Suchergebnisse

International audience ; En 1970, deux sociologues français analysaient les rapports de cohabitation dans un « grand ensemble » de la région parisienne, à l'aune des trajectoires résidentielles des groupes sociaux en présence (Chamboredon, Lemaire, 1970). Cette approche dynamique affinait l'analyse des différenciations internes aux classes sociales et montrait comment des filières d'attribution rassemblaient de manière contrainte des populations hétérogènes, dont certaines n'étaient que de passage tandis que pour d'autres, l'arrivée dans ce grand ensemble marquait l'aboutissement de leur trajectoire. Mais elle faisait surtout de la diversité des trajectoires, et en particulier des possibilités de départ, un facteur déterminant des « attitudes à l'égard du grand ensemble » et des rapports de voisinage. Au fur et à mesure de la paupérisation de ces grands ensembles et en dehors de quelques travaux menés dans les années 1990 (Peraldi, Foret, 1992 ; Vieillard-Baron, 1998), l'analyse des trajectoires propres à ce type d'ensemble résidentiel est devenue de plus en plus marginale. Avec le départ des classes moyennes et la montée de la précarité de l'emploi paupérisant ces grands ensembles, les recherches se sont plutôt déplacées vers la concentration de pauvreté, révélatrice des transformations de la classe ouvrière (Beaud, Pialoux, 2003) ou productrice d'effets de quartier négatifs sur les trajectoires sociales des populations et la réputation des lieux (Goux et Maurin, 2007 ; Sari, 2012). Trente ans après leur construction, les programmes de démolition-reconstruction de ces « grands ensembles » reposent à leur manière la question du peuplement et des trajectoires résidentielles et redonnent tout son intérêt à ce type d'approche. Tout d'abord, les politiques publiques de régénération ou de rénovation, mises en place en France mais également dans d'autres pays pour réduire la concentration de pauvreté, ont des effets directs et importants sur la mobilité des ménages. Ces politiques prévoient en effet de démolir des tours et des barres de logements sociaux pour les remplacer par de petites résidences, pour partie privées, censées favoriser un peuplement plus mixte, devant lui-même entraîner une sorte de cercle vertueux, lié notamment à l'arrivée de classes moyennes (Bolt et al., 2010 ; Donzelot, 2012 ; Kleinhans, 2004). Ensuite, l'action publique se donne pour objectif d'améliorer « " la qualité des parcours résidentiels " 1 , proposant même dans des chartes locales de faire du relogement du locataire « un moment privilégié dans son parcours résidentiel pour l'aider à préciser ses choix et vivre ce relogement comme une " seconde chance " » 2. Enfin, ces transformations du cadre résidentiel recomposent aussi les conditions de cohabitation et les configurations de voisinage. Au regard de ces logiques de l'action, les habitants de ces quartiers pourraient voir leur trajectoire résidentielle et sociale changer au moins de trois manières : en déménageant sur place mais en bénéficiant ou pas des « opportunités résidentielles » de la rénovation (nouveaux logements, relocalisations…) ; en étant relogés ailleurs mais dans des environnements sociaux plus ou moins mixtes ; en bénéficiant au travers d'interactions sociales, de la proximité spatiale de nouvelles classes moyennes, porteuses de normes et de valeurs censées être plus intégratrices ou de l'amélioration du cadre de vie. Pourtant, la question de savoir si ces changements vont bénéficier aux populations locales, et en particulier aux plus pauvres d'entre eux, reste posée par les chercheurs (Tunstall, Fenton, 2006). À l'heure où les bilans du Programme National de Rénovation Urbaine mis en place en 2003 en France mettent surtout l'accent sur la difficulté, voire l'impossibilité de réaliser la mixité sociale 1 Extrait du règlement général de l'ANRU, 2007. 2 Extrait de la charte de relogement d'un site de Seine-et-Marne in Lelévrier C., Noyé C., 2007. 2 (CES ANRU, 2011 ; Cour des comptes, 2012), l'analyse en termes de trajectoires, assez peu développée dans la recherche, permet de décaler le regard sur les effets de l'action, et de manière plus générale sur ces quartiers et les rapports que ces « mobiles », ceux qui arrivent, ceux qui partent et ceux qui sont déplacés, entretiennent avec leur lieu de résidence. Quels bénéfices, avantages ou désavantages les destinataires de ces politiques vont-ils en retirer ? Comment analyser les effets de cette intervention publique sur les trajectoires sociales et résidentielles des populations concernées, qu'elles soient contraintes par les démolitions ou plus choisies dans le cadre des nouveaux logements privés, et pas seulement sur la diversité de l'habitat ou sur la composition sociale des quartiers rénovés ? Cet article se propose d'apporter quelques éclairages sur ces questions en analysant les mobilités des populations relogées et leur vécu des changements résidentiels. Cette approche compréhensive replace le relogement dans la temporalité longue des étapes successives de la trajectoire (Authier, 2010 ; Grafmeyer, 1994) tout en reprenant l'hypothèse que la diversité des trajectoires résidentielles détermine les attitudes et perceptions différentes de ce relogement. Nous nous appuierons principalement sur les résultats de recherches empiriques menées dans sept quartiers franciliens et plus particulièrement sur cent vingt entretiens qualitatifs menés auprès de ménages relogés. Nous reviendrons d'abord sur l'approche en termes de trajectoires tout en précisant quelques éléments méthodologiques. Nous exposerons ensuite les résultats de recherche en deux temps : la présentation des trois types de trajectoires résidentielles identifiées dans ce travail et la manière dont elles peuvent constituer un cadre d'analyse pour comprendre le sens de ce changement pour les ménages et les effets de l'action.

Success of strategies for solving problems of climate change, scarce resources and negative environmental impacts increasingly depends on whether changes in individual behaviour can and will supplement the technical solutions available to date.A relatively new way to influence behavior in a sustainable direction without changing values of people is nudging. Nudging can be used to help people make choices that are better for the environment or their health. The importance of the behaviour change strategies is being recognised in politics and among policy makers in diverse areas – from road safety to diet and physical activity; from pension plans to private economy and from littering to recycling. A renewed perspective on existing policy tools and potential strategies for behaviour change are entering public debate that have implications for behaviour of individuals, but that also raise critical questions about the role of the government in the society and transition to sustainability. Nudge means carefully guiding people behavior in desirable direction without using either carrot or whip. Instead when nudging one arranges the choice situation in a way that makes desirable outcome the easiest or the most attractive option. Knowledge about nudging opens up possibility to suggest new types of policy tools and measure that can contribute to sustainable consumption.In many countries, public or private knowledge centers are engaged in shaping nudging strategies and policy development. The report provides an international outlook with experiences from the USA, the UK, EU, Norway and Denmark. In the USA, nudging was institutionalised at the Office of Regulatory Affairs which develops and oversees the implementation of government-wide policies and reviews draft regulations in several areas. In the UK, nudge was firmly institutionalised when the Behavioural Insights Team (UK BIT) was established at the UK Cabinet Office in 2010. In February 2014, the team was 'spun out' of government and set up as a social purpose company but is still working primarily for the Cabinet Office. Instead of establishing a governmental unit, Denmark has an active non-profit organisation iNudgeYou outside the government that supports the use of nudges in policy making. Similarly to Denmark, Norway has an independent organisation promoting and supporting the use of nudges, GreeNudge, which has produced a report on the potential for nudging in Norway's climate policy.The guiding question is whether it is possible to help individuals make better decisions for themselves and society at large by overcoming limitations of human cognitive capacity and behavioural biases? In what way can behavioural sciences help people bridge the gap between good intentions and good deeds? Can learnings from nudge examples be used to shape behaviour in a more sustainable direction? In order to answer these questions, the report:• analyses existing academic knowledge on nudging and choice architecture• investigates lessons about effectiveness and efficiency of applied nudging tools and approaches in consumption domains of energy use in the home, food and mobility• presents evidence of factors of success of different nudge-based approaches• outlines the implications of these findings for policy strategies on sustainable consumptionThe report shows that lately applications of behavioural sciences and behavioural economics, such as nudge, have been helping policy makers in different countries and sectors to more systematically integrate behavioural insights into policy design and implementation. Some examples of these tools are:• Use default options in situations with complex information, e.g. pension funds or financial services• Simplify and frame complex information making key information more salient – energy labelling, displays• Make changes in the physical environment making preferable options more convenient for people – e.g. change layouts and functions, showing with steps and signs, give remainders and warnings of different kinds to individuals• Use of social norms – provide information about what others are doingHowever, the size of the effects of policy interventions and the actual outcomes of interventions in specific contexts remain hard to measure. Results from one experiment cannot be indiscriminately generalised to a different context or to a wider population. The problem is the complexity of human behaviour and the diversity of factors that influence it.Despite that, nudging is a useful strategy for inducing changes in contextspecific behaviour. Rather than being seen as a silver bullet, the largest promise of nudge is perhaps in helping design other initiatives better and in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of policy tools and the speed of their implementation. Nudge is a cost effective instrument that can enhance other policy tools and that targets behaviours not addressed by other policy instruments because the behaviours are based on automatic, intuitive and non-deliberative thinking.Nudging promotes a more empirical approach to policy design and evaluation, e.g. through experiments, pilots and random control trials, than the tools usually applied in policy making and ex-ante evaluation. Nudge tools are seen as a complement to the traditional policy instruments rather than as a substitute for laws and regulations and economic tools. Nudging in general and green nudges in particular are interesting tools that can be used alongside other instruments for behaviour change, but more research is needed on their effectiveness and efficiency, as well as on their theoretical underpinnings and practical applications in consumption-relevant domains.The report is written for policy makers, civil servants and representatives of the public, interested in behaviour change methods and the role of the government in shaping and facilitating the change.

