Suchergebnisse

Factionalism is a dimension of informal politics that is hardly unique to China, but it has become well entrenched there for several reasons. We know from available survey data that Chinese political culture is relatively low in trust, and the faction provides a particularly useful refuge from the tiger world of politics, organized as it is around that culturally sanctioned dimension of trust known as guanxi (connections) (Shi 2001 and 1997; Pye 1981). From an individual perspective, although this has been changing more swiftly in society at large via marketization, the institutional landscape of elite politics is still dominated by the looming presence of a single monolithic party-state, to which all auxiliary organizations are subordinated in a corporatist hierarchy; any smaller and more personally useful organizations must be formed sub rosa on a self-help basis. From a structural-functional perspective, the faction serves several functions neglected by party-state corporatism: it services individual careers, in both a defensive and an offensive capacity (i.e., to protect against damaging criticism or purge, and to mobilize support for upward mobility); it provides a way of mobilizing minimal coalitions in policy conflicts; and it may even provide a microcosmic unit beyond the family for social identity and solidarity. Factions have always been rampant in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) politics, but precisely because of the universally acknowledged propensity for factionalism, they are formally proscribed by the Leninist rules of innerparty life and hence exist only semiclandestinely, looming more clearly when the central leadership weakens or is in dispute (as, for example, during a succession crisis). Factions are assembled on the basis of a combination of one's formal and informal "bases" (zhengzhi jichu), the formal consisting of trusted colleagues and subordinates in one's current work unit, the informal consisting of ties made during one's previous socialization or career and carefully cultivated thereafter. Factional activities may most easily be understood according to realist or realpolitik methodological assumptions, but as we shall see, they need not operate in an ideological vacuum. Inasmuch as factions exist tacitly and become politically operational opportunistically, the precise affiliation of a given political actor may change over time depending on the issue at stake and other circumstances; hence faction membership can never be tabulated with certainty, even by faction leaders. A given political actor may have at his or her disposal a range of connections that varies in chronological depth (i.e., spanning x generations) and institutional breadth (i.e., spanning x organizational hierarchies). At a given time and place, the actor may need these categories to define him- or herself factionally. On such occasions, a strong factional network (i.e., one that has been assiduously cultivated over time) is useful and perhaps even indispensable to the actor's survival and highly useful for the pursuit of future political ambitions.

El presente artículo trata sobre los rasgos del colectivo formado por las mujeres españolas exiliadas en México desde 1939, como consecuencia de la guerra civil. Partimos de enfocar el exilio desde una perspectiva global, que permite compararlo (en los años cuarenta y cincuenta) con la emigración económica a América del primer tercio del siglo XX, con el fin de ver las diferencias y las similitudes entre las mujeres que participaron en estas migraciones y, de modo más general, la relación entre ambos grupos de españoles en México.El estudio cualitativo del colectivo femenino en el exilio requiere el uso de nuevas fuentes, como las orales y las iconográficas. En este caso se trata de entrevistas personales realizadas a las protagonistas del exilio y de las fotografias del archivo de los Hermanos Mayo.En cuanto a las actividades desarrolladas por las españolas en México hay que destacar dos aspectos: primero, la dedicación de la mayoría de las exiliadas al trabajo de costura a domicilio y, segundo, hubo un importante grupo de mujeres trabajando en tareas de solidaridad con los presos españoles dentro de la Unión de Mujeres Españolas y una minoría significativa ocupada en actividades intelectuales y profesionales, sobre todo en educación.Precisamente la dedicación a actividades políticas y culturales es uno de los elementos distintivos del exilio, que siempre puso gran interés en mantener viva la cultura española republicana, con la esperanza puesta en el retorno a una España sin Franco. ; This paper deals with the characteristics of the group made up by the Spanish women exiled in Mexico since 1939 as a consequence of the Civil War. We view the exile from a general perspective which lets us compare it (in the forties and fifties) with the economic emigration to America of the first thirty years of the XX century, in order to see the differences and similarities between the women who took part in those migrations and, in a more general sense, the relationship between both groups of Spaniards in Mexico.A qualitative survey of the female group in exile requires the use of new sources, such as the oral and the iconographic ones. These are personal interviews with the protagonists of the exile and the photographs of the Mayo Brothers' archives.As for the activities carried out by the Spanish women in Mexico, it is possible to point out two aspects: first, the dedication of most of the exile women to sewing at home and, second, that there was an important group of women working in solidarity with the Spanish prisoners within the Union of Spanish Women and a significant minority occupied in intellectual and professional activities, specially education.It was precisely the dedication to political and cultural activities one of the distinctive features of the exile, which always stressed the interest in keeping the Spanish Republican culture alive, hoping to retum to a Spain without Franco.

