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For more than a quarter century, large-diameter pipeline systems have been crossing and recrossing the international boundary between Canada and the United States as though that political demarcation line did not exist. Over the years these pipelines have carried large volumes of Canadian oil and gas to American markets and two of them, Interprovincial Pipe Line Limited in the case of oil, and TransCanada PipeLines Limited in the case of natural gas, have also moved Canadian source oil and gas through the United States to reach markets in eastern Canada.

"Gesundheitssysteme stehen heute unter einem erheblichen Anpassungsdruck. Private Selbst- und Zuzahlungen der Patientinnen und Patienten erhalten einen immer höheren Stellenwert und die Abfolge von (Struktur-)Reformen beschleunigt sich. Für die Bürgerinnen und Bürger wird es dadurch zunehmend schwieriger, sich an den hoch komplexen Gesundheitssystemen zu orientieren. Langfristig kann ein solcher Prozess einen Vertrauensverlust in die Institution der Gesundheitsversorgung zur Folge haben. Anhand eines Vergleichs von 15 EU-Ländern wird diskutiert, welche institutionellen Kontexte einen besonders guten Schutz vor einem Abfall des Vertrauens bieten können und welche Bedingungen bei Gesundheitsreformen besonders zu beachten sind." (Autorenreferat)

The international relations (IR) discipline is dominated by the American research community. Data about publication patterns in leading journals document this situation as well as a variance in theoretical orientations. IR is conducted differently in different places. The main patterns are explained through a sociology of science model that emphasizes the different nineteenth-century histories of the state, the early format of social science, and the institutionalized delineation among the different social sciences. The internal social and intellectual structure of American IR is two-tiered, with relatively independent subfields and a top layer defined by access to the leading journals (on which IR, in contrast to some social sciences, has a high consensus). The famous successive "great debates" serve an important function by letting lead theorists focus and structure the whole discipline. IR in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom has historically been structured differently, often with power vested more locally. American IR now moves in a direction that undermines its global hegemony. The widespread turn to rational choice privileges a reintegration (and status-wise rehabilitation) with the rest of political science over attention to IR practices elsewhere. This rationalistic turn is alien to Europeans, both because their IR is generally closer to sociology, philosophy, and anthropology, and because the liberal ontological premises of rational choice are less fitting to European societies. Simultaneously, European IR is beginning to break the local power bastions and establish independent research communities at a national or, increasingly, a European level. As American IR turns from global hegemony to national professionalization, IR becomes more pluralistic.

Are the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which relate to international conflicts, also applicable in the case of an "armed conflict not of an international character"?

The article provides an overview of international and Russian literature on the genesis and development of System Research in IR studies, demonstrates the emergence of System Research in Russia and in the world, the development of the general theory of systems. It is shown that at the fi rst stage, the representatives of natural sciences tried to identify the isomorphism between the international relations system and other systems (biological, physical). In this context, the attempts to form a general theory of international confl ict could be viewed. It is noted that at the beginning of the 1970s, these attempts ended unsuccessfully in general. The second area of international relations system modeling is related to the work of structural realists, primarily K. Waltz and M. Kaplan. Despite the fact that in their papers the verbal analysis dominates over the formal international relations system model, they have madea signifi cant contribution to the political science in perception of the systems theory. The paper also describes the system modeling in the context of the Neo-Marxist theory of international relations, fi rst and foremost, in the meaning of the I. Wallerstein's world-system theory. Special attention is paid to the systemic research crisis in the IR science at the turn of 1980-1990s, also due to a sharp change in the international situation, and the transition from a predominantly deterministic world of the Cold War to the post-bipolar non-equilibrium international system. The authors clearly reveal the evolution of the international relations perception in terms of the systems theory. They also illustrate the intensifi cation of the international system modeling in the XXIst century on the basis of a new methodology - via the use of the more sophisticated complexity theory (the theory of complex systems), as well as by adapting the sociological theory of structuration by A. Giddens in political sciences. Showing the most promising areas of the complexity theory practical application in the modeling of international relations - agentbased modeling and simulation of system dynamics, - the authors enumerate the most promising spheres for the system modeling in international studies.

Last month the International Review published an article on the tasks which the ICRC has undertaken during the past few months in the Yemen. The conflict in that country having been prolonged, the needs of the humanitarian action are consequently increasing. We now recall the various phases of the ICRC's intervention, in particular since November 1963.

The Twelfth International Penal and Penitentiary Congress met at The Hague onAugust 14, 1950. The last such Congress had been held in Berlin in 1935. The Twelfth Congress dealt with such matters as the problems encountered in the application of penal law, the problem of a code of penal execution, and measures which might be substituted for the penal sentence in order to take into account the needs of a humane defense of society. The International Penal and Penitentiary Commission1 held meetings immediately preceding and following the congress on the question of its relationship with the United Nations. The prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders — which had been the principal fields of activity of IPPC since its organization in 1872 — had been matters of concern to the United Nations, in particular the Social Commission of ECOSOC, since 1946. Because of a desire to avoid duplication of effort, and because 18 of the 26 members of IPPC were also Members of the United Nations, representatives of IPPC and of the United Nations conducted negotiations in 1949 and 1950 for the integration of IPPC into the United Nations Secretariat

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Literaturverzeichnis -- 1. Teil: Einleitung -- 1. Abschnitt: Die Bedeutung internationaler Sportveranstaltungen -- 2. Abschnitt: Diskussionen um die Vergabe internationaler Sportveranstaltungen -- 3. Abschnitt: Gegenstand der Untersuchung -- 4. Abschnitt: Gang der Untersuchung -- 2. Teil: Anwendbarkeit des Unionsrechts -- 1. Abschnitt: Geltungsbereich der Grundfreiheiten -- A. Auslegung der Grundfreiheiten im Hinblick auf ihre extraterritoriale Wirkung -- B. Völkerrechtliche Vorgaben