This is the 100th Defense of a PhD Thesis at ISSS. Sailaja Nandigama, Institute of Social Studies, Den Haag, Nederland, 2009. Titel van het proefschrift: Transformations in Making: Actor-networks, Elite control and Gender Dynamics in Community Forest Management in Adavipalli, Andhra Pradesh, India (Het ontstaan van transformaties: Netweken van actoren, zeggenschap van de elite en de rol van gender bij bosbeheer door lokale gemeenschappen in Adavipalli, Andhra Pradesh, India). Bij projecten op het gebied van het beheer van natuurlijke hulpbronnen is een paradigmawisseling opgetreden waarbij een op de staat gerichte aanpak is vervangen door een participatieve aanpak binnen lokale gemeenschappen. Dit wordt Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM; beheer van natuurlijke hulpbronnen binnen lokale gemeenschappen) genoemd. Deze paradigmawisseling is te danken aan inspanningen om mensen actief te laten deelnemen en directe controle te geven over het gebruik en beheer van hulpbronnen. De nieuwe aanpak staat in zekere zin lijnrecht tegenover een op de staat gerichte top-downbenadering van beheer van en beschikking over natuurlijke hulpbronnen. Er zijn verschillende succesverhalen over de nieuwe aanpak gemeld, maar deze participatieve projecten zijn ook ernstig bekritiseerd door zowel wetenschappers als activisten. De kritiek richtte zich op het feit dat scheve machtsverhoudingen tot gevolg hebben dat niet alle actoren in gelijke mate kunnen deelnemen aan de gedecentraliseerde CBNRM-projecten. De implementatie van gedecentraliseerde CBNRM-projecten heeft talloze ethische, methodologische, politieke en sociaal-ecologische vragen opgeroepen die geanalyseerd moeten worden en voorgelegd moeten worden aan alle betrokkenen. Het is vooral van belang om te begrijpen waarom formele participatieplaatsen hun doel niet hebben bereikt en zelfs onbedoelde gevolgen hebben gehad, zowel voor de deelnemende lokale gemeenschappen als de aanbieders van de projecten. Het doel van dit proefschrift is daarom om erachter te komen of deze aanpak met uitgenodigde participerende instellingen en participatieplaatsen een billijke deelname aan CBNRM-projecten in plattelandsgemeenschappen bevordert. Het onderzoek richt zich op het project Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management (APCFM; bosbeheer door lokale gemeenschappen in Andhra Pradesh) in het dorp Adavipalli. Het onderzoek gaat ervan uit dat een continuüm van deze bedoelde en onbedoelde gevolgen onvermijdelijk leidt tot transformaties in de sociale machtsverhoudingen tussen alle sleutelfiguren. De implicaties van deze transformaties voor de participatie en institutionele processen aan de basis van de samenleving binnen het APCFM-project in Adavipalli worden ook onderzocht in dit proefschrift. Dit proefschrift is ook bedoeld om meer inzicht te verschaffen in de complexe sociale structuur op het platteland en de implicaties daarvan voor huidige en toekomstige CBNRM-projecten. Daartoe moeten er twee aspecten onderzocht worden: a) De contextafhankelijke verbanden tussen de formele en de informele instellingen die de deelname van actoren aan CBNRM-projecten vormgeven. b) De machtsverhoudingen die kenmerkend zijn voor de onderhandelingen tussen netwerken van actoren. Om dit doel te bereiken richt dit onderzoek zich op de rol die machtsverhoudingen spelen bij de verbanden tussen de formele en informele instellingen aan de basis van de samenleving in Adavipalli en bij het vormgeven van de deelname van sleutelfiguren aan de formele participatieplaatsen. Binnen deze context bieden participatieprocessen op grond van gender, maatschappelijke klasse en kaste inzicht in hoe de sleutelfiguren aankijken tegen elkaars rollen en hun deelname aan het project. In het onderzoek is geprobeerd om de transformaties in de sociale status van actoren en hun vermogen om macht uit te oefenen via verschillende netwerken aan de basis van de samenleving in Adavipalli te verduidelijken. Om de gemarginaliseerde leden van de gemeenschap te laten deelnemen zijn formele participatieplaatsen en instellingen weliswaar hard nodig, maar deze vormen binnen de bestaande machtsverhoudingen op zich geen garantie voor een 'billijke participatie' aan het project. De door de internationale gemeenschap gesteunde CBNRM-projecten bieden weinig mogelijkheden om rekening te houden met de dynamische machtsverhoudingen binnen gemeenschappen in de periode voor en nadat een project heeft plaatsgevonden. In de implementatiedocumenten van bilaterale CBNRM-projecten wordt participatie alleen als 'authentiek' beschouwd wanneer deze op uitnodiging plaatsvindt in de 'formele plaatsen'. Actoren die gebruik zouden moeten maken van deze formele participatieplaatsen worden uiteindelijk niet als authentieke deelnemers beschouwd, omdat hun sociale leven niet uitsluitend bestaat uit formele relaties en onderhandelingen. Dit wijst op de noodzaak om bij deze projecten een bredere definitie van participatie te hanteren. De sociale relaties, interacties en onderhandelingen van actoren vinden gewoonlijk vooral in het informele circuit plaats. Deze informele netwerken bepalen of actoren toegang krijgen tot en kunnen beschikken over hulpbronnen die officieel beheerd worden door formele instellingen als het Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS; het comité ter bescherming van het bos). Ondanks de goed verankerde formele beleidsdoelstellingen om te zorgen voor participatie, lijkt de 'informele' institutionele structuur paradoxaal genoeg te verklaren waarom 'formele' participatieplaatsen niet altijd goed functioneren. Dit geldt vooral in gevallen waarin de armen voor hun levensonderhoud afhankelijk zijn van natuurlijke hulpbronnen. Dit onderzoek wijst op de noodzaak om de centrale rol van informele instellingen en machtsverhoudingen bij CBNRM-projecten te erkennen. Het onderzoek probeert de vraag te beantwoorden of participatie van gemarginaliseerde groepen op een efficiëntere manier bereikt kan worden via informele normen en gebruiken, gewoonterecht en alledaagse onderhandelingen over toegang tot en gebruik van hulpbronnen, dan via formele instellingen die de participatie regelen zoals het VSS.

This paper considers the effects on the local labour market, for both women and men, of the relocation of Kiruna, a large town in the north of Sweden. Whilst the area of Kiruna has been dominated by mining activity for many years this has now become the source of both problems and opportunities for those in the labour market, if not the whole community, as they ready themselves for the relocation of their town - presently situated above a number of deep mine shafts - to a safer area. Mining, transport and engineering industries flourish in Kiruna, with the current labour market and the relocation of the town expected to generate growth and a regional expansion. But the labour market for mining has been dominated traditionally by men, with women found predominantly in the public sector. A question that rises is how much will change, and who might be winners and losers, when the town relocates? Equal opportunities in labour markets have long been a part of political and philosophical debates in a number of European countries, not least Sweden where achievements of political gender equality debates have earned it an international reputation as a world leader in gender equality (Regeringskansliet, 2007). Indeed, in Sweden equal opportunities in respect of gender have been promoted as a part of the school curriculum since 1970 (SCB, 2006; Regeringskansliet, 2007). Subsequent to this and other achievements during the 1970's, social democratic politicians and other campaigners have striven to keep equal opportunities at the forefront of social awareness. This remained the case throughout the 1980's and 1990's, and into the new millennium (SCB, 2006). In 2004, for example, strategies for the integration of gender equality in Government Offices in Sweden were implemented, followed by "new" gender equality policies, that also focused on equal opportunities, in 2006 (SCB, 2006). However, in 2007 a "new" liberal approach to gender equality emerged, its significance albeit somewhat unclear. It is this on which the study focuses: changes to gender equity and labour markets in Kiruna. In order to do this we draw on early results from an empirical investigation involving a subset of data comprising 1,732 questionnaires sent to men and women respondents in the Kiruna local authority area. Although limited, the evidence suggests that the current gender discourse in Kiruna, at least amongst those that participated in the empirical research, is that the attitudes of women and men in respect of gender are decidedly similar. The indication from the data is that work is prioritised over the family and home. Yet while securing an income is widely agreed to be a joint responsibility, the evidence also suggests that the expectation that women will contribute jointly is lower. Moreover, whilst a majority of the participants agree that responsibility for taking care of the home and family is mutual, there is nonetheless a desire for men to increase their contribution. Even so, this does not mean that the men are expected to reduce the amount of paid work they do. These somewhat contradictory findings might be expected - people after all may well say one thing and then do another - but the findings do indicate that ideas of gender equity are in the minds of our respondents, even if they appear to co-exist in ways that are perhaps far from complementary, suggesting the need for an exploration that sets their responses in context as they shift between discourses of gender equity and the experience of inequity in their daily lives.This is important because it has been shown that imbalanced gender distribution has and continues to exist in the labour market in Sweden. This is despite apparent opportunities, choices and legal rights, with many men and women in Sweden 'choosing' gender-segregated occupations and professions, raising questions about the degree of freedom in such choices even in a gender-friendly country that prides itself on equality of opportunity. Yet this appears to have predated the self-interest and competitiveness promoted by the "new" liberal equality-integration policies of the present neo-liberal coalition government concerning the freedom to choose between occupation, profession and parenthood. But what effect is this now having? In what ways have form(s) of gender discrimination persisted and are there new varieties, linked to neo-liberalism (Harvey 2005) at play? The current gender discourse allows women and men to make apparently free choices, with the prioritising of paid work over the home and family by both women and men indicating that parenthood is the least attractive option presently on offer. Indeed, the evidence suggests that denying oneself parental responsibilities - or maybe at least deferring - is becoming the norm. In order to do this parents are mutually dependent on one another and, in most cases, municipal day-care facilities provided through the offices of the local authorities. However, the present government is scrutinising the costs of this provision closely. It is issues such as these that the paper explores through a consideration of approaches to equal opportunity - a concept that is itself liberal in its promotion of equal opportunities to be unequal, in contrast to affirmative action and quotas - in changing contexts in Sweden as they impact on our case study of Kiruna ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081210 (allkin)

Environmental labels and declarations (or ecolabels) are instruments to communicate the environmental performance of products. The relevance of environmental communication has been highlighted in Europe as far back in the 2000s when the Integrated Product Policy has been settled. Nowadays, environmental labelling is among the policy tools supported by the European Commission (EC) in the improvement of sustainable production and consumption practices. However, ecolabels around the world have developed in many varieties and forms, due to the different communication purposes, target groups and aims they have. The ecolabels existing on the market barely can fit under any existing classification, including the one from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO manages the 14020-suite of standards designated to provide a framework for ecolabels development. The current ISO classification consists of three types: Type I ecolabels, Type II self-declared claims and Type III environmental product declarations. The lack of operational classification and systematic approach for characterization of ecolabels is confusing for many users, as well as hinders the research work towards the improvement of their reliability and credibility. In this regard, credible ecolabels are considered those that are based on transparent operation and on scientifically-sound methodology for criteria development and assessment. A method worth exploring in ecolabelling is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Already proven and popular in business-to-business (B2B) setting (e.g., in Type III declarations), it is still criticised and not fully explored whether it is applicable in business-to-consumer (B2C) communication. The objective of this work is to enhance the communication of environmental product information through improved characterization and harmonization of ecolabels. Two research questions are defined and answered to meet this objective, depicting two focus areas of the thesis: firstly, the area of characterization and