Specific research on the socio-cultural context of population programs has rarely been undertaken. If one wants fo find material on this issue, it is always related to other more general subjects such as women's status, traditional cultures, family life, health services, married women, family planning and developing countries. This is astonishing, when we stop to consider the planet's enormous population growth and the urgent need for us to react. It is by now well known that population programs are only successful in the long run if they can be recondiled with the socio-cultural background of the population they are intended to reach. Children in developing countries are wanted for specific reasons; people are not just bringing them into the world with no purpose. These reasons find their roots, in large part, in the socio-cultural background and once these are understood, arguments against them or solutions to them can be found. From this point on population programs can be effective to fight the population growth. Taking Muslim societies for example, the reasons for rejecting family planning methods vary between religion, morality, fear of side effects, and husband's disapproval. The religious and moral reasons can be countered with religious arguments, which, once laid out, can be understood by Muslim societies who may, in turn, change their behaviour. One of these arguments could be the fact that Shari'ah, as seen by several schools of Islamic law, and conferences on Islam and family planning, has room to allow the application of modern methods of contraception. Apart from that, it is said that Islam is a religion of ease and not of hardship, which will inevitably be the case if unchecked population growth continues. Thus there is a religious argument against the religious and moral opposition of Muslim societies to family planning. The fear of side effects of contraceptives, often mentioned by women, can be solved by appropriate explanations; and the husband's diapproval may end when he as well is addressed by the population program and has the opportunity to ask questions concerning the matter, perhaps in private. Regarding the great influence of the extended family, for example in Africa, India and Bangladesh, population programs should include them as well. The same goes for traditional healers, since they are often consulted by the local community and enjoy their prestige and trust which is not always the case for outsiders or experts working in a population program, unless they are recruited from the local community. Institutions like bridewealth, dowry, ancestor worship and poligamy are much more difficult to counter with good arguments, especially when dowry, like in India, is an easy way to gain money in times of economic crisis. But all this implies also that the socio-cultural context of population programs needs much more future attention.

The Argentinan Pampa has an image of vast and expanded fields structured around large farms of cereals production or breeding units. However, in the Province of Buenos Aires, around the south of the capital, the urban network structures an area of the size of nearly half of France. These areas are managed around medium-sized cities, chief towns of the district (partido) seat of local government (intendancia) and municipal (municipio) with what they call « pueblos ». In a context of centralized government, the theme of decentralization is at the heart of the political debate: Municipalities ask for more responsibilities but they have very low budget. But a detailed analysis of different situations illustrates patterns of a contrasting management: First municipios who merely deal with the affairs directly related to the central government (Necochea et Villarino). On the other hand, we can observe a municipio which acts as a main character of local development (Tandil). In this perspective, they try to build a regional project by supporting two systems: One with a social dimension and another one around economic dimension to resolve serious social and economic problems. ; La région pampéenne argentine a depuis l'Europe une image de vastes étendues agricoles très faiblement peuplées où se pratiquent l'élevage bovin et les grandes cultures (essentiellement le soja) sur de grandes exploitations. Pourtant, dans la Province de Buenos-Aires, au sud de la capitale, les villes maillent fortement un territoire qui représente près de la moitié de la France. Les périmètres de gestion combinent des villes moyennes ou des petites villes chefs-lieux d'un district (partido) siège du gouvernement local (intendencia) et de l'administration municipale (municipio) avec des villages (pueblos)'. Dans un contexte de forte centralisation du pouvoir, la thématique de la décentralisation est au cœur des débats politiques : les municipalités revendiquent davantage de compétences, mais elles disposent de marges de manœuvre réduites. Pourtant, une analyse détaillée de différentes situations conduit à repérer des modèles de gestion contrastés : d'une part, deux municipios qui se contentent de gérer les affaires courantes en lien direct avec le gouvernement central (Necochea et Villarino). D'autre part, un municipio acteur du développement territorial qui essaie de construire un projet de territoire (Tandil). En appui à ces processus de développement territorial, deux systèmes, l'un à dimension sociale et l'autre à dimension économique, ont un rôle essentiel dans la recherche de solutions aux lourdes problématiques économiques et sociales que connaît le pays. ; Fil: Albaladejo, Christophe Jacques. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentina ; Fil: Barthe, Laurence. Université de Toulouse; Francia ; Fil: Bustos, Roberto. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina ; Fil: Iscaro, Mariano Ernesto. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Petrantonio, Maria Marcela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina ; Fil: Taulelle, Francois. Université de Toulouse; Francia

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, la ciudad de Buenos Aires transitó un período de crecimiento en lo político, lo demográfico y lo económico. En este contexto los espacios construidos de la ciudad fueron ampliados y reformados de acuerdo a las necesidades y a las posibilidades de sus propietarios. No obstante, aquello ocasionó una serie de conflictos en torno a los límites en que aquellas construcciones estaban emplazadas. El estudio de un caso en profundidad nos permite analizar la actuación de la justicia y el gobierno en lo referente al desarrollo de las construcciones, así como los derechos y las obligaciones de los vecinos respecto al aspecto construido de la ciudad. De este modo, interesa poner en tensión los modos en que se implementaron las ordenanzas de gobierno que miraban por el aspecto físico de la ciudad para indagar en la brecha existente entre la ciudad que se pretendía delinear en las ordenanzas y aquella que fue practicada en el espacio y sancionada en los fueros judiciales. Consideramos, junto con Otero, a la casa como un elemento de la cultura material que al funcionar como marcador de estatus resulta en una construcción tanto material como social. Nos proponemos avanzar en la comprensión del modo en que los espacios de la ciudad de Buenos Aires se fueron construyendo a partir del interjuego entre la acción individual y la intervención gubernamental/judicial en sus distintos niveles.Palabras clave: Buenos Aires - colonia – justicia – urbanismo– arquitectura. ; In the second half of the eighteenth century, Buenos Aires transited a period of political, demographic and economic growth. In this context the houses and buildings of the city were expanded and reformed according to the needs and possibilities of their owners. However that causes a series of conflicts over the boundaries of those buildings. The case study allows us to advance the analysis on the performance of justice and government in relation to the development of the buildings and the rights and obligations of the neighbors re- garding the buildings in the city, and review the ways in which government ordinances regarding the physical appearance of the city were implemented. The same allows us to address the gap between the city that was intended to delineate the ordinances and that was actually practiced in space and sanctioned in judicial jurisdictions. We consider the house as an element of material culture. Since the house functions as a marker of status results in both material and social construction. We intend to advance in the analysis of how the spaces of the city of Buenos Aires were built from the interplay between individual action and government / judicial intervention.Keywords: Colonial Buenos Aires - Colony - justice - urbanism- architecture. ; Fil: Sidy, Bettina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina

