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Women, Peace and Security – A Global Agenda in the Making -- Part I: Gender Roles in Peace and Security -- From Sex and Gender to Intersectional Approaches? UN-Written Identities of Local Women in Participation and Protection Discourses -- Peace Processes: Business as Usual? -- Organisational Masculinity and Gender Norms: The Case of the UNDPKO -- Peacebuilding Measures and the Transformation of Masculinities: Looking at Liberia and Uganda -- Part II: Implementation of Women, Peace and Security -- Centring War's "Side Effects": The Institutionalisation of Conflict-Related Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in International Law and Its Translation into National Action Plans -- Gender Training for Police Peacekeepers: Where Are We Now? -- Mainstreaming Gender in European Union Transitional Justice Policy: Towards a Transformative Approach? -- Women, Peace and Security Organisations: Gender Norms and NATO -- Civil Society and Its Role Within UNSCR 1325 National Action Plans -- Part III: A Call for Action -- For a Foreign Policy Based on Human Rights and Gender Equality: The Need for Action by the German Foreign Office on Implementation of the "Women, Peace And Security" Agenda -- Conclusion

The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), meeting in Paris, from 9 to 24 November 2021, at its 41st session,. Taking into account, in the adoption and application of this Recommendation, the vast diversity of the laws, regulations and customs which, in different countries, determine the pattern and organization of science, technology and innovation: 1 Adopts the present Recommendation on Open Science on this twenty-third day of November 2021; 2 Recommends that Member States apply the provisions of this Recommendation by taking appropriate steps, including whatever legislative or other measures may be required, in conformity with the constitutional practice and governing structures of each State, to give effect within their jurisdictions to the principles of this Recommendation; 3 Also recommends that Member States bring this Recommendation to the attention of the authorities and bodies responsible for science, technology and innovation, and consult relevant actors concerned with open science; 4 Further recommends that Member States collaborate in bilateral, regional, multilateral and global initiatives for the advancement of open science; 5 Recommends that Member States report to it, at such dates and in such manner as shall be determined, on the action taken in pursuance of this Recommendation.

Peacebuilding Compared and the Bougainville conflict --Historical background to the conflict --Descent into civil war --Peacemaking on, off and finally back on track --The architecture of the peace --Reconciliation and reintegration --The cost of the conflict --Layers of identity involved in the conflict --Interpreting the conflict in summary --Deep and shallow restorative peace.

The author, Associate Research Political Scientist at the University of Michigan, asks some questions of international study, growing out of his conviction that the psychologically-oriented behavioral scientists have not attended to the solution of the big problems of war, peace, and world order.

Throughout the United States and elsewhere in the Western world since World War II, there has been a grow ing interest in medicine. As early as the 1930's, popular accounts of scientific developments began to interest lay readers in medical care and innovation. The significant involvement of social and behavioral scientists in medical education and research began a decade ago and has increased rapidly. It has become apparent that the understanding of health and disease requires a holistic frame of reference in which the psychological, social, and cultural aspects of human behavior are appropriately related to the biological nature of man and the physical environ ment in which he lives. Emphasis upon the holistic approach to medical science and upon comprehensive health care has moved medicine to seek the services of social scientists, notably in connection with public health, preventive medicine, and psychiatry. And, as conceptualization and methodology in the social sciences have matured, social scientists have increasingly tended to interest themselves in applied fields and have come to grasp the significance of health and medicine as a major focus of organized human behavior. Thus, medical science, social science, and popular interest merge to formulate con temporary approaches and norms in health care.—Ed.

Humans are good at making war-and much less successful at making peace. Genocide, torture, slavery, and other crimes against humanity are gross violations of human rights that are frequently perpetrated and legitimized in the name of nationalism, militarism, and economic development. This book tackles the question of how to make peace by taking a critical look at the primary political mechanism used to ""repair"" the many injuries suffered in war. With an explicit focus on reparations and human rights, it examines the broad array of abuses being perpetrated in the modern era, from genocid

The Liberal Peace can be understood as a discourse and a framework which is constantly used by western countries in order to promote political stability in post-conflict societies. Embedded in the peacebuilding/peacekeeping operations, some liberal values are assumed to be the "only deal in town" to assist war-torn societies reaching political order. The present essay aims to analyze what are the theoretical principles embedded in the Liberal Peace assumptions and bring a critical approach which contests these universal values of implementing peace in transitioning societies. That being said, we can affirm that many values regarded as "universal" do not have much meaning to local societies in post-conflict states. The essay hence tries to look to an alternative perspective to build the peace in post-conflict societies: the hybrid peace. The Hybrid Peace assumption is an important approach which assumes that the local agency is a relevant actor on the promotion of peace in their respective communities, mainly in post-colonial states. Thus, the local actors have legitimacy and recognition of the society and can, therefore, promote and build peace along international interveners. The main objective of the present essay is to present a new approach to understand the peacebuilding projects and also recognize that different contexts need distinct approaches.


Recebido em: agosto/2018.
Aprovado em: abril/2019.

The difficulty of threading one's way through the intricacies of the organization of the Peace Conference is due chiefly to the fact that the conference is from one point of view a continuation of various interallied conferences and councils created for the prosecution of the war. In some cases the functions of these bodies have apparently been taken over by the conference, and in other cases the preëxisting councils and commissions have continued in operation as interallied agencies distinct from the organization of the conference. A brief review of the most important of these agencies will be of assistance, therefore, in making clear the origin and special functions of the conference.The Supreme War Council was created by an agreement between Great Britain, France and Italy at a meeting held at Rapallo, Italy, in the first week of November, 1917. It was composed of the prime ministers and a member of the governments of each of the great powers fighting on the western front. Its purpose was to watch over the general conduct of the war and prepare recommendations for the decision of the governments. It was to be assisted by a permanent central military committee, consisting of Generals Foch, Wilson and Cadorna, but the decisions of these technical advisers were merely to be the basis of recommendations from the War Council to the several governments, leaving the general staffs and military commands of each power responsible to their individual governments. The United States subsequently adhered to the Rapallo agreement, and participated in the meeting of the council at Versailles on December 1, 1917.

Discusses Arab rights and Jewish sovereignty from the point of view of the Jewish Likud party.

This book looks at the process of cultural enlightenment in the context of Pakistan. It undertakes an interesting and in-depth research focusing on how the world's second largest Muslim state can learn from Europe's heritage of enlightenment. It studies why Pakistan lacks a process of awakening and what the scope of cultural enlightenment in Pakistan is against the backdrop of militant Islam. The author argues that cultural enlightenment can help promote positive conflict transformation in Pakistan and discusses the ways in which challenges to establishing a culture of reasoning, tolerance, accommodation, social justice and peace can be dealt with. A unique contribution, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of philosophy, political science, history, international relations, South Asian studies and religious studies. It will also appeal to think tanks, policymakers and general readers interested in these topics.