classification of ecolabels and secondly, the application of LCA for harmonization in ecolabelling. This thesis is based on four peer-reviewed journal publications. Improvements in the characterization of ecolabels are achieved by the development of a characterization scheme. It is a result of the investigation of a sample of 45 ecolabels and a literature review of existing publications on ecolabel classification and characterization. Based on the gained information, gaps of the ISO classification are highlighted. The application and performance of the scheme is further tested in a case study by characterizing the Cradle to Cradle Certified™ Products Program (C2C Certified for short) as a tool for external environmental communication. Due to the formerly missing operational way to characterize ecolabels, some questions related to their overall harmonization and particularly to the application of LCA in ecolabels were still open. Thus, the work further focuses on LCA-based ecolabels (such as Type III declarations) and the existing approaches for harmonization of product category rules (PCR). By a desktop research, Type III-like programmes are identified, classified, and evaluated. Trends in their development along the years are observed. Regarding the overview of existing harmonization attempts, 16 initiatives categorized as guidelines, standards and technical specifications, collaborative platforms and other activities related to mutual recognition between parties are examined. Focus is given on the Guidelines for Product Category Rule Development (GPCRD) and the EC's Product Environmental Footprint initiative (PEF). A road test to align a draft PCR with the requirements of the GPCRD is conducted to evaluate the ability of the Guidelines to facilitate this process in a consistent manner. PEF is analysed from the perspective of an LCA-based instrument for environmental communication. It is compared with a typical Type I ecolabel – the European Ecolabel (EUF) – by conducting three case studies on detergents, paints, and t-shirts to show the interfaces between the two approaches. With the information obtained by the reciprocal analysis, three different perspectives for mutual integration and co-existence are examined. The first version of the ecolabel characterization scheme contains 18 attributes, classified in four groups. Each attribute comprises two to five options to select among. For example, the attribute "End-user focus" consists of three options: "B2C", "B2B" or "both". The characterization of the ecolabels from the sample by employing the scheme shows that ecolabels apply different awarding formats and criteria in combinations and forms that are not recognized and described by ISO. Only around 40% of the ecolabels from the sample can be assigned to Type I and Type III. None of them declares to be Type II. As a result, a list of recommendations for improvement to ISO on seven different topics is derived. As an outcome of the case study on C2C Certified, an upgraded ecolabel characterization scheme is issued, consisting of five groups with 22 refined attributes. Proposals for improvement of C2C Certified as a communication tool are also determined. As regards the harmonization of ecolabels and LCA application in ecolabelling, 48 Type-III-like programmes are listed. The results reveal that e.g., 56% of them operate in Europe, against 28% in North America. The majority cover the building and construction sector. The practical test of GPCRD concludes that the PCR alignment process is an attainable task and that GPCRD is a good complementary tool for Type III operators to strengthen their programme instructions. Several aspects for improvement and necessary common agreements between operators are listed to assure consistent PCR alignment. As regards the comparison of PEF with EUF, few similarities and many divergences between the two approaches are noted. PEF is a relative approach and provides information on the potential life cycle environmental impacts, whereas the Type I ecolabel criteria are issue-specific and do not necessarily cover the complete life cycle of the product. Further, three perspectives are examined: PEF, EUF and Joint. The first two explore scenarios for mutual integration and co-existence between PEF and EUF. The joint perspective proposes a concept for an LCA-based hybrid ecolabel, building upon the synergies between a classic Type I and a Type III. The Type IV ecolabel, as called, allows for an overall harmonized and improved communication both on B2B and B2C level. This thesis contributes to the scientific work on the enhancement of ecolabels characterization and harmonization. Its significance and actuality are justified by the current developments in standardization of ecolabels and communication of environmental information on both international and European level. The developed ecolabel characterization scheme is applicable for variety of cases and users; it is also considered as a foundation for improved ecolabels classification. As regards harmonization, the proposed Type IV hybrid ecolabel is an example of an action for reducing the proliferation of ecolabels. ; Umweltkennzeichnungen und -deklarationen (oder Umweltzeichen) sind Instrumente zur Kommunikation der Umweltleistung von Produkten. Die Bedeutung der Umweltkommunikation wurde in Europa bereits in den 2000er Jahren hervorgehoben, als die integrierte Produktpolitik festgelegt wurde. Heutzutage gehört die Umweltkennzeichnung zu den von der Europäischen Kommission (EK) unterstützten politischen Instrumenten zur Verbesserung nachhaltiger Produktions- und Verbrauchspraktiken. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Kommunikationszwecke, Zielgruppen und Ziele haben sich Umweltzeichen jedoch weltweit in vielen Varianten und Formen entwickelt. Die auf dem Markt existierenden Umweltzeichen passen kaum unter eine bestehende Klassifikation, auch nicht unter die der Internationalen Organisation für Normung (ISO). Die ISO verwaltet die 14020-Normenreihe, die einen Rahmen für die Entwicklung von Umweltzeichen bieten soll. Die aktuelle ISO-Klassifikation besteht aus drei Typen: Umweltzeichen vom Typ I, selbsterklärende Angaben vom Typ II und Umweltproduktdeklarationen vom Typ III. Das Fehlen einer operationellen Klassifizierung und eines systematischen Ansatzes zur Charakterisierung von Umweltzeichen ist für viele Benutzer verwirrend und behindert die Forschungsarbeit zur Verbesserung ihrer Zuverlässigkeit und Glaubwürdigkeit. Als glaubwürdig gelten in diesem Zusammenhang Umweltzeichen, die auf einer transparenten Arbeitsweise und einer wissenschaftlich fundierten Methodik zur Entwicklung und Bewertung von Kriterien beruhen. Eine Methode, die es wert ist, bei der Vergabe von Umweltzeichen erforscht zu werden, ist die Ökobilanz (LCA). Sie hat sich im Business-to-Business-Bereich (B2B) bereits bewährt und ist beliebt (z.B. bei Erklärungen vom Typ III), wird aber immer noch kritisiert und nicht vollständig untersucht, ob sie in der Business-to-Consumer-Kommunikation (B2C) anwendbar ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Kommunikation von ökologischen Produktinformationen durch eine verbesserte Charakterisierung und Harmonisierung von Umweltzeichen zu verbessern. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden zwei Forschungsfragen definiert und beantwortet, die zwei Schwerpunktbereiche der Arbeit darstellen: erstens den Bereich der Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung von Umweltzeichen und zweitens die Anwendung von Ökobilanzen zur Harmonisierung der Umweltzeichen. Diese Arbeit basiert auf vier begutachteten Zeitschriftenveröffentlichungen. Verbesserungen bei der Charakterisierung von Umweltzeichen werden durch die Entwicklung eines Charakterisierungsschemas erreicht. Es ist das Ergebnis der Untersuchung einer Stichprobe von 45 Umweltzeichen und einer Literaturübersicht über bestehende Publikationen zur Klassifizierung und Charakterisierung von Umweltzeichen. Auf der Grundlage der gewonnenen Informationen werden Lücken in der ISO-Klassifizierung aufgezeigt. Die Anwendung und Leistung des Schemas wird in einer Fallstudie weiter getestet, indem das Cradle to Cradle Certified™ Products Program (kurz C2C Certified) als Werkzeug für die externe Umweltkommunikation charakterisiert wird. Aufgrund der bisher fehlenden operativen Möglichkeit zur Charakterisierung von Umweltzeichen waren einige Fragen bezüglich ihrer allgemeinen Harmonisierung und insbesondere der Anwendung von Ökobilanzen bei Umweltzeichen noch offen. Daher konzentriert sich die Arbeit weiter auf LCA-basierte Umweltzeichen (wie z.B. Typ III Deklarationen) und die bestehenden Ansätze zur Harmonisierung der Produktkategorieregeln (PКR). Durch eine Desktop-Recherche werden Typ-III-ähnliche Programme identifiziert, klassifiziert und bewertet. Es werden Trends in ihrer Entwicklung über die Jahre hinweg beobachtet. Im Hinblick auf den Überblick über die bestehenden Harmonisierungsversuche werden 16 Initiativen untersucht, die in Richtlinien, Normen und technische Spezifikationen, kollaborative Plattformen und andere Aktivitäten im Zusammenhang mit der gegenseitigen Anerkennung zwischen den Parteien kategorisiert sind. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Richtlinien für die Entwicklung von Produktkategorieregeln (GPCRD) und der Product Environmental Footprint Initiative (PEF) der EG. Es wird ein Test durchgeführt, um einen PКR-Entwurf mit den Anforderungen der GPCRD in Einklang zu bringen, um die Fähigkeit der Richtlinien zu bewerten, diesen Prozess auf konsistente Weise zu erleichtern. Die PEF wird aus der Perspektive eines LCA-basierten Instruments für die Umweltkommunikation analysiert. Sie wird mit einem typischen Typ-I-Umweltzeichen - dem Europäischen Umweltzeichen (EUF) - verglichen, indem drei Fallstudien zu Waschmitteln, Farben und T-Shirts durchgeführt werden, um die Schnittstellen zwischen den beiden Ansätzen aufzuzeigen. Mit den durch die gegenseitige Analyse gewonnenen Informationen werden drei verschiedene Perspektiven für die gegenseitige Integration und Koexistenz untersucht. Die erste Version des Schemas zur Charakterisierung des Umweltzeichens enthält 18 Attribute, die in vier Gruppen eingeteilt sind. Jedes Attribut umfasst zwei bis fünf Optionen zur Auswahl. Das Attribut "Endbenutzer-Fokus" beispielsweise besteht aus drei Optionen: "B2C", "B2B" oder "beide". Die Charakterisierung der Umweltzeichen aus der Stichprobe anhand des Schemas zeigt, dass die Umweltzeichen unterschiedliche Vergabeformate und -kriterien in Kombinationen und Formen anwenden, die von der ISO nicht anerkannt und beschrieben werden. Nur etwa 40% der Umweltzeichen aus der Stichprobe können dem Typ I und Typ III zugeordnet werden. Keines von ihnen erklärt sich als Typ II. Als Ergebnis wird eine Liste von Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der ISO zu sieben verschiedenen Themen abgeleitet. Als Ergebnis der Fallstudie zu C2C Certified wird ein verbessertes Schema zur Charakterisierung des Umweltzeichens herausgegeben, das aus fünf Gruppen mit 22 verfeinerten Attributen besteht. Es werden auch Verbesserungsvorschläge für die C2C-Zertifizierung als Kommunikationsinstrument ermittelt. Hinsichtlich der Harmonisierung von Umweltzeichen und der Anwendung von Ökobilanzen bei der Vergabe von Umweltzeichen werden 48 Typ-III-ähnliche Programme aufgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass z.B. 56% von ihnen in Europa tätig sind, gegenüber 28% in Nordamerika. Die Mehrheit deckt den Bau- und Konstruktionssektor ab. Der Praxistest des GPCRD kommt zu dem Schluss, dass der PCR-Abgleichprozess eine erreichbare Aufgabe ist und dass das GPCRD ein gutes ergänzendes Instrument für Betreiber von Typ-III-Programmen ist, um ihre Programmanweisungen zu verstärken. Mehrere verbesserungswürdige Aspekte und notwendige gemeinsame Vereinbarungen zwischen den Betreibern werden aufgelistet, um eine konsistente PCR-Ausrichtung zu gewährleisten. Was den Vergleich von PEF und EUF betrifft, so sind wenige Ähnlichkeiten und viele Abweichungen zwischen den beiden Ansätzen festzustellen. PEF ist ein relativer Ansatz und liefert Informationen über die potenziellen Umweltauswirkungen über den gesamten Lebenszyklus, während die Kriterien für das Umweltzeichen vom Typ I themenspezifisch sind und nicht unbedingt den gesamten Lebenszyklus des Produkts abdecken. Ferner werden drei Perspektiven untersucht: PEF, EUF und Joint. Die ersten beiden untersuchen Szenarien für die gegenseitige Integration und Koexistenz von PEF und EUF. Die gemeinsame Perspektive schlägt ein Konzept für ein LCA-basiertes hybrides Umweltzeichen vor, das auf den Synergien zwischen einem klassischen Typ I und einem Typ III aufbaut. Das Typ IV-Umweltzeichen, wie es genannt wird, ermöglicht eine insgesamt harmonisierte und verbesserte Kommunikation sowohl auf B2B- als auch auf B2C-Ebene. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur wissenschaftlichen Arbeit über die Verbesserung der Charakterisierung und Harmonisierung von Umweltzeichen. Ihre Bedeutung und Aktualität wird durch die aktuellen Entwicklungen bei der Standardisierung von Umweltzeichen und der Kommunikation von Umweltinformationen auf internationaler und europäischer Ebene begründet. Das entwickelte Schema zur Charakterisierung von Umweltzeichen ist für eine Vielzahl von Fällen und Anwendern anwendbar; es wird auch als Grundlage für eine verbesserte Klassifizierung von Umweltzeichen angesehen. Was die Harmonisierung betrifft, so ist das vorgeschlagene hybride Umweltzeichen vom Typ IV ein Beispiel für eine Maßnahme zur Verringerung der Verbreitung von Umweltzeichen.