Although labeled as the eighth issue of the first volume, it is actually the ninth. The actual eighth issue was mislabeled by the Scab Sheet editors and cover artist, so to disrupt the labeled titles as little as possible, in this digital collection, the first is designated as 8-A while this issue is designated as 8-B. Note: Page numbers listed reflect the actual page numbers despite this issue changing the paper's format by labeling the second page as "page one." Page 1 The cover sheet depicts children presenting flowers to their mother, surrounded by the text "The Scab Sheet WELCOMES OSU MOMS." The price is 25 cents total—5 cents for the truth, and 20 cents for the "Generation Gap." Page 2 "HISTORY OF THE SCAB" A history of The Scab Sheet is described, including an explanation of the reason for its origins. "ASOSU Elections INVESTIGATED" After student concern over the handling of the ASOSU elections (covered extensively in previous Scab Sheets), a special session of the Student Senate is reported to have created a committee to investigate the charges. "CENSORSHIP" A summary of events of perceived censorship is listed, including the aftermath to the Fred Milton incident, as well as alleged corruption in the student government. Continued on Page 4. Page 3 "TENURE REVISITED" Due to the impending removal of three popular instructors in the English Department, the tenure process is criticized as unbalanced and unfair. "CREDENTIALS ANYONE?" Citing the lack of advanced degrees from several deans, a comparison between administrative positions and tenured positions criticizes tenure. "ELECTIONS SCANDAL" The ASOSU election scandal is reviewed in further detail, including complaints about the Voters Guide, the ballots, and the validity of the election. Continued on Page 4. Page 4 "CENSORSHIP (CONT'D)" The censorship article from Page 2 is concluded. "MORE ON ELECTIONS SCANDAL" Further evidence, including specific citations from the ASOSU constitution, are given as evidence towards an elections scandal. Page 5 "THE STUDENT IS A NIGGER" Gerald Farber, Professor of English Cal State L.A. In a harsh critique of the traditional strict culture of academia, Farber compares the relationship between faculty and students with the relationship between whites and blacks. Emphasizing his point with offensive language early on, Farber encourages students to stand for change. An editor's note describes this article as a "classic" article in underground literature. The piece has several headers, which at first glance, appear to be separate articles. Continued on Page 6. Page 6 [no title] Farber's piece from Page 5 is concluded. "ANNOUNCEMENT! ANOTHER VOICE FOR STUDENTS! RYE GRASS! RYE GRASS! RYE GRASS!" The Scab Sheet formally endorses Rye Grass, a " magazine for the Agricultural Reform of an Agricultural College," as it advertises its launch. "JUNIOR CARNIVAL IS FUN!!!" The Junior Weekend Carnival is advertised.

The purpose of the study — to analyze the phenomenon of the author's style "multiculturalism" in the painting of the Canadian-Ukrainian artist W. Kurelek, as well as to characterize the unique author's artistic technique.
The methodology. Symbolic-metaphysical and philosophical aspects of the artist's work are studied on the basis of art analysis of individual paintings. The method of formal and stylistic analysis helped to identify the appearance of individual works, characterized the artistic processes that took place in the Canadian-Ukrainian environment, which had a significant impact on the work of W. Kurelek. This method effectively helped in the stylistic characterization of the canvas, in particular in identifying the formal organization of the work: space, time, color, light, rhythm, composition, perspective.
The scientific topicality. The role of W. Kurelek in the formation of the multicultural process in Canada is proved, in particular the importance of his art — chronicles of the formation and development of Canadian emigrants (Frenchmen, Irishmen, Ukrainians, Jews, Poles), as well as the first comprehensive study of the author's creative method "multiculturalism".
The practical significance. Theoretical material can be used in scientific art and cultural studies, as well as for teaching courses in: history of Ukrainian culture in the diaspora, art of the Ukrainian diaspora, the development of Ukrainian art in Canada, in the preparation of textbooks and manuals.
The conclusions. The author's creative method "multiculturalism" of the Canadian artist, the grandson of the first Ukrainian emigrants W. Ku-relek has been studied. The uniqueness of this creative method lies in the system of abilities of the artist. First of all, it is a comparative approach to the selection of ideas and thematic outlines of works, which was based on a long analysis of the historical context, socio-cultural environment and futuristic predictions, which the artist observed and tried not just narratively capture in his work.
From childhood, from his first emigrant grandparents, and later from his own experience of "dual" identity, it was very important for the artist to record in painting the presence and contribution of each emigrant group that was a member of multicultural Canadian society. In order to properly crystallize the author's style, W. Kurelek traveled to all twelve provinces of Canada, capturing the geopolitical, climatic, natural and social characteristics of each province. He studied the histories of the aboriginal tribes, the arrival of the first emigrants, and the stages of the "multiplication" and integration of the various waves of emigrants on Canadian land. The uniqueness of this style was that the artist did not generalize the standard image of "Frenchman", "Irishman", "Pole", but went by inductive method, studying the history of a person, his life, as well as the history of a country, its art , traditions, music, literature, customs, even cooking.
The unique artistic author's "mixed" technique obtained by long-term experiments and the influence of Nikolaides' artistic method on the compositional structure of W. Kurelek's work are also analyzed.

