui. Notre recherche montre l'effet plus tardif de la compréhension d'autrui sur les réactions face à la détresse et au besoin d'aide d'autrui. Nous avons interrogé 8 enfants atteints d'autisme et 72 enfants de 4 à 9 ans sur leur cognition sociale (théorie de l'\\\esprit et attribution d'intentions aux actions) et nous avons observé leur réaction face à autrui (réaction à la détresse et à la demande d'aide). Notre recherche confirme les difficultés des enfants atteints d'autisme en ce qui concerne la cognition sociale tout en apportant quelques nuances. D'une part, les enfants atteints d'autisme réussissent à attribuer des croyances dans des contextes simplifiés et à attribuer des intentions à autrui. D'autre part, ils réagissent de manière émotionnelle à la détresse d'autrui. Nos résultats révèlent une corrélation entre les attributions d'intentions complexes aux actions d'autrui et les comportements observés. Ce résultat est un exemple des interrelations entre les cognitions et les actions.

'In diesem Artikel werden relevante Ergebnisse der gegenwärtigen Flüchtlingsforschung als spezieller Teilbereich der Globalisierungs- und Migrationsforschung vorgestellt. Dabei werden zwei Schwerpunkte gesetzt: Zum einen wird die These vertreten, dass insbesondere die sozial- und kulturanthropologische Forschung das Klischee von Flüchtlingen als 'passive HilfsempfängerInnen' durchbrochen und auf die wesentliche Bedeutung eines Aktiv-Seins für Menschen während und nach der Flucht hingewiesen hat. Zum anderen werden frauenspezifische Fluchtgründe und die Anerkennung von frauenspezifischen Verfolgungsformen erläutert. Abschließend werden genderspezifische Aspekte mit Fallbeispielen aus empirischen Studien der beiden Autorinnen näher ausgeführt.' (Autorenreferat)

An earthquake that struck Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province on September 28, 2018 rose potential problems. One of them is the permanent housing (huntap) provision for 6,504 earthquake-affected households. With a descriptive qualitative approach, this research focuses on the social and political aspects of providing permanent housing for disaster victims. Public opinion, both conveyed by refugees targeted for permanent housing and NGO activists and media workers, is expected to improve the policy of providing permanent housing for earthquake victims in Palu. The public hopes that the houses built for earthquake victims are to replace their lost homes and function as a place for psychological recovery. Therefore, the social aspects of housing provision are essential to receive government priorities, such as guaranteeing a sense of security, comfort, and relocated land status. Assistance and advocacy for displaced victims to obtain their rights should be appreciated, exceptionally due to the lack of political function of Regional House of Representative Council (DPRD) roles in guarding disaster victims. Legislators are unable to make a greater effort due to their status as part of the regional government. Simultaneously, the mass media's attention to housing provisions is still vital for the government to formulate, implement and evaluate its policies. This study also discovered conditions where local governments have limited authority to provide shelter for displaced victims. Centralized government authority forces local governments to rely on the president and his staff.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Approaches to Motivation in the Social Movement Literature -- The Role of Deprivations and Grievances in Various Theoretical Approaches -- 2 Controversies and Empirical Evidence regarding the Role of Grievances -- The Direction of Causality between Grievances and Mobilization -- The Constancy and Ubiquity of Grievances -- The Evidence regarding the Impact of Grievances -- The Evidence regarding the Impact of Emotions -- 3 Methodological Problems Invalidating Some Research on Grievances -- Data and Measurement Problems -- Problems of Analytical Designs -- 4 Other Motivational Components -- Aspirations as Internal Motives -- Deprivations, Incentives, Principles, and Solidarity -- Expectancy of Success as a Motivational Component -- 5 A Model of Motivation in Contentious Collective Action -- The Model -- Other Variations in Motivational Patterns -- 6 Important Factors Affecting Motivation -- Framing Processes and Motivation -- The Role of Collective Identities -- Notes -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.