Tina C. Ambos (" How Do New Ventures Evolve? An Inductive Study of Archetype Changes in Science-Based Ventures ") received her Ph.D. from Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria, where she is currently an assistant professor, after holding positions at the London Business School and the University of Edinburgh. Her research interest centers on strategic management, knowledge management, and corporate evolution. Address: Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for International Marketing and Management, Augasse 2-6, 1090 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: tina.ambos@wu.ac.at . Jaideep Anand (" Alliance Activity as a Dynamic Capability in the Face of a Discontinuous Technological Change ") is a professor of corporate strategy and international business at the Fisher College of Business, Ohio State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. He studies the redeployment of capabilities by firms across businesses, countries, and technologies. Address: Fisher College of Business, Ohio State University, 2100 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1144; e-mail: anand.18@osu.edu . Matthew Bidwell (" Relationship Duration and Returns to Brokerage in the Staffing Sector ") is an assistant professor in the Wharton School's Management Department. He received his Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School. His research interests include contingent work, the management of firm boundaries, and the development of careers within and between organizations. Address: The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 2031 Steinberg Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19014; e-mail: mbidwell@wharton.upenn.edu . Christopher B. Bingham (" Crossroads—Microfoundations of Performance: Balancing Efficiency and Flexibility in Dynamic Environments ") is an assistant professor of strategy and entrepreneurship at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his Ph.D. in strategy and organization from the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University. His research interests center on microfoundations of organization and strategy, learning, capabilities, cognition, change, and strategy process in the context of entrepreneurial firms and firms in unpredictable markets. Address: Kenan-Flagler Business School, 4209 McColl Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; e-mail: cbingham@unc.edu . Julian Birkinshaw (" How Do New Ventures Evolve? An Inductive Study of Archetype Changes in Science-Based Ventures ") is a professor of strategic and international management at the London Business School, and cofounder of the Management Innovation Lab (Mlab). His research focuses on the strategy and management of multinational firms, corporate entrepreneurship, and innovation. Address: London Business School, Regents Park, London NW1 4SA, United Kingdom; e-mail: jbirkinshaw@london.edu . Henri C. Dekker (" Organizational Learning and Interfirm Control: The Effects of Partner Search and Prior Exchange Experiences ") is a professor of management control at VU University Amsterdam. His research interests include contracting and control in interfirm relationships, and the influence of strategy on management control design. Address: VU University Amsterdam, Department of Accounting, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; e-mail: hdekker@feweb.vu.nl . Kathleen M. Eisenhardt (" Crossroads—Microfoundations of Performance: Balancing Efficiency and Flexibility in Dynamic Environments ") is the Stanford W. Ascherman, M.D. Professor at Stanford University and codirector of the Stanford Technology Ventures Program; she is also a visiting professor at INSEAD's Entrepreneurship and Family Enterprise area. She received her Ph.D. in organizational behavior from the Graduate School of Business at Stanford. Her research interests focus on the nexus of strategy and organization theory with an emphasis on shaping technology-based markets, creating entrepreneurial firms, and organizing multibusiness corporations in high velocity environments. Address: Department of Management Science and Engineering, 415 Terman Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; e-mail: kme@stanford.edu . Isabel Fernandez-Mateo (" Relationship Duration and Returns to Brokerage in the Staffing Sector ") is an assistant professor of Strategic and International Management at the London Business School. She received her Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School. Her research focuses on the sociology of markets and organizations, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms and outcomes of brokerage in the labor market. Address: London Business School, Regent's Park, London NW1 4SA, United Kingdom; e-mail: ifernandezmateo@london.edu . Nathan R. Furr (" Crossroads—Microfoundations of Performance: Balancing Efficiency and Flexibility in Dynamic Environments ") is an assistant professor of entrepreneurship and strategy at Brigham Young University. He received his Ph.D. in strategy and organization from the Stanford Technology Ventures Program at Stanford University. His research interests are focused on issues of change, innovation, cognition, and strategy in entrepreneurial and dynamic environments. Address: Marriott School of Business, 617 Tanner Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604; e-mail: nfurr@byu.edu . Donald E. Gibson (" Women's and Men's Career Referents: How Gender Composition and Comparison Level Shape Career Expectations ") is a professor of management at the Charles F. Dolan School of Business, Fairfield University. He received his Ph.D. from the Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA. His research interests include anger in the workplace, conflict management and communication, and organizational role models and mentors. Address: Charles F. Dolan School of Business, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824-5195; e-mail: dgibson@fairfield.edu . Francesca Gino (" Robin Hood Under the Hood: Wealth-Based Discrimination in Illicit Customer Help ") is an associate professor at Harvard Business School and was previously an assistant professor of organizational behavior at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Kenan-Flagler Business School. She received her Ph.D. from the Santa Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa (Italy) and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research focuses on interpersonal influences in various areas, including advice giving and taking, decision making and negotiation, ethics, and creativity. Address: Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02163; e-mail: fgino@hbs.edu . Barbara S. Lawrence (" Women's and Men's Career Referents: How Gender Composition and Comparison Level Shape Career Expectations ") is a professor of human resources and organizational behavior at the Anderson Graduate School of Management, UCLA. She received her Ph.D. from the Sloan School of Management at MIT. Her current research examines organizational reference groups; the evolution of organizational norms; and the impact of perceptual differences on employee expectations, careers, and implicit work contracts. Address: Gold Hall, B506, Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 110 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481; e-mail: barbara.lawrence@anderson.ucla.edu . Raffaele Oriani (" Alliance Activity as a Dynamic Capability in the Face of a Discontinuous Technological Change ") is an associate professor of corporate finance and venture capital at LUISS Guido Carli University of Rome. He received his Ph.D. in management from the University of Bologna in Italy. His current research focuses on real options, economics and management of intellectual property, and finance of innovation. Address: Department of Economics and Business, LUISS Guido Carli University, Viale Romania 32, 00196 Rome, Italy; e-mail: roriani@luiss.it . Lamar Pierce (" Robin Hood Under the Hood: Wealth-Based Discrimination in Illicit Customer Help ") is an assistant professor of strategy at the Olin School of Business, Washington University in St. Louis. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on how incentives and interpersonal interactions among employees and customers influence corrupt and unethical behavior. Address: Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1133, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130; e-mail: pierce@wustl.edu . Jeffrey J. Reuer (" Experience Spillovers Across Corporate Development Activities ") is the Blake Family Endowed Chair in Strategic Management and Governance at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University. His research is in the area of corporate strategy, and his current projects focus on alliance governance and the performance implications of firms' external corporate development activities. Address: Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, 403 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2056; e-mail: jreuer@purdue.edu . Georg Schreyögg (" Crossroads—Organizing for Fluidity? Dilemmas of New Organizational Forms ") is a professor of organization and leadership at the School of Business and Economics of Freie Universität Berlin. He received his doctorate and habilitation from Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. His current research addresses path dependence, innovation management, and organizational capabilities. Address: Department of Management, School of Business and Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Garystr. 21, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: georg.schreyoegg@fu-berlin.de . Jörg Sydow (" Crossroads—Organizing for Fluidity? Dilemmas of New Organizational Forms ") is a professor of management at the School of Business and Economics of Freie Universität Berlin. He received his doctorate and habilitation from Freie Universität. His current research focuses on organization and management theory, interfirm networks and strategic alliances, project and innovation management, and industrial relations. Address: Department of Management, School of Business and Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Boltzmannstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: joerg.sydow@fu-berlin.de . Alexandra Van den Abbeele (" Organizational Learning and Interfirm Control: The Effects of Partner Search and Prior Exchange Experiences ") is an assistant professor of management accounting and control at the Catholic University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven). Her main research interests include learning, fairness, trust, and control in interorganizational relationships. Address: Department of Accounting, Finance and Insurance, K.U. Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; e-mail: alexandra.vandenabbeele@econ.kuleuven.be . Roberto S. Vassolo (" Alliance Activity as a Dynamic Capability in the Face of a Discontinuous Technological Change ") is an associate professor of strategy at IAE Business School in Argentina. He received his Ph.D. in strategy from Purdue University. His core research examines competitive strategy in turbulent environments, with a focus on disruptive technology and emerging economies. Address: IAE Business School, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires (1629), Argentina; e-mail: rvassolo@iae.edu.ar . Maurizio Zollo (" Experience Spillovers Across Corporate Development Activities ") is a dean's professor of strategy and corporate responsibility at Bocconi University and director of the Center for Research in Organization and Management (CROMA) at Bocconi University. He is also coeditor of the European Management Review, the official journal of the European Academy of Management (EURAM). His research interests include organizational learning and change applied to corporate development processes and sustainability issues. Address: Management Department, Bocconi University, Via Roentgen, 1, 20136 Milan, Italy; e-mail: maurizio.zollo@unibocconi.it .