Introduction. The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the views on transhumanism (TH), presented in the modern discourse, and conceptual approaches to assessing the consequences of its spread. The relevance of the sociological analysis of TH is determined by the intensity of discussions and the inconsistency of its assessments in social media and the expert community, the growth of its international influence and the threats of the implementation of new norms set by the ideology of TH. The scientific novelty of the work consists in a typological interpretation of the concept of TH in its activity and information and communication aspects.Methodology and sources. In the work the results of studies presented in domestic and foreign publications on TH are used, as well as the materials of the public pages of the online communities Transhumanism and Transhumanism Without Borders in the social networks VKontakte and LiveJournal. Explanatory models of classical and non-classical sociology are involved: the theory of imitation of G. Tarde, the sociocultural approach of E. Durkheim, the structural-functional analysis of T. Parsons, the genealogical analysis of M. Foucault, the theory of rationality of J. Habermas. The historical-genetic method is used, which is adequate to the individualizing nature of socio-historical knowledge.Results and discussion. TH is a new global ideology that configures images of the social world dating back to archaic myths with representations of a synthetic theory of evolution, technoscience, and social philosophy. TH is an ideology adequate to the conditions that gave rise to it and a new type of social subject: weakening nation-states and the formation of the information contour of global society, a new communication infrastructure as a space for universal material and spiritual exchange, a new social subject – "communities" mobilized to fight for personal rights and self-determination in the anthropological field. The lifestyle constructed in the experimental mode is given a normative value. TH meets the imperative of globalization as a cultural ideology, since it interprets culture as a universe of methods, tools, and technologies that allow a person to rationally influence himself. Rationality in the TH is the highest value, a criterion for assessing and selecting the normative constructions of the future, developed by communities (minorities), which are underlined by features of ethnicity and cultural and historical identity.Critical arguments and polemics with TH in religious discourse are examined. The ideological status of TH is discussed. There is a radicalization in the TH of the ideas of liberalism and communism. TH is being studied as a platform uniting the ideological subcultures of communities oriented toward "rationality", the analysis of which draws on the potential of non-classical sociology.Conclusion. TH is a utopia in a specific sense: it is a socio-anthropological practice, represented in the theoretical consciousness as an image of the future, and in practical terms as an experimental present. We must evaluate the social consequences of the spread of the ideology of TH at the same time by methods of historical analysis and futuristic modeling.

Мета статті: здійснити аналіз нормативно-правової бази фізичного виховання у вищих педагогічних навчальних закладах України у другій половині 40-х – наприкінці 80-х рр. ХХ ст. Методи дослідження: теоретичний аналіз, порівняння та узагальнення джерел. Результати дослідження: на основі аналізу нормативно-правових документів визначено стратегію держави щодо фізичного виховання студентської молоді. Практичне значення: дослідження, на основі історичного досвіду, дозволяє виявити шляхи вдосконалення нормативно-правової бази фізичного виховання в педагогічних вишах. Висновки та перспективи подальших наукових розвідок: встановлено, що нормативно-правове забезпечення фізичного виховання у вищих навчальних закладах протягом досліджуваного періоду характеризується динамічністю та намаганням удосконалювати систему фізичного розвитку студентської молоді відповідно до політичних та соціально-економічних потреб держави. Подальшого вивчення потребує зміст навчальних програм з фізичної культури для вишів як складова нормативного забезпечення фізичного виховання студентів. ; The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory framework of physical education in higher pedagogical education institutions of Ukraine in the second half of the 40's – the late 80's of the XXth century. Research methods: theoretical analysis, comparison and synthesis of the sources. The results of the study: based on the analysis of normative-legal documents the strategy of the state towards physical education of students is defined. Practical value: the study, on the basis of historical experience, allows to identify the ways of improving the normative-legal basis of physical education in the pedagogical universities. Conclusions and prospects for further research: it was found out that the regulatory framework of physical education in higher pedagogical education institutions of Ukraine during the analyzed period consisted of documents of different levels of legal hierarchy adopted by many party and state authorities. Analysis of legal acts shows that the strategy of the state in relation to physical education of students was not constant and changed under the influence of political, social and economic factors. So, in the early postwar years the priority was the restoration of physical education in higher schools on military basis. The contents of legal documents, adopted before 1948, was directed at achieving this result. After the decree of the Central Committee of the CC UCP(b) "On the development of mass sports movement and growth of skills of Soviet athletes" (December 1948) physical activity of pedagogical universities focuses on identifying and training athletes who would have been able to win at international competitions. A new phase of legal regulation of physical education in higher education institutions begins at the end of the 1950s. Its feature is refocusing on the development of mass sports movement in the universities and promoting the health of students. In general, regulatory support of physical education in higher education institutions in the period under study is characterized by dynamism and desire to improve the system of physical development of students. However, the level of legislation in this area cannot be recognized as coherent, stable and such that fully conforms to the time requirements. The subject of further study is the content of the curriculum of physical culture for schools as part of the normative support of physical education of students of higher education institutions.

