Suchergebnisse

The distinctive Sami historical land use concerning reindeer management and settlement of inner Troms, North Norway, is reflected in places with archaeological remains. The insight and knowledge connected with these places can be accessed through oral traditions and place-names where reindeer management is embedded in reindeer knowledge developed over long time spans. Previous distinctions between wild reindeer hunting and pastoral herding can be redefined, since much of the traditional knowledge concerning the wild reindeer (goddi) may have been transferred to the domesticated animals (boazu). The transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism is a current research focus and archaeological results from inner Troms indicate that several Sami dwellings with árran (hearths) are related to a transitional period from AD 1300 to 1400. This period is marked by a reorganisation of the inland Sami siida (collective communities), and changes in landscape use wherein seasonal cycles and grazing access began to determine the movements of people and their domestic reindeer herds. This reorganisation was a response to both external political relations and the inner dynamic of the Sami communities. The first use of tamed reindeer was as decoys and draft animals in the hunting economy, only later becoming the mainstay of household food supply in reindeer pastoralism, providing insurance for future uncertainties. The formation of the national border between Norway-Denmark and Sweden in 1751 led to extensive changes in the previously trans-national mobility pattern, leading to fragmentation of the old siidas and to a new stage of nomadic pastoral economy.

Einige Elemente zur Erklärung der "Varieties of Capitalism" sind in der unterschiedlichen Industrialisierungsgeschichte sowie der Frühgeschichte industrieller Beziehungen in Deutschland und Frankreich zu suchen. Um die beiden Modelle industrieller Beziehungen in Deutschland und Frankreich in ihren Entstehungsbedingungen transparent zu machen, werden einführend zunächst wesentliche Entwicklungslinien in beiden Ländern bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs skizziert. Anschließend wird die Geschichte betrieblicher Interessenvertretungen in der industriell geprägten Boomphase der 1950er und 1960er Jahre beschrieben, an deren Ende es sowohl in Deutschland wie in Frankreich zu grundlegenden Reformen kommt. Die 1970er Jahre werden - gemäß ihrer Konzeption als Scharnierjahrzehnt - in doppelter Weise angesprochen: gewerkschaftliche Verbetrieblichung in Deutschland, Verbetrieblichung jenseits der Gewerkschaften in Frankreich. Die 1970er Jahre bilden den Abschluss der Boomphase der Nachkriegszeit und den Beginn einer Epoche, die von einem grundlegenden Strukturwandel in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft geprägt ist. (ICE2)

The distinctive Sami historical land use concerning reindeer management and settlement of inner Troms, North Norway, is reflected in places with archaeological remains. The insight and knowledge connected with these places can be accessed through oral traditions and place-names where reindeer management is embedded in reindeer knowledge developed over long time spans. Previous distinctions between wild reindeer hunting and pastoral herding can be redefined, since much of the traditional knowledge concerning the wild reindeer (goddi) may have been transferred to the domesticated animals (boazu). The transition from reindeer hunting to pastoralism is a current research focus and archaeological results from inner Troms indicate that several Sami dwellings with árran (hearths) are related to a transitional period from AD 1300 to 1400. This period is marked by a reorganisation of the inland Sami siida (collective communities), and changes in landscape use wherein seasonal cycles and grazing access began to determine the movements of people and their domestic reindeer herds. This reorganisation was a response to both external political relations and the inner dynamic of the Sami communities. The first use of tamed reindeer was as decoys and draft animals in the hunting economy, only later becoming the mainstay of household food supply in reindeer pastoralism, providing insurance for future uncertainties. The formation of the national border between Norway-Denmark and Sweden in 1751 led to extensive changes in the previously trans-national mobility pattern, leading to fragmentation of the old siidas and to a new stage of nomadic pastoral economy.

Sharing of finances among couples : principles of equality and gender relations.
For the past thirty years, sociological studies of the family have revealed a process of individualisation that is changing both family structures and the meaning of family relations (the importance of love, equality, autonomy, etc.). In what way does this " new marital ethos" which legitimises personal aspirations transform gender relations ? This article, based on a qualitative study, shows the extent to which the values inherent to the process of individualisation are in fact predicated by gendered socialisation and especially by the monetary status that men and women bring to their marriage. It therefore highlights the importance of financial arrangements that, though they are rarely examined, normalise or, conversely, deconstruct the genderbased criteria for sharing of finances.

Résumé Depuis plus de vingt ans, l'action publique connaît un changement de posture d'intervention dont rend bien compte le développement de contrats territoriaux liant l'État, ses services déconcentrés et les collectivités locales. D'un côté, l'État impose le cadre des négociations et la méthode de travail. De l'autre, il laisse aux instances « les plus proches du terrain » le soin de sélectionner les problèmes à traiter et les réponses à apporter. Faut-il y voir une forme de « laisser-faire institué » générant la fragmentation inéluctable des politiques élaborées ? L'élaboration du Contrat éducatif local de Toulouse montre, au contraire, comment la méthode procédurale, utilisée par l'État, remodèle les relations politico-institutionnelles territoriales et suscite un important changement du gouvernement des affaires publiques. Plus largement, cette recherche interroge les déploiements, les principes et les effets d'un mode de « pilotage non autoritaire des conduites » dont la gouvernance constitue un terrain d'étude privilégié.