Inhaltsangabe: Zusammenfassung: Die Arbeit beginnt mit der Erkenntnis, dass Deutschland längst ein Einwanderungsland geworden ist. Um das Phänomen der Einwanderung überhaupt verstehen und richtig einordnen zu können, beschäftigt sich das erste Kapitel jedoch zuerst mit der Ursache von Wanderungsbewegungen. Hierzu wird das Push-Pull-Faktoren-Modell herangezogen. Dieses Modell bietet Erklärungsversuche sowohl für erzwungene Migration (Push-Faktoren), als auch für freiwillige Migration (Pull-Faktoren). Zur letzteren Kategorie zählt vor allem der Wohlstand der westlichen Welt, als auch die freiheitlich-demokratischen Grundwerte, die in den Ländern Europas und Nordamerikas garantiert sind. Die erzwungene Migration hingegen basiert auf Faktoren wie Krieg, Armut, Hunger, aber auch und zunehmend Umweltschäden (Degradation von Ackerflächen, Wassermangel, auch der Klimawandel ganz allgemein). Fasst man alle Faktoren zusammen, kommt man unweigerlich zu dem Schluss, dass sowohl die Pull-, als auch in noch stärkerem Maße die Push-Faktoren in den kommenden Jahren und Jahrzehnten zu drastisch steigendem Migrationsdruck auf Europa führen werden. Dieser Migrationsdruck wird die Wohlstandsinsel Europa vor allem aus Afrika, aber auch in erheblichem Maße aus Osteuropa und Asien treffen. Basierend auf der Ausgangslage steigender Migrationszahlen nach Europa stellt sich in Kapitel zwei die Frage, wie man als Mehrheitsgesellschaft mit einer steigenden Zahl von Zuwanderern umgehen soll. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Begriffe wie Integration, Assimilation, Separation und Exklusion behandelt und gegeneinander abgegrenzt. Darüber hinaus werden verschiedene (nationale) Modelle vorgestellt, wie die Mehrheitsgesellschaften mit den Minderheiten umgehen und miteinander interagieren. Auch weltpolitische sowie religiöse Einflüsse auf die jeweiligen nationalen integrationspolitischen Grundkonzepte werden aufgeführt. Zum Abschluss werden die Kosten (monetär, jedoch auch politisch, moralisch und sozial) aufgeführt, die die Nicht-Integration von Zuwanderern und Eingesessenen verursachen. Nachdem die Themen Migration und Integration allgemein bzw. für Europa abgesteckt sind, wendet sich das dritte Kapitel nun der Integrationspolitik in Deutschland zu. Ausgehend von der aktiven Anwerbephase ausländischer Arbeitskräfte in der Wirtschaftswunder-Zeit der noch jungen Bundesrepublik werden verschiedene Phasen erläutert, die sich von der "Ignoranz" für das Integrationsproblem zur "Akzeptanz" in den späten 90er Jahren entwickeln. Zur Jahrtausendwende scheint es, als habe die Politik in Deutschland erkannt, dass die "Gastarbeiter" auf Dauer bei uns bleiben werden und dass es endlich an der Zeit wäre, sich aktiv mit diesem Problem zu beschäftigen. Das Kapitel vier nun beschäftigt sich mit dem Ort, an dem Integration scheitert oder gelingt: den Kommunen. Als hervorragendes Beispiel für gute Integrationsarbeit wird die Stadt Wien angeführt. Dort wird die Integrationspolitik schon seit langem ernst genommen. Seit einigen Jahren nun hat die österreichische Hauptstadt ihre Integrationspolitik weiter entwickelt und sich dem Diversity Management verschrieben. In der Zwischenbetrachtung wird der erste Teil der Dissertation nochmals zusammengefasst und die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Aufgaben es für ein Gelingen der Integration in deutschen Kommunen zu bewältigen gibt. Basierend auf der Erkenntnis, dass in Zukunft mehr Menschen einwandern werden, dass zusätzlich zu dieser "Neu-Integration" auch noch eine "nachholende Integration" für die bereits bei uns lebenden Menschen notwendig ist, angesichts der Tatsache, dass es die deutsche Politik noch immer nicht geschafft hat, sachlich mit dem Thema Einwanderung umzugehen, verlangt das Thema Integration nach einem ganzheitlichen Konzept. Dieses muss sowohl die politischen wie die zivilgesellschaftlichen Akteure im Integrationsprozess vernetzen können, als auch wirkungsorientiert und nachvollziehbar steuerbar sein. Ein solches Konzept kann aus dem betriebswirtschaftlichen Konzept des Controllings kommen und wird in den nun folgenden Kapiteln der Arbeit vorgestellt. Das fünfte Kapitel beginnt mit einer Definition des Controlling-Begriffs allgemein und des Controlling-Regelkreises im Besonderen, ehe es dann einschwenkt auf ein spezielles Controlling-Werkzeug: die Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Die BSC wurde ursprünglich von den beiden amerikanischen Professoren Robert S. Kaplan und David P. Norton erdacht, um die allzu oft klaffende Lücke zwischen strategischen Zielen einer Unternehmung und deren operative Umsetzung im Tagesgeschäft zu schließen. Hierzu ist es notwendig, nicht ausschließlich die Finanzkennzahlen einer Firma zu betrachten, sondern auch andere Dimensionen mit einzubeziehen. Kaplan und Norton schlagen Bereiche vor wie "Kunden", "Prozesse" oder "Lernen". Nur über eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung einer Unternehmung kann langfristig der Erfolg sichergestellt werden. Ist es aber möglich, einen politischen sowie sozial-gesellschaftlichen Prozess wie die Integration mit einer Methodik zu steuern, die aus der Betriebswirtschaft kommt? Ist denn die Integration überhaupt steuerbar? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigt sich das sechste Kapitel und gibt Antworten darauf, welche Bereiche des Integrationsprozesses über Kennzahlen erfassbar und somit steuerbar sind, und welche nicht. Basierend auf dieser Abgrenzung erlaubt das Kapitel sieben Seitenblicke auf Beispiele in der Gesellschaft, bei denen das Konzept der Balanced Scorecard bereits erfolgreich außerhalb der Domäne der Wirtschaft umgesetzt wird. Das Beispiel der amerikanischen Stadt Charlotte, deren Stadtverwaltung mit der BSC steuert, wird hierbei genauer vorgestellt. Als Schlussfolgerung wird festgehalten, dass es sehr wohl möglich ist, den Integrationsprozess in Kommunen mit der BSC zu steuern, dies jedoch gewisse Anpassungen sowohl in der Terminologie als auch in der Methodik erfordert. Das Kapitel acht nun wendet sich einem konkreten Fall zu: der Stadt Ulm. Nach einer Analyse der Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld (externe Analyse) werden die Stärken und Schwächen der Integrationspolitik selbst betrachtet. Daraus wiederum ergibt sich eine Integrationsstrategie für Ulm, die sich auf die folgenden Schwerpunkte konzentriert: Sprache, Bildung, Arbeit und Sozialisation. Diese Schwerpunkte werden nun in Dimensionen der Balanced Score Card "übersetzt", die sich fortan als Balanced Integration Card (BIC) darstellt. Innerhalb jeder dieser Dimensionen werden Projekte definiert, die mithilfe von Projekt-Definitionsblättern konkrete Ziele, Verantwortlichkeiten, Maßnahmen und Budgets beinhalten. Das Erreichen der jeweiligen Ziele schließlich wird anhand extra dafür festgelegter Kennzahlen gemessen. Die "Ziel-Maßnahmen-Matrix" schließlich fasst alle Ziele innerhalb der Dimensionen auf ein Blatt zusammen und liefert somit einen komprimierten Überblick über die in Ulm laufenden Aktivitäten zur Verbesserung der Integration: transparent, nachvollziehbar und messbar. Mit Hilfe der gesammelten Informationen aus der BIC lässt sich im Schlussabschnitt der Arbeit nun endlich eine konkrete, auf Fakten basierende Aussage darüber treffen, nicht nur ob Integration in Ulm funktioniert, sondern auch in welchen Bereichen es Fort- oder Rückschritte gibt. Die Ausweitung des Zahlenmaterials auf den Zeitraum von 10 Jahren erlaubt darüber hinaus Aussagen über den längerfristigen Trend. Dadurch ist es möglich festzustellen, wo besonders schnell gehandelt werden muss. Die Ergebnisse selbst sind ernüchternd, erschreckend und verlangen schnelles Handeln seitens der Politik, um (weitere) gesellschaftliche Schäden zu verhindern. Die BIC ist hierbei von entscheidender Bedeutung, denn sie liefert Auskunft darüber, wo gehandelt werden muss und ob die Maßnahmen greifen. Es liegt jetzt an der Politik, letzten Endes aber auch an uns allen, diese Information der BIC umzusetzen und endlich mit der Integration ernst zu machen. Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG:ICHBINAUSLÄNDER!4 KAPITEL I.AUSGANGSLAGE:DEUTSCHLAND,EINEINWANDERUNGSLAND8 HETEROGENE BEVÖLKERUNGSSTRUKTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND8 URSACHENFORSCHUNG: MIGRATION12 Die räumliche Dimension der Migration13 Die Binnenwanderung13 Internationale Wanderung15 Die zeitliche Dimension der Migration16 Die kausale Dimension der Migration17 ERKLÄRUNGSANSATZ ZUR MIGRATION: DAS PUSH-PULL-FAKTORENMODELL20 Freiwillige Migration: die Pull-Faktoren25 Erzwungene Migration: die Push-Faktoren26 Krieg26 Armut27 Kindersterblichkeit, Hunger und medizinischer Notstand29 Umweltkatastrophen32 Umweltflüchtlinge – die vergessenen Opfer33 Ursachen der Umweltmigration34 Deposition34 Degradation34 Desaster37 Destabilisierung39 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG,FAZITUNDAUSBLICK41 KAPITEL II.FOKUS:INTEGRATION44 EXKURS.DIEKOSTENDERNICHT-INTEGRATION44 Die nicht monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration44 Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration45 Begriffsbestimmung: Akkulturation48 Integration49 Assimilation50 Separation50 Exklusion50 Zusammenfassung51 Internationale Politik und interreligiöser Dialog52 Weltpolitische Einflussfaktoren auf die kommunale Integrationsarbeit52 Das Exklusionsmodell57 KAPITEL III.STATUS:INTEGRATIONSPOLITIKINDEUTSCHLAND59 VON DER NICHTAKZEPTANZGESELLSCHAFTLICHER REALITÄT.60 Die Anwerbephase60 Die Konsolidierungsphase62 Die Phase der Integrationskonzepte63 Die Phase der Begrenzungspolitik64 Die Phase der restriktiven gesetzlichen Regelungen64 ZUR ZÖGERNDEN ANERKENNUNG DER TATSACHEN66 Die Reform des Staatsangehörigkeitgesetztes66 Die Reform des Zuwanderungsgesetzes67 KAPITEL IV.ORTDERENTSCHEIDUNG:DIEKOMMUNEN70 DIEKOMMUNEALS"ROBUSTEINTEGRATIONSMASCHINE"70 Kommune als Primus inter Pares in der kommunalen Integrationspolitik71 Institutioneller Handlungsrahmen für Kommunen72 Kommunale Ressourcen für Integration73 Der Wiener Integrationsfonds: ein Bekenntnis zur Integration80 Beispielprojekt "Besiedlungsmanagement"84 Beispielprojekt "Sprachoffensive"85 Beispielprojekt "Bildungsdrehscheibe – Alles ist LERNBAR"87 DIVERSITY UND DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT88 BEURTEILUNG UND AUSBLICK95 ZWISCHENBETRACHTUNG.WELCHEAUFGABENGILTESZUBEWÄLTIGEN?97 KAPITELV.LÖSUNGSANSATZ:DIEBALANCEDSCORECARDIMCONTROLLINGREGELKREIS100 DEFINITION CONTROLLING100 Die Vision101 Die Mission102 Die Umfeld und Unternehmensanalyse: SWOT103 Die Strategiefindung104 Die operative Umsetzung: Ziele, Maßnahmen und Erfolgsmessung106 HISTORIE UND ZIELSETZUNG DER BALANCED SCORECARD107 Die Finanzperspektive109 Die Kundenperspektive109 Die interne Prozess-Perspektive110 Die Lern- und Entwicklungsperspektive110 Das Projekt-Definitionsblatt: Übersicht ist alles115 EXKURS.GRAPHISCHEDARSTELLUNGDERBALANCEDSCORECARD116 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.VORTEILEDERBALANCEDSCORECARD117 KAPITELVI.EINWURF:ISTINTEGRATIONÜBERHAUPTSTEUERBAR?118 INTEGRATION MIT DEM HERZEN… ODER WAS MANN NICHT MESSEN KANN118 KAPITEL VII.SEITENBLICKE: CONTROLLING UND DIE BALANCED SCORECARD AUßERHALB DER FREIEN WIRTSCHAFT – EIN KONZEPT SETZT SICH DURCH128 DIE BALANCED SCORECARD FÜR NON-PROFIT-ORGANISATIONEN128 Die BSC in der öffentlichen Verwaltung129 Beispiel: Die City-Scorecard der Stadt Charlotte130 Die Gender Scorecard des Kulturwirtschaftlichen Gründerzentrums in Bochum132 WEITERE BEISPIELE UND ANREGUNGEN133 KAPITEL VIII.LÖSUNGSANSATZ: DIE BALANCED INTEGRATION CARD FÜR ULM136 Die Kontaktstelle für ausländische Bürgerschaft: Ulm bekennt sich zu seiner Heterogenität138 Ulms