Despite the profusion of exhibitions on South American art that took place in France throughout the 20th century, these have rarely presented artistic experiences as anchored in a territory. What we know of mural art in Chile is based on special exhibitions, such as the Paris Biennial in 1973 or the Venice Biennial in 1974: they were examined as marks of a revolutionary socialist art, or as a practice of resistance to a military dictatorship that was committed to destroy all the initiatives undertaken under the Salvador Allende regime (1970-1973). In this research, we show that these new objects had an entirely different trajectory in Chile and involved such important notions as "art for all"and "social art" that were already in development in the 1930s and 1940s. In order to deconstruct the heroic narratives around these new objects, we wanted to show the way in which knowledges, speeches, testimonies, were formulated and the authors who have ensured their legitimization. The mexican experience had an important impact in the way of rethinking the relation between art and public and to construct a characteristic art, despite the military junta only saw left political unrests. Diferents values were linked to the murals and those artistic experiences changed the visual landscape of the city; some neighbourhoods contains murales since decades. Far from being only restricted by a ideology contents, they absorb, in reverse, influences from conventional mural painting or from the grafitti culture of the norh american cities. ; A pesar de la profusión de exposiciones en Francia durante el Siglo XX sobre el arte sudamericano, aquellas manifestaciones estaban incapaces de tratar de experiencias artísticas inscritas en un territorio. Lo que conocemos de los murales callejeros en Chile depende de dispositivo particular como la Bienal de París de 1973 o la Bienal de Venecia de 1974 : se viste elementos de un arte revolucionaria socialista o bien una práctica de resistencia frente a una dictadura militar que se encargaba de destruir todas iniciativas empezadas bajo el régimen de Salvador Allende (1970-1973). En esta investigación, tratamos de mostrar como esos nuevos objetos conocieron una trayectoria totalmente diferente en Chile, poniendo en juego nociones tales importantes como "el arte para todos" o "el arte social" que estaban en formulación desde los anos 1930 y 1940. Tratando de deconstruir los relatos heroicos sobre esos nuevos objetos, queremos subrayar la maniera donde de han constituidos los saberes, discursos, escritos, testimonios, y los autores quien estaban a cargo de legitimar esa nueva forma de expresión artística. La experiencia mejicana a jugado un papel muy importante cuanto a la maniera de repensar el lienzo entre el publico y el arte y en la maniera de elaborar un arte propio, aun que la Junta militar consideraba los murales solamente como una forma de protesta popular, demasiado relacionado con los partidos políticos de izquierda. A pesar de las diferentes valores que están asociados a los murales callejeros, esas experiencias artísticas han marcado durablemente el paisaje visual de la capital chilena y algunas poblaciones están todavía llenas de pinturas que fue pintadas hace muchos años. Los murales, lejos de estar composiciones únicamente ligadas a un repertorio ideológico, demuestran al contrario diversas influencias como la pintura al fresco convencional o la cultura del grafiti en plena expansión el las ciudades norteamericanas. ; Les expositions sur l'art sud-américain se sont multipliées tout au long du XXème siècle mais elles n'ont que rarement été capables d'évoquer des expériences artistiques inscrites dans un territoire. La Biennale de Paris de 1973 et la Biennale de Venise de 1974 ont été les premières manifestations qui ont fait connaître les peintures murales populaires au Chili à l'échelle internationale : on y a vu à tour de rôle les traces d'un art révolutionnaire socialiste, ou bien une pratique de résistance vis-à-vis d'une dictature militaire qui s'est attelée à détruire toutes formes de libre expression ainsi que les initiatives engagées sous le régime de Salvador Allende (1970-1973). Or, ces nouveaux objets plastiques ont connu une trajectoire tout autre au Chili et mettaient en jeu des notions aussi importantes que « l'art pour tous » ou « l'art social » qui étaient déjà en gestation depuis les années 1930 et 1940. En cherchant à déconstruire les récits héroïques, nous avons voulu montrer la manière dont se sont constitués les savoirs, les discours, les témoignages, et les auteurs qui ont participé à la légitimation de cette nouvelle forme d'expression artistique. Si l'expérience mexicaine a joué un rôle considérable dans la manière de repenser la relation du public à l'art et dans la manière d'élaborer un art qui soit propre, la Junte militaire n'y voyait qu'une forme d'agitation populaire trop liée aux partis politiques de gauche. Au-delà des différentes valeurs gravitant autour des murales, ces expériences artistiques ont durablement marqué le paysage visuel de la capitale au point que certains quartiers sont aujourd'hui encore habillés de fresques datant de plusieurs décennies. Les peintures murales, loin d'être des compositions confinées à un répertoire idéologique, témoignent au contraire de diverses influences allant de la peinture murale conventionnelle à la culture graffiti alors en pleine expansion dans les villes nord-américaines.

