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In this brief an explanation is given why Exceptions in copyright legislation are of great importance to the free flow of knowledge, essential to education and research in the European Union. At present the Freedom of access to knowledge for EU citizens is trapped in a complex web of national laws and local licensing arrangements. The current EU copyright law does not enable the vision of either a "Europe of knowledge" in the Bologna Process or of a "unified" European Research Area to be realised. To address this Exceptions and limitations harmonised to fit best practice are required to allow content to move digitally across Member States in support of education, research and libraries. Support for open content licensing by the European Parliament will strengthen authors' rights, meet the needs of researchers, teachers and learners, and enable the free flow of knowledge in support of the "fifth freedom".

180Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power France — French Constitution, Article 54 — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 ("Maastricht Treaty") — Compatibility with French Constitution following enactment of Constitutional Amendment Law of 25 June 1992 — Negative vote on Treaty in popular referendum in Denmark — Whether affecting ratification procedure in other signatory States — Whether Constitutional Council should obtain opinion of experts or Community institutions concerning legal positionTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of France to Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with French Constitution — Extent of special constitutional amendments required prior to ratificationTreaties — Ratification — Multilateral treaties — Failure of one signatory State to ratify Treaty — Whether affecting ratification procedure in other signatory States — Whether a matter for constitutional law or public international law — The law of France

The notion of flexicurity was introduced in the 1990s to promote a better job security and social security of atypically employed (other than permanent full-time). The given paper suggests an operational definition of flexicurity which implies the corresponding flexicurity index. For analytical purposes two other indices, the Norm-security of 'normally', i.e. permanent full-time, employed and the All-security of all, i.e. both 'normally' and atypically employed, are defined. The indices are derived from qualitative juridical data. For this purpose, employment groups in different countries are ranked with respect to five partial criteria: the eligibility to public pensions, to unemployment insurance, etc. Due to the specificity of criteria, the ranking is generally possible and is not that confusing as the task of numerical evaluation. A dedicated mathematical proposition estimates the error in the index which results from 'ordinal rounding' of the input variables comparing to using the 'exact' variable values. Thus even if the 'exact' (latent) variables are not known then the rank-scaled input is sufficient to approximate the index which otherwise could not be obtained at all. The index is calculated for 16 European countries for the years 1990-2003.

Background: The European model of integration of recent immigrants is characterised by a trade-off between employment and job quality, which takes different forms in Southern and Continental Europe. In Mediterranean countries, migrants have similar employment opportunities as natives, but they have high risks of entering the lowest strata of the occupational structure. In Continental Europe the trade-off is reversed: Migrants have lower employment opportunities, but once employed, they face a lower penalisation in terms of job quality than the one faced by immigrants living in Southern Europe. Objective: This work focuses on the regional heterogeneity of the model of inclusion of recent immigrants in the European labour markets, analysing how migrant-native gaps in wages and in the probability of (dependent) employment change across areas of the same country. Is the trade-off between employment and job quality confirmed when regional differences are considered? Are there gender differences in the models of inclusion? Methods: We used European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS, 2009-2016) data and applied probit models with sample selection, estimated separately by region and gender. Results: Results show substantial regional heterogeneity in the ethnic penalties in Germany and in Southern Europe, especially in Greece and Italy. Moreover, when regional differences within countries were considered, the trade-off model of inclusion was confirmed only among men, while immigrant women's model of inclusion turned out to be more mixed, with some European areas conforming to a 'double-penalty' model, whereas other areas showed patterns of immigrant disadvantage in line with an 'integration' model. Contribution: This work extends the literature by studying differences in the ethnic penalties at the regional level, focusing on both (dependent) employment probability and wage - an alternative indicator of migrants' economic integration. Our results also suggest the importance of taking gender differences into account.

1. Imagined States: Nationalism and Internationalism -- 2. At the Crossroads: Ireland's Path to Europe -- 3. Hopes and Handouts: Adapting to Membership -- 4. A Tiger in the Zoo: Growth and Greed -- 5. The Bonds that Tie: Crisis and Cooperation -- 6. Four Green Fields and 12 Gold Stars: Nationalism in Internationalism.