Vision: Vom friedlichen und gleichberechtigten Zusammenleben aller Bürger140 Die externe Analyse: Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld142 Das Migrationsumfeld142 Das wirtschaftliche Umfeld143 Das demographische Umfeld144 Das soziale Umfeld147 Das schulische und wissenschaftliche Umfeld147 Die interne Analyse: Stärken und Schwächen der Ulmer Integrationspolitik148 Stärken: Erfahrung, Kompetenz und Heterogenität148 Schwächen: Angespannte Finanzressourcen und mangelnder Sinn für die Querschnittaufgabe Integration148 Strategiefindung: Nicht kleckern, klotzen!150 Strategieausformulierung und die Dimensionen der BIC151 Vernetzung der strategischen Stoßrichtungen: die Strategy Map160 EINWURF: ABER WO BLEIBT DENN DIE RELIGION?164 DIE TERRORISTEN MISSBRAUCHEN IHREN EIGENEN GLAUBEN!165 RELIGION IST PRIVATSACHE!166 RELIGION DARF KEIN TRENNENDER FAKTOR SEIN!166 MISSBRAUCH DER RELIGION IST DAS LETZTE GLIED IN EINER KETTE VON FEHLERN!167 Ziele, Maßnahmen und Kennzahlen: Das Herzstück der BIC168 Die BIC Dimension Sprache169 Die BIC Dimension (Aus)Bildung173 Die BIC Dimension Arbeit176 Die BIC Dimension Sozialisation179 Die Interne BIC-Perspektive186 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, FAZIT UND SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG192 ANHANG.196 WEITERFÜHRENDE GEDANKEN UND MÖGLICHE FORSCHUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE196 WENN AUSLÄNDER DEUTSCHE WERDEN: STATISTIKPROBLEME196 MANAGING BY THE NUMBER: ÜBER ZEITREIHENANALYSEN UND BENCHMARKING197 GELUNGENE INTEGRATION KANN DER STARTSCHUSS FÜR NEUE PROBLEME SEIN199 "FRÜHWARNSYSTEM" AUSLÄNDER202 DIE VERZAHNUNG VON BALANCED SCORECARDS – ODER WIE MAN INTEGRATION AUF MEHREREN EBENEN ANGEHT204 DAS PROJEKT-DEFINITIONSBLATT: EINEVORLAGE207 DANKSAGUNG208 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS209Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG:ICHBINAUSLÄNDER!4 KAPITEL I.AUSGANGSLAGE:DEUTSCHLAND,EINEINWANDERUNGSLAND8 HETEROGENE BEVÖLKERUNGSSTRUKTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND8 URSACHENFORSCHUNG: MIGRATION12 Die räumliche Dimension der Migration13 Die Binnenwanderung13 Internationale Wanderung15 Die zeitliche Dimension der Migration16 Die kausale Dimension der Migration17 ERKLÄRUNGSANSATZ ZUR MIGRATION: DAS PUSH-PULL-FAKTORENMODELL20 Freiwillige Migration: die Pull-Faktoren25 Erzwungene Migration: die Push-Faktoren26 Krieg26 Armut27 Kindersterblichkeit, Hunger und medizinischer Notstand29 Umweltkatastrophen32 Umweltflüchtlinge – die vergessenen Opfer33 Ursachen der Umweltmigration34 Deposition34 Degradation34 Desaster37 Destabilisierung39 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG,FAZITUNDAUSBLICK41 KAPITEL II.FOKUS:INTEGRATION44 EXKURS.DIEKOSTENDERNICHT-INTEGRATION44 Die nicht monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration44 Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration45 Begriffsbestimmung: Akkulturation48 Integration49 Assimilation50 Separation50 Exklusion50 Zusammenfassung51 Internationale Politik und interreligiöser Dialog52 Weltpolitische Einflussfaktoren auf die kommunale Integrationsarbeit52 Das Exklusionsmodell57 KAPITEL III.STATUS:INTEGRATIONSPOLITIKINDEUTSCHLAND59 VON DER NICHTAKZEPTANZGESELLSCHAFTLICHER REALITÄT.60 Die Anwerbephase60 Die Konsolidierungsphase62 Die Phase der Integrationskonzepte63 Die Phase der Begrenzungspolitik64 Die Phase der restriktiven gesetzlichen Regelungen64 ZUR ZÖGERNDEN ANERKENNUNG DER TATSACHEN66 Die Reform des Staatsangehörigkeitgesetztes66 Die Reform des Zuwanderungsgesetzes67 KAPITEL IV.ORTDERENTSCHEIDUNG:DIEKOMMUNEN70 DIEKOMMUNEALS"ROBUSTEINTEGRATIONSMASCHINE"70 Kommune als Primus inter Pares in der kommunalen Integrationspolitik71 Institutioneller Handlungsrahmen für Kommunen72 Kommunale Ressourcen für Integration73 Der Wiener Integrationsfonds: ein Bekenntnis zur Integration80 Beispielprojekt "Besiedlungsmanagement"84 Beispielprojekt "Sprachoffensive"85 Beispielprojekt "Bildungsdrehscheibe – Alles ist LERNBAR"87 DIVERSITY UND DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT88 BEURTEILUNG UND AUSBLICK95 ZWISCHENBETRACHTUNG.WELCHEAUFGABENGILTESZUBEWÄLTIGEN?97 KAPITELV.LÖSUNGSANSATZ:DIEBALANCEDSCORECARDIMCONTROLLINGREGELKREIS100 DEFINITION CONTROLLING100 Die Vision101 Die Mission102 Die Umfeld und Unternehmensanalyse: SWOT103 Die Strategiefindung104 Die operative Umsetzung: Ziele, Maßnahmen und Erfolgsmessung106 HISTORIE UND ZIELSETZUNG DER BALANCED SCORECARD107 Die Finanzperspektive109 Die Kundenperspektive109 Die interne Prozess-Perspektive110 Die Lern- und Entwicklungsperspektive110 Das Projekt-Definitionsblatt: Übersicht ist alles115 EXKURS.GRAPHISCHEDARSTELLUNGDERBALANCEDSCORECARD116 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.VORTEILEDERBALANCEDSCORECARD117 KAPITELVI.EINWURF:ISTINTEGRATIONÜBERHAUPTSTEUERBAR?118 INTEGRATION MIT DEM HERZEN… ODER WAS MANN NICHT MESSEN KANN118 KAPITEL VII.SEITENBLICKE: CONTROLLING UND DIE BALANCED SCORECARD AUßERHALB DER FREIEN WIRTSCHAFT – EIN KONZEPT SETZT SICH DURCH128 DIE BALANCED SCORECARD FÜR NON-PROFIT-ORGANISATIONEN128 Die BSC in der öffentlichen Verwaltung129 Beispiel: Die City-Scorecard der Stadt Charlotte130 Die Gender Scorecard des Kulturwirtschaftlichen Gründerzentrums in Bochum132 WEITERE BEISPIELE UND ANREGUNGEN133 KAPITEL VIII.LÖSUNGSANSATZ: DIE BALANCED INTEGRATION CARD FÜR ULM136 Die Kontaktstelle für ausländische Bürgerschaft: Ulm bekennt sich zu seiner Heterogenität138 Ulms Vision: Vom friedlichen und gleichberechtigten Zusammenleben aller Bürger140 Die externe Analyse: Chancen und Risiken im Integrationsumfeld142 Das Migrationsumfeld142 Das wirtschaftliche Umfeld143 Das demographische Umfeld144 Das soziale Umfeld147 Das schulische und wissenschaftliche Umfeld147 Die interne Analyse: Stärken und Schwächen der Ulmer Integrationspolitik148 Stärken: Erfahrung, Kompetenz und Heterogenität148 Schwächen: Angespannte Finanzressourcen und mangelnder Sinn für die Querschnittaufgabe Integration148 Strategiefindung: Nicht kleckern, klotzen!150 Strategieausformulierung und die Dimensionen der BIC151 Vernetzung der strategischen Stoßrichtungen: die Strategy Map.160 EINWURF: ABER WO BLEIBT DENN DIE RELIGION?164 DIE TERRORISTEN MISSBRAUCHEN IHREN EIGENEN GLAUBEN!165 RELIGION IST PRIVATSACHE!166 RELIGION DARF KEIN TRENNENDER FAKTOR SEIN!166 MISSBRAUCH DER RELIGION IST DAS LETZTE GLIED IN EINER KETTE VON FEHLERN!167 Ziele, Maßnahmen und Kennzahlen: Das Herzstück der BIC168 Die BIC Dimension Sprache169 Die BIC Dimension (Aus)Bildung173 Die BIC Dimension Arbeit176 Die BIC Dimension Sozialisation179 Die Interne BIC-Perspektive186 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, FAZIT UND SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG192 ANHANG.196 WEITERFÜHRENDE GEDANKEN UND MÖGLICHE FORSCHUNGSSCHWERPUNKTE196 WENN AUSLÄNDER DEUTSCHE WERDEN: STATISTIKPROBLEME196 MANAGING BY THE NUMBER: ÜBER ZEITREIHENANALYSEN UND BENCHMARKING197 GELUNGENE INTEGRATION KANN DER STARTSCHUSS FÜR NEUE PROBLEME SEIN199 "FRÜHWARNSYSTEM" AUSLÄNDER202 DIE VERZAHNUNG VON BALANCED SCORECARDS – ODER WIE MAN INTEGRATION AUF MEHREREN EBENEN ANGEHT204 DAS PROJEKT-DEFINITIONSBLATT: EINEVORLAGE207 DANKSAGUNG208 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS209Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel II., Exkurs: Die Kosten der Nicht-Integration: Bevor ich mich nun näher mit der Begriffsbestimmung für Integration beschäftigen werde, möchte ich noch einen Exkurs in ein wichtiges Thema wagen: die Kosten der Nicht-Integration. Wie wir gesehen haben – und viele von uns ja in der Praxis auch wahrnehmen – ist Integration ein äußerst schwieriger und laufend andauernder Prozess. Altkanzler Helmut Schmidt spricht aufgrund dieser Schwierigkeiten mit der Integration heute sogar offen darüber, dass er "die Anwerbung von Gastarbeitern bedauert. (…). Insofern war es ein Fehler, dass wir zu Beginn der 60er Jahre Gastarbeiter aus fremden Kulturen ins Land holten." Wenn es aber nun so schwierig ist (manche meinen: unmöglich), die Einheimischen und die Migranten zu einer gemeinsamen, gleichberechtigte Gesellschaft zu integrieren, könnte man doch lapidar – und zweifelsohne wenig politisch korrekt - die Frage stellen: warum verwenden wir dann Ressourcen darauf? Warum Geld und Arbeit, Gefühle und Herzblut, warum Kopfzerbrechen und Vertrauen investieren, wenn der erfolgreiche Ausgang gar nicht sicher ist? Warum lassen wir den Dingen nicht einfach (weiterhin) ihren Lauf? Die Antwort darauf möchte ich im Folgenden versuchen zu geben. Die nicht-monetären Aspekte eines Scheiterns der Integration Der wichtigste Aspekt für das Eintreten in Sachen Integration ist der des (inneren) Friedens. Nur wenn es uns allen gelingt, in einer Gesellschaft zu leben, in der niemand aufgrund seiner Hautfarbe, seiner Herkunft oder seiner Religion diskriminiert wird, werden wir den inneren Frieden wahren können. Sobald sich eine Gruppe von Mitmenschen systematisch benachteiligt fühlt, wird sie sich abkapseln und die geltenden Normen, Rechte und Gesetzte nicht weiter beachten. Kriminalität und Gewalt, bis hin zur bewaffneten Auseinandersetzung könnten die Folge sein. Das Beispiel des Zerfalls von Jugoslawien – direkt vor Europas Haustür! – sollte uns alle daran erinnern, dass das Zusammenleben verschiedener Ethnien und Religionsgemeinschaften jeden Tag neu erarbeitet werden muss. Überspitzt formuliert, aber keinesfalls unzutreffend könnte man also sagen, wer Integrationsarbeit leistet, macht sich um den Frieden verdient. Ein weiterer Aspekt ist der der Wahrheit bzw. der Redlichkeit: es waren wir Deutschen, die die Ausländer regelrecht angeworben haben. Wir haben sie zu uns ins Land geholt, weil es bei uns Arbeitsplätze zu besetzen gab, die wir selbst nicht ausführen wollten: schmutzige, dreckige, erniedrigende Arbeit, für die ein Deutscher doch "viel zu gut" war. Diesen Menschen bzw. deren Kindern und Enkelkindern jetzt einen gleichberechtigten Zugang in die verschiedenen Bereiche unserer Gesellschaft (Bildung, Arbeit, Vereinsleben, etc.) zu ermöglichen, ist das Mindeste was wir tun können. Sich jetzt vor dem Problem der Integration zu verschließen, hieße die selbst verursachten Probleme nicht angehen zu wollen. Wer noch immer die Augen vor diesen Argumenten verschließt, ist ein egoistischer, kühl kalkulierender Mensch. Doch auch und gerade an diese Mitbürger möchte ich appellieren: Integration lohnt sich – im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes! Wie das gemeint ist, erläutere ich im nun folgenden Abschnitt. Der finanzielle Aspekt der Nicht-Integration "Eine Investition in Wissen bringt immer noch die besten Zinsen" (Benjamin Franklin, amerikanischer Politiker, Erfinder, Philosoph). Angesichts der schwierigen Probleme, die bei laufenden Integrationsbemühungen immer wieder zu konstatieren sind, stellt sich verstärkt die Frage nach den finanziellen Kosten eines Scheiterns der Integration. Natürlich darf Zuwanderung nicht allein auf monetäre Gewinne oder Verluste reduziert werden – schon gar nicht dürfen wir bei uns lebende Migranten nach ihrem wirtschaftlichen Nutzen oder Schaden beurteilen (und alle anderen Mitbürger natürlich auch nicht). Trotzdem ist eine volkswirtschaftliche Betrachtung der (Nicht) Integration in so fern zulässig, als sie uns Aufschluss über die Dringlichkeit der Aufgabe zu geben vermag. Hierzu finden sich in der Literatur verschiedene Quellen. Autoren wie Göbel oder Dr. Hans Dietrich von Loeffelholz betrachten den Bildungsstand der Migranten und die daraus resultierenden Chancen und Positionen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Beide haben in ihren Untersuchungen lediglich Westdeutschland analysiert, was in meinen Augen die Aussagekraft des Ergebnisses für Gesamtdeutschland aufgrund der extrem niedrigen Ausländeranteile der neuen Bundesländer nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigen dürfte.