Rev.esc.adm.negA good leadership is essential for the successful development of organizations and their staff members. Transformational leadership is a contemporary focus which highlights the moral bases of leadership and which has been valued in different cultures, being associated with its efectiviness and workers´ outcomes such as satisfaction and performance. This leadership is manifested through four basic performance dimensions (idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulus and individual consideration) and through the managerial competencies of an executive. In this case study, these dimensions and ten leadership competencies (integrity and confidence, orientation to outcomes, importance of action, perseverance, effective use of time, effective communication, high performance team formation and development, decision making, business capacity and strategic management capacity) have been analyzed taking an executive sample of 16 companies from the flower agricultural sector with the Florverde seal.This seal shows care for products and compromise with companies regarding environmental affairs and social responsibility, issues which are closely related with transformational leadership. Two transformational leadership dimensions were found: idealized influence and inspiring motivation, and its most outstanding competence was confidence and integrity, key elements for the successful development of transformational leadership. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUn buen liderazgo es esencial para el desarrollo exitoso de las organizaciones y de sus miembros. El liderazgo transformacional, es un enfoque contemporáneo que resalta las bases morales del liderazgo y ha sido valorado en diversas culturas, asociándose con la efectividad del liderazgo y resultados en los trabajadores tales como satisfacción y desempeño. Se manifiesta a través de cuatro dimensiones básicas de comportamiento (influencia idealizada, motivación inspiradora, estímulo intelectual y consideración individualizada) y en las competencias de liderazgo de un dirigente. En este artículo, se analizan estas dimensiones y diez competencias de liderazgo (integridad y confianza, orientación a la obtención de resultados, importancia en la acción, perseverancia, uso efectivo del tiempo, comunicación empática, conformación y desarrollo de equipos de alto desempeño, toma de decisiones, capacidad negociadora, y capacidad de direccionamiento estratégico), en los dirigentes de una muestra de 16 empresas del sector floricultor en Colombia con el sello Florverde.Este sello, refleja el cuidado por la calidad de los productos y el compromiso de las empresas con el medioambiente y de responsabilidad social, aspectos que se asocian con las bases morales del liderazgo transformacional. Entre los directivos estudiados, se encontraron dos dimensiones de liderazgo transformacional: influencia idealizada y motivación inspiradora y su competencia más destacada fue la integridad y confianza, elementos claves para el desarrollo exitoso del liderazgo transformacional. ; leadership transformationnel est une approche contemporaine qui met en évidence les fondements moraux de la direction d'entreprise et qui a longtemps été associé par différentes cultures à l'efficacité du comité de direction de l'entreprise. Au niveau des employés, cela se traduit par une plus grande satisfaction et une meilleure performance. Le leadership transformationnel se manifeste par le biais de quatre dimensions basées sur le comportement (influence idéalisée, source d'inspiration, de motivation et de stimulation intellectuelle) ainsi que sur les compétences de leadership d'un dirigeant. Cette étude de cas examine ces dimensions et dix compétences de leadership de dirigeants (intégrité et confiance axées sur les résultats, importance de l'action, de la persévérance, l'utilisation efficace du temps, l'empathie, la formation et les systèmes de communication de haut rendement, la capacité de décision, de négociation et stratégique) représentatif d'un échantillon de 16 entreprises du secteur floricole colombien estampillées Florverde. Ce label reflète les soins apportés à la qualité des produits et à l'engagement des entreprises sur les questions environnementales et de responsabilité sociale.Ces aspects sont associés aux fondements moraux du leadership transformationnel. Deux dimensions de leadership transformationnel ont été mises en évidence chez les dirigeants participant à l'étude: l'influence idéalisée et la motivation inspiratrice. Les compétences les plus marquantes étant l'intégrité et la confiance en l'avenir, éléments clés de succès pour le développement du leadership transformationnel. ; Rev.esc.adm.negUma boa liderança é fundamental para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido das organizações e seus membros. A liderança transformacional é um enfoque contemporâneo que ressalta as bases morais da liderança e foi valorizado em diversas culturas sendo associado à efetividade da liderança e aos resultados nos trabalhadores como satisfação e desempenho. A liderança transformacional é expressa através de quatro dimensões básicas de comportamento (influência idealizada, motivação inspiradora, estímulo intelectual e consideração individualizada) e nas competências de liderança de um dirigente. Neste estudo de caso analisam-se estas dimensões e dez competências de liderança (integridade e confiança, orientação à obtenção de resultados, importância na ação, perseverança, uso efetivo do tempo, comunicação empática, conformação e desenvolvimento de equipes de alto desempenho, toma de decisões, capacidade negociadora e capacidade de direcionamento estratégico), nos dirigentes de uma amostra de 16 empresas do setor floricultor na Colômbia com selo Florverde.Este selo reflete o cuidado pela qualidade dos produtos e o compromisso das empresas com assuntos ambientais e de responsabilidade social, aspectos associados às bases morais da liderança transformacional. Encontraram-se duas dimensões de liderança transformacional nos dirigentes estudados: influência idealizada e motivação inspiradora, as competências mais sobressalentes deles foram a integridade e confiança, elementos chaves para o desenvolvimento bem sucedido da liderança transformacional.