This issue of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to come closer to its 45th year of existence. Throughout this time, we have tried to publish different types of scientific research, review, or reflection papers by national and international authors who have relied on us to disseminate their knowledge. To every one of them, our authors, our referees, the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially our readers, we would like to thank them for allowing us to continue, through digitalization, to bring a more significant impact on the sciences of administration.In the 66th issue, thirteen scientific papers have been published. The arbitration process guarantees the quality of the authors and their contributions in Spanish or English, to make a publication 100% in English, in the pursuit of higher knowledge dissemination. In this sense, we put to our readers' consideration the editorial process undertaken in this issue, in the hope that its content will be a support or become a starting point for new discussions and concerns in their reflections and research, or that, if applicable, it will allow in future reviews or translations into other languages.The first article in this issue, entitled "Characterization and determinants of organizational satisfaction in Mexican SME workers," by using quantitative methods, attempts to build a model to understand organizational satisfaction from variables related to job satisfaction through a survey to 646 workers, of both sexes and between the ages of 18 and 70, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). "Management of Corporate Social Responsibility in Project Management: Theoretical Approach" is the title of the second paper, and it aims to conduct a theoretical discussion on social responsibility within the framework of project management. The methodology defines the steps taken by the researchers to achieve presenting elements and conclusions from the different theoretical approaches found. The third article "Coordinating sustainability, globalization and urban intelligence with Habitat III and SDG-2030 agendas: the challenge of sustainable urban development in cities", is the result of research in 83 cities where, using the correspondence analysis technique, the authors analyzed around urban development, globalization, urban intelligence and sustainability, and whether these relate to sustainable development and habitat goals.The fourth article, "Trust as a mechanism to improve performance in organizations," includes a relational model between employee trust in the organization and company performance, as mediated by an organizational commitment to learning and employee commitment to the company. Using quantitative methods, through a 31-item survey applied to 161 individuals from different organizations in the southwestern region of Colombia, the relationship between competencies and skills management and the performance of organizations is analyzed.In the fifth paper, the authors investigate the concept of productivity in the context of knowledge workers. As a method, they applied interviews to a group of managers and workers from organizations in the knowledge-intensive services sector and ultimately raise some challenges. The title of this article is "Work Productivity Management in Knowledge Intensive Service Companies: Considerations and Challenges." "Impact of economic internationalization policies in Colombia, Peru, and Chile," is the sixth scientific research paper, where, from a mixed approach paired with documentary analysis of the different government plans and categories of export development, integration agreements, and institutional development, and by analyzing quantitative variables from GDP, exports and trade balance, the authors analyze how trade policies and integration in Colombia, Chile and Peru impacted their international trade in the period from 1980 to 2017. The seventh article in our 66th issue is called "Financing decisions in the creative and cultural SMEs of Bogotá, Colombia." Through a survey, the authors compare assumptions from financial theories in cultural and creative SMEs in Bogotá, finding some factors that drive their financial decision-making.Using linear regressions, the authors compared the influence of social networks in the self-perception of the academic performance of a group of university students in Mexico and Spain. The findings show differences in both countries. "Social networks and academic performance self-perception in business sciences students" is the title of the paper mentioned above.The ninth article is entitled "Social norms and entrepreneurial intent in university researchers in Colombia." Therein, the authors, using quantitative methods, propose relationships between social norms, among other variables, and entrepreneurial intent when conducting a survey on peer reviewers at Colciencias and the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The results account for the relationships found, which a literature review supports.In the paper "Sociological ambivalence in three Latin American corporate control institutions: Tax Inspectorate (Colombia), Statutory Examiner (Mexico) and Statutory Audit (Argentina)," the authors propose some contradictions present in corporate control and do so from the theoretical framework of sociological ambivalence. Qualitative content analysis is used to approach the institutions studied.The paper "Reflections towards Responsible Tourism in the Framework of Social Responsibility" aims to present Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) elements in the context of the hotel subsector, based on literature documentary analysis, to propose improvements in social responsibility practices in the sector."Investment projects: definition from the perspective of processes" is the title of a paper that presents an analysis of the definition of investment projects from the perspectives of the subject, method, and object of intervention in order to identify their relationship with the improvement of processes. Among the findings, it is evident that most of the definitions are framed within the method or form of intervention.Our last paper in this issue is a review. It carries the title "Shared value: a bibliometric review of literature from the approaches of strategy, corporate social responsibility, and stakeholders," where the authors conduct research based on a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, and focus on the evolution of the concept of shared value, presenting elements from its proposal and some current tendencies.The content of each paper is the sole responsibility of their authors. This issue presents a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome in each of these proposals. We hope you will continue to accompany us as readers of our scientific journal. ; Este número de Cuadernos de Administración, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, nos permite acercarnos a sus 45 años de existencia. A lo largo de este tiempo, hemos intentado publicar diferentes tipos de trabajos de investigación científica, revisión o reflexión de autores nacionales e internacionales que han confiado en nosotros para difundir sus conocimientos. A todos y cada uno de ellos, nuestros autores, nuestros árbitros, los miembros de los Comités Editorial y Científico, pero especialmente a ustedes, nuestros lectores, nos gustaría agradecerles por permitirnos continuar, y ahora a través de la edición electrónica, lograr un mayor impacto en las ciencias de la administración. En el número 66, se publican trece artículos científicos. El proceso de arbitraje garantiza la calidad de los autores, desde sus aportes en español o inglés, para luego realizar una publicación 100% en inglés, en pos de una mayor difusión del conocimiento. En este sentido, sometemos a su consideración el proceso editorial llevado a cabo en este número, con la idea de que su contenido sea un soporte o un punto de partida, para nuevas discusiones e inquietudes en sus reflexiones e investigaciones, o que, si corresponde, permita futuras revisiones o traducciones a otros idiomas. El primer artículo de este número titulado "Caracterización y determinantes de la satisfacción organizacional en trabajadores mexicanos de PyMES", usando métodos cuantitativos intenta construir un modelo para comprender la satisfacción organizacional a partir de variables relacionadas con la satisfacción laboral, en una encuesta a 646 trabajadores de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PyMES), de ambos sexos entre 18 y 70 años. "Gestión de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la gerencia de proyectos: aproximación teórica", es el título del segundo artículo que tiene como objetivo realizar una discusión teórica de la responsabilidad social en el marco de la gestión de proyectos. En la metodología se definen los pasos realizados por los investigadores para lograr la presentación de elementos y las conclusiones desde los diferentes enfoques teóricos encontrados. El tercer artículo "Coordinar la sostenibilidad, globalización e inteligencia urbana con las agendas hábitat III y ODS-2030: el desafío del desarrollo urbano sostenible en las ciudades", es el resultado de una investigación en 83 ciudades donde desde la técnica de análisis de correspondencia, se analizó alrededor del desarrollo urbano, la globalización, la inteligencia urbana y la sostenibilidad y sí hay relación con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y hábitat. El cuarto artículo "La confianza como un mecanismo para mejorar el desempeño en las organizaciones", incluye un modelo relacional entre la confianza del colaborador en la organización y el desempeño de la compañía mediado por el compromiso organizacional con el aprendizaje y el compromiso de los empleados con la empresa. Con métodos cuantitativos, por medio de una encuesta de 31 ítems, aplicada a 161 individuos de diferentes organizaciones en la región suroccidental de Colombia, se analiza la relación entre la gestión de competencias y habilidades, y el desempeño de las organizaciones. En el quinto artículo los autores indagan sobre el concepto de la productividad en el contexto de los trabajadores de conocimiento, utilizan como método las entrevistas a un grupo de directivos y trabajadores de organizaciones del sector servicios intensivos en conocimiento y al final proponen algunos desafíos. El título de este artículo es "Gestión de la productividad laboral en empresas de servicio intensivas en conocimiento: consideraciones y desafíos". "Impacto de las políticas de internacionalización económica en Colombia, Perú y Chile", es el sexto artículo científico de investigación, donde, desde un enfoque mixto, con un análisis documental de los diferentes planes de Gobierno y las categorías de desarrollo de exportaciones, acuerdos de integración y desarrollo institucional, y con análisis de variables cuantitativas desde el PIB, las exportaciones y la balanza comercial, se analizan cómo las políticas comerciales y la integración en Colombia, Chile y Perú impactaron su comercio internacional en el período 1980 -2017. El séptimo artículo de este número 66 titulado "Decisiones de financiación en las Pymes creativas y culturales de Bogotá, Colombia", mediante una encuesta los autores comparan supuestos de teorías financieras en las pymes culturales y creativas de Bogotá, encontrando algunos factores que determinan sus decisiones financieras. Utilizando regresiones lineales los autores comparan la relación de las redes sociales en la autopercepción de desempeño académico de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios en México y España. En los hallazgos se evidencian diferencias en ambos países. El título del artículo es "Redes sociales y autopercepción de desempeño académico en estudiantes de ciencias empresariales". El noveno artículo tiene por título "Normas sociales e intención emprendedora en investigadores universitarios en Colombia", donde los autores con métodos cuantitativos plantean relaciones entre las normas sociales, entre otras variables, y la intención emprendedora al realizar una encuesta a pares evaluadores de Colciencias y las áreas de ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas. Los resultados presentan las relaciones encontradas que son soportadas con una revisión de literatura. En el artículo "Ambivalencia sociológica en tres instituciones latinoamericanas de control societario: Revisoría Fiscal (Colombia), Comisaría (México) y Sindicatura (Argentina)", los autores plantean algunas contradicciones presentes en el control societario desde el marco teórico de la ambivalencia sociológica. Se utiliza el análisis de contenido cualitativo para el abordaje de las instituciones estudiadas. El artículo "Reflexiones hacia el Turismo Responsable en el Marco de la Responsabilidad Social", tiene como objetivo presentar elementos de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en el contexto del subsector hotelero, a partir del análisis documental de la literatura, para proponer mejoras en las prácticas de responsabilidad social en el sector. "Proyectos de inversión: definición desde la perspectiva de procesos", es el título de un artículo donde se presenta un análisis de la definición de proyectos de inversión desde las perspectivas del sujeto, método y el objeto de intervención con la finalidad de identificar su relación con la mejora de procesos. Dentro de los hallazgos se evidencia que la mayor parte de las definiciones se enmarcan en el método o forma de intervención. Nuestro último artículo de este número, es de revisión y tiene el título "Valor compartido: una revisión bibliométrica de la literatura desde los enfoques de estrategia, responsabilidad social corporativa y de partes interesadas", donde los autores realizan una investigación basada en una revisión sistemática de la literatura y el análisis bibliométrico, centrado en la evolución del concepto de valor compartido, presentando en su desarrollo elementos desde qué se propone y algunas tendencias actuales. El contenido de cada uno de estos artículos es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores. Este número se convierte en una nueva oportunidad para que la comunidad científica nacional e internacional, juzgue el resultado de cada una de estas propuestas. Esperamos que nos sigan acompañando como lectores de nuestra revista científica.