"耽美"来源于日本,是以女性读者群为主要受众、描写男性与男性之间浪漫关系或性关系的文学或艺术作品,也被称为BL(Boy's Love)。喜爱耽美的女性爱好者被称为"腐女"。耽美文化自1990 年代后期随着日本流行文化进入中国,至今已在中国网络空间中逐渐发展成为一个主要由女性网民所组成的,包含文本创作、阅读与交流的文化圈。与此同时,耽美文化的流行亦引发了中国当下种种对性与性别问题的思考。 ; 本研究将耽美文化解译为"女性幻想男男之爱"的欲望结构,从精神分析幻想理论与酷儿理论的视角来考察中国网络中的耽美文化现象。论文所围绕的一个问题是,耽美文化与中国社会文化中的性/别话语产生了怎样的关系,以及如何从腐女的耽美幻想中搭建起与现实性/别政治的联系。研究首先分析了两类网络耽美小说文本,分别来看它们与1990年代以后的"男同性恋"身份话语,和2000年代以后对"中国古典文化"想象之间的吸收、挪用与再创造;其次以网络腐女圈的论坛讨论与配对狂欢为对象,研究网络耽美式恶搞对官方媒体、主流男性形象和异性恋规范的权威所潜在的颠覆性;最后以2011年一桩"腐女被抓案"新闻报道为契机,来观察耽美文化与网络淫秽色情审查的纠葛、冲突与可能的出路。 ; 欲望幻想的流动性决定着它边界的模糊与开放,以及它承载、影响乃至侵扰"现实"秩序的功能。因此,作为一种女性的男性同性情欲幻想,本研究视耽美文化最引人注目的地方不在于其本身的出现与流行程度,而在于它与各种性/别话语的相互建构与矛盾冲突。此外,在对幻想文本、网络话语以及腐女群体的调查中,本研究也期待探索某种"酷儿"政治在中国网络文化中生产的可能性。 ; Boy's love (BL in short; danmei in Chinese) is a Japanese term for female-oriented fictional media, which focuses on love, sex and romance between beautiful androgynous boys or young men. Apart from the gay self-representations, BL is a genre of male homoeroticism by and for mostly heterosexual women. In China, the BL fans call themselves "Fu Nu", which means "rotten girl", to describe their enthusiasm for fantasizing male homosexuality. BL originated from Japanese amine, comic and game youth culture, and has since become a transnational phenomenon all over the world with a global fan base. As such, the phenomenon of boy's love had already aroused a lot of discussions in relation to ideologies of gender and sexuality from different cultural and social perspectives. BL fandom in China's culture context with its "Chinese characteristics" also deserves particular attention, when it opens up a fantastic space for Chinese woman to practice their sexuality beyond non-heterosexual norms. ; However there is limited work that considers the queer sexuality of female BL fans in China, in relation to the queer texts and queer discourses they create. There is also little research that explores the capacity of boy's love netizens to resist the on-going internet surveillance by the Chinese government of information deemed 'sexually inappropriate' ...

The subject of the study is to highlight the socio-economic significance of the social component of student training and teachers' activities as competitive participants in the labor market, educational space, highly qualified and patriotic potential of the Ukrainian nation. The purpose of the article is to identify new opportunities for strengthening the social components of training and increasing the competitiveness of future specialists in agricultural universities and their implementation by means of management and administration. The methodological basis of the article is historical, monographic, dialectical, system-structural analysis and synthesis, statistical-economic methods. Results of the article. It was determined that social components can and should be strengthened in the process of professional training of students (responsibility for one's actions in relation to future subordinates, colleagues, partners, consumers, business and environmental ecology; patriotism; educated and intelligent behavior, empathy for others; love for nature as factor of competitive agricultural activity, etc.); industrial and educational and industrial practices (advisory, professional and digital, etc. assistance to rural territorial communities, individuals, enterprises); in the development of student self-government; cultural-mass and socially useful work at the university (participation in cultural-artistic and social events at various levels of organization and management – clubs, competitions, trainings, field days, round tables, Olympiads, presentations, etc.); in the organization of student leisure, food and sports; in ensuring the personal growth of each teacher and student; in the form of volunteer activities of teachers and students; in the process of interaction of the university with local and state authorities, etc. Collectively, these directions can be characterized as the social responsibility of universities and their management and administration. Field of application of results. The results of the article can be used by agricultural universities, public organizations, students, graduate students, teachers; bodies of local self-government and management of rural territorial communities. Conclusions. Therefore, the social components of training students of agricultural universities as future competitive specialists in the labor market are of great importance. We have determined a clear periodization of social work in time (before the war (with the exception of the times of the pandemic), during the war, after it); by locations of conduct (intra-university, external environment, combined events); by subjects of influence, functions, mission - among students, for students, by the forces of students; terms of implementation - permanent, periodic, one-time measures; regarding the educational process and methods of implementation - as part of educational programs, special in additional time, combined, etc. In modern conditions, along with traditional and established social measures, strategic priorities include: administration and provision of healthy nutrition and physical culture and sports for students; support of rural communities by students, including during educational and industrial and complex industrial and pre-diploma practices. It is also development on the basis of social responsibility of teachers and students of volunteer activities. Finally, it is constant support for constant personal growth, self-education, self-improvement, development of an active civic position, including through participation in student and local self-government bodies.

The article describes the descriptive characteristics of demographic and economic factors of state weakening in their multicausal interactions, which is based on the analysis of empirical indicators of state instability of the demographic and economic sphere, proposed by the Peace Foundation and partial logical extrapolation of these indicators to the social reality of Ukraine. As a result of research the following conclusions are formulated. The analysis of the factors of weakening of the state power in Ukraine allows to carry out their conditional hierarchy which will be defined by features of a social-institutional and social-group profile of the Ukrainian society. It is stated that the weakening of state power over the past 5 years can be considered both as the root cause and as a consequence of external influence. At the same time, it was emphasized that the external influence on the functioning of state institutions, the economy, and the mass media took place at the start of Ukrainian independence. It is noted that at the level of a formal constitutional act Ukraine was declared an independent and sovereign state, in social practices one could observe an unspoken (shadow) restriction of sovereignty by the presence of infiltrated groups of influence of other states (including Russia, USA, EU countries) in parliament, bodies executive power in general and special services in particular. It is noted that their very presence, on the one hand, was a consequence of the instability of the borders of identity of the political space of Ukraine, its power and information depressurization, on the other hand - the weakness of cultural filters, which was expressed in cult attitude to actors of foreign origin.It is emphasized that these actors of external influence did not (and could not) have an interest in strengthening Ukrainian statehood, and therefore created a regime of ignorance and silence to solve a number of current problems and crises, from cultural to environmental. It is noted that at the same time, it is impossible to remove some responsibility for maintaining such a regime from ordinary citizens, who, as bearers of Soviet political culture, are accustomed to building relations with the state in the usual paternalistic format. It was stated that the consequences of covert external influence and its ignorance and tacit indulgence by the population were protest movements, which grew into the Orange Revolution of 2005 and the Revolution of Dignity of 2014.Attention is focused on the fact that the "coefficient of usefulness" of these events for Ukrainian society (except for the ruling elites) remains quite insignificant. Permanent fragmentation of state power and its delegitimization continue, crisis phenomena in the economy become more complicated and intensified, environmental problems are postponed, however, they steadily affect the creation of discontent groups. It is summarized that all this highlights the need for sociological reflection and implementation of management strategies to overcome the crisis, part of which is a multi-causal study of external influence on Ukraine, which has been the subject of analysis in this article and future publications.

During the study of the formation, formation and development of spatial and architectural-planning organization of settlements, the main attention is mostly paid to the processes of urbanization.The purpose of the article is to find out the theoretical preconditions and peculiarities of the influence of urban ecological factors on the development of mountain settlements, their role in solving urgent ecological, spatial and architectural-urban problems of recreational settlements on the way to sustainable development.The study of urban-ecological interactions in the Ukrainian Carpathians is a rather difficult task due to the significant variability of environmental factors, rather tense ecological situation in the region, lack of effective mechanisms of nature management, imperfection of regulatory framework, in particular, in the field of environmental legislation. approaches to the identification and typology of environmental phenomena, which complicates the process of managing them.Nowadays, the problems of sustainable development of mountain areas are insufficiently studied, in particular, insufficient attention is paid to the study of the effects of environmental factors on the development of spatial organization and architectural and urban planning problems of mountain settlements. The ecological situation of the vast majority of mountain settlements of recreational profile is tense, the priority is to diagnose the state of urban ecosystems and solve environmental problems, which should guarantee the improvement of the ecological situation in the region and successful development of recreational and tourist potential of the Ukrainian Carpathians.Based on the analysis of the studied literature sources, we can assume that the planning structure of mountain settlements in the Ukrainian Carpathians directly depends on the ecological situation in the region and on urban-ecological interactions between various factors of natural and man-made environment.In terms of environmental factors that have or may have an impact on the development of mountain areas, the most significant, in our opinion, are or may be: landslides, excessive devastating floods, forest fires, biodiversity loss. Degradation of mountainous areas in water intake zones is especially dangerous not only for the mountain population, but also for the surrounding plains.One of the priority and strategically important tasks is the implementation of effective local and regional policy in the field of nature management, aimed primarily at solving environmental problems of the region and the formation of ecological culture, which in the long run can be a key to successful development of mountain areas and recreational potential. Urboecological interactions and their influence on the spatial and architectural-planning organization of mountain settlements of the recreational profile of the Ukrainian Carpathians need further study. ; Розглянуто роль екологічних факторів у формуванні планувальної структури гірських поселень рекреаційного профілю в Українських Карпатах, проаналізовано значення урбоекологічних взаємодій в умовах сталого розвитку населених пунктів Карпатського регіону. Встановлено, що рекреаційний потенціал гірських населених пунктів безпосередньо залежить від екологічної ситуації, ефективного природокористування, збереження ландшафтного та біологічного різноманіття, формування екологічної свідомості населення. Гірські поселення Українських Карпат відіграють важливе значення в просторовій та архітектурно-містобудівній організації регіону, є необхідним елементом системи розселення, центрами культури, туризму, рекреації.