This issue of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to come closer to its 45th year of existence. Throughout this time, we have tried to publish different types of scientific research, review, or reflection papers by national and international authors who have relied on us to disseminate their knowledge. To every one of them, our authors, our referees, the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially our readers, we would like to thank them for allowing us to continue, through digitalization, to bring a more significant impact on the sciences of administration.In the 66th issue, thirteen scientific papers have been published. The arbitration process guarantees the quality of the authors and their contributions in Spanish or English, to make a publication 100% in English, in the pursuit of higher knowledge dissemination. In this sense, we put to our readers' consideration the editorial process undertaken in this issue, in the hope that its content will be a support or become a starting point for new discussions and concerns in their reflections and research, or that, if applicable, it will allow in future reviews or translations into other languages.The first article in this issue, entitled "Characterization and determinants of organizational satisfaction in Mexican SME workers," by using quantitative methods, attempts to build a model to understand organizational satisfaction from variables related to job satisfaction through a survey to 646 workers, of both sexes and between the ages of 18 and 70, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). "Management of Corporate Social Responsibility in Project Management: Theoretical Approach" is the title of the second paper, and it aims to conduct a theoretical discussion on social responsibility within the framework of project management. The methodology defines the steps taken by the researchers to achieve presenting elements and conclusions from the different theoretical approaches found. The third article "Coordinating sustainability, globalization and urban intelligence with Habitat III and SDG-2030 agendas: the challenge of sustainable urban development in cities", is the result of research in 83 cities where, using the correspondence analysis technique, the authors analyzed around urban development, globalization, urban intelligence and sustainability, and whether these relate to sustainable development and habitat goals.The fourth article, "Trust as a mechanism to improve performance in organizations," includes a relational model between employee trust in the organization and company performance, as mediated by an organizational commitment to learning and employee commitment to the company. Using quantitative methods, through a 31-item survey applied to 161 individuals from different organizations in the southwestern region of Colombia, the relationship between competencies and skills management and the performance of organizations is analyzed.In the fifth paper, the authors investigate the concept of productivity in the context of knowledge workers. As a method, they applied interviews to a group of managers and workers from organizations in the knowledge-intensive services sector and ultimately raise some challenges. The title of this article is "Work Productivity Management in Knowledge Intensive Service Companies: Considerations and Challenges." "Impact of economic internationalization policies in Colombia, Peru, and Chile," is the sixth scientific research paper, where, from a mixed approach paired with documentary analysis of the different government plans and categories of export development, integration agreements, and institutional development, and by analyzing quantitative variables from GDP, exports and trade balance, the authors analyze how trade policies and integration in Colombia, Chile and Peru impacted their international trade in the period from 1980 to 2017. The seventh article in our 66th issue is called "Financing decisions in the creative and cultural SMEs of Bogotá, Colombia." Through a survey, the authors compare assumptions from financial theories in cultural and creative SMEs in Bogotá, finding some factors that drive their financial decision-making.Using linear regressions, the authors compared the influence of social networks in the self-perception of the academic performance of a group of university students in Mexico and Spain. The findings show differences in both countries. "Social networks and academic performance self-perception in business sciences students" is the title of the paper mentioned above.The ninth article is entitled "Social norms and entrepreneurial intent in university researchers in Colombia." Therein, the authors, using quantitative methods, propose relationships between social norms, among other variables, and entrepreneurial intent when conducting a survey on peer reviewers at Colciencias and the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The results account for the relationships found, which a literature review supports.In the paper "Sociological ambivalence in three Latin American corporate control institutions: Tax Inspectorate (Colombia), Statutory Examiner (Mexico) and Statutory Audit (Argentina)," the authors propose some contradictions present in corporate control and do so from the theoretical framework of sociological ambivalence. Qualitative content analysis is used to approach the institutions studied.The paper "Reflections towards Responsible Tourism in the Framework of Social Responsibility" aims to present Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) elements in the context of the hotel subsector, based on literature documentary analysis, to propose improvements in social responsibility practices in the sector."Investment projects: definition from the perspective of processes" is the title of a paper that presents an analysis of the definition of investment projects from the perspectives of the subject, method, and object of intervention in order to identify their relationship with the improvement of processes. Among the findings, it is evident that most of the definitions are framed within the method or form of intervention.Our last paper in this issue is a review. It carries the title "Shared value: a bibliometric review of literature from the approaches of strategy, corporate social responsibility, and stakeholders," where the authors conduct research based on a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis, and focus on the evolution of the concept of shared value, presenting elements from its proposal and some current tendencies.The content of each paper is the sole responsibility of their authors. This issue presents a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome in each of these proposals. We hope you will continue to accompany us as readers of our scientific journal. ; Este número de Cuadernos de Administración, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, nos permite acercarnos a sus 45 años de existencia. A lo largo de este tiempo, hemos intentado publicar diferentes tipos de trabajos de investigación científica, revisión o reflexión de autores nacionales e internacionales que han confiado en nosotros para difundir sus conocimientos. A todos y cada uno de ellos, nuestros autores, nuestros árbitros, los miembros de los Comités Editorial y Científico, pero especialmente a ustedes, nuestros lectores, nos gustaría agradecerles por permitirnos continuar, y ahora a través de la edición electrónica, lograr un mayor impacto en las ciencias de la administración. En el número 66, se publican trece artículos científicos. El proceso de arbitraje garantiza la calidad de los autores, desde sus aportes en español o inglés, para luego realizar una publicación 100% en inglés, en pos de una mayor difusión del conocimiento. En este sentido, sometemos a su consideración el proceso editorial llevado a cabo en este número, con la idea de que su contenido sea un soporte o un punto de partida, para nuevas discusiones e inquietudes en sus reflexiones e investigaciones, o que, si corresponde, permita futuras revisiones o traducciones a otros idiomas. El primer artículo de este número titulado "Caracterización y determinantes de la satisfacción organizacional en trabajadores mexicanos de PyMES", usando métodos cuantitativos intenta construir un modelo para comprender la satisfacción organizacional a partir de variables relacionadas con la satisfacción laboral, en una encuesta a 646 trabajadores de pequeñas y medianas empresas (PyMES), de ambos sexos entre 18 y 70 años. "Gestión de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la gerencia de proyectos: aproximación teórica", es el título del segundo artículo que tiene como objetivo realizar una discusión teórica de la responsabilidad social en el marco de la gestión de proyectos. En la metodología se definen los pasos realizados por los investigadores para lograr la presentación de elementos y las conclusiones desde los diferentes enfoques teóricos encontrados. El tercer artículo "Coordinar la sostenibilidad, globalización e inteligencia urbana con las agendas hábitat III y ODS-2030: el desafío del desarrollo urbano sostenible en las ciudades", es el resultado de una investigación en 83 ciudades donde desde la técnica de análisis de correspondencia, se analizó alrededor del desarrollo urbano, la globalización, la inteligencia urbana y la sostenibilidad y sí hay relación con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y hábitat. El cuarto artículo "La confianza como un mecanismo para mejorar el desempeño en las organizaciones", incluye un modelo relacional entre la confianza del colaborador en la organización y el desempeño de la compañía mediado por el compromiso organizacional con el aprendizaje y el compromiso de los empleados con la empresa. Con métodos cuantitativos, por medio de una encuesta de 31 ítems, aplicada a 161 individuos de diferentes organizaciones en la región suroccidental de Colombia, se analiza la relación entre la gestión de competencias y habilidades, y el desempeño de las organizaciones. En el quinto artículo los autores indagan sobre el concepto de la productividad en el contexto de los trabajadores de conocimiento, utilizan como método las entrevistas a un grupo de directivos y trabajadores de organizaciones del sector servicios intensivos en conocimiento y al final proponen algunos desafíos. El título de este artículo es "Gestión de la productividad laboral en empresas de servicio intensivas en conocimiento: consideraciones y desafíos". "Impacto de las políticas de internacionalización económica en Colombia, Perú y Chile", es el sexto artículo científico de investigación, donde, desde un enfoque mixto, con un análisis documental de los diferentes planes de Gobierno y las categorías de desarrollo de exportaciones, acuerdos de integración y desarrollo institucional, y con análisis de variables cuantitativas desde el PIB, las exportaciones y la balanza comercial, se analizan cómo las políticas comerciales y la integración en Colombia, Chile y Perú impactaron su comercio internacional en el período 1980 -2017. El séptimo artículo de este número 66 titulado "Decisiones de financiación en las Pymes creativas y culturales de Bogotá, Colombia", mediante una encuesta los autores comparan supuestos de teorías financieras en las pymes culturales y creativas de Bogotá, encontrando algunos factores que determinan sus decisiones financieras. Utilizando regresiones lineales los autores comparan la relación de las redes sociales en la autopercepción de desempeño académico de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios en México y España. En los hallazgos se evidencian diferencias en ambos países. El título del artículo es "Redes sociales y autopercepción de desempeño académico en estudiantes de ciencias empresariales". El noveno artículo tiene por título "Normas sociales e intención emprendedora en investigadores universitarios en Colombia", donde los autores con métodos cuantitativos plantean relaciones entre las normas sociales, entre otras variables, y la intención emprendedora al realizar una encuesta a pares evaluadores de Colciencias y las áreas de ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas. Los resultados presentan las relaciones encontradas que son soportadas con una revisión de literatura. En el artículo "Ambivalencia sociológica en tres instituciones latinoamericanas de control societario: Revisoría Fiscal (Colombia), Comisaría (México) y Sindicatura (Argentina)", los autores plantean algunas contradicciones presentes en el control societario desde el marco teórico de la ambivalencia sociológica. Se utiliza el análisis de contenido cualitativo para el abordaje de las instituciones estudiadas. El artículo "Reflexiones hacia el Turismo Responsable en el Marco de la Responsabilidad Social", tiene como objetivo presentar elementos de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) en el contexto del subsector hotelero, a partir del análisis documental de la literatura, para proponer mejoras en las prácticas de responsabilidad social en el sector. "Proyectos de inversión: definición desde la perspectiva de procesos", es el título de un artículo donde se presenta un análisis de la definición de proyectos de inversión desde las perspectivas del sujeto, método y el objeto de intervención con la finalidad de identificar su relación con la mejora de procesos. Dentro de los hallazgos se evidencia que la mayor parte de las definiciones se enmarcan en el método o forma de intervención. Nuestro último artículo de este número, es de revisión y tiene el título "Valor compartido: una revisión bibliométrica de la literatura desde los enfoques de estrategia, responsabilidad social corporativa y de partes interesadas", donde los autores realizan una investigación basada en una revisión sistemática de la literatura y el análisis bibliométrico, centrado en la evolución del concepto de valor compartido, presentando en su desarrollo elementos desde qué se propone y algunas tendencias actuales. El contenido de cada uno de estos artículos es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores. Este número se convierte en una nueva oportunidad para que la comunidad científica nacional e internacional, juzgue el resultado de cada una de estas propuestas. Esperamos que nos sigan acompañando como lectores de nuestra revista científica.

Movement has been part of human history; it is and has been integrated inside every human, becoming active as a result of various factors which at a moment are more or less dominant in one's life. It is like a code written down in everyone's DNA, making humans unable or better said "hungry" to be free and always look for better. Starting in March 2010, the Arab Spring opened a door for the biggest migration flow in modern history. Such as conflicts were crossing borders from one state to another in the fight for democracy and freedom from regimes, as domino effect migration did the same. Numbers increased every day and during 2015, in time of Syrian crisis, we were witnessing a mayor migration flow to Europe since the European colonization and the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Mentioning the theory of push and pull factors as a starting point, although it has been used to explain the everyday movement of people, victims of human trafficking, towards rich countries which at the end become their countries of destination in the labyrinth of exploitation, lured by stories of well-paid jobs and good life, it can also be discussed in the context of migration movements during the 2015 and the beginning of 2016. Pushed by terror and war and pulled by the possibilities for a better life, a chance to stay alive, hundreds of thousands of people have fled their countries of origin and moving through the Balkan migration route are already inside or in front of the European Union's doors. Moving through Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia to Croatia, Slovenia, Austria or Germany; or to Hungary, Austria, Germany or Sweden (or other EU member country), some of them managed to get at the end of their destination, some of them were smuggled, some trafficked, unfortunately some ended their journeys among the waves of the Mediterranean Sea or some stayed into metal fences "hugs". During this global movement with so wide framework, several categories of people were put in the same basket, not even making an effort to draw a line between migrants and refugees. And it was the first important step for additional solutions. Instead of being practical, EU became an ignorant and selfish entity, lost in its quarrels between member states. Some started opening their borders wide, not thinking of tomorrow and others started building fences, locking up people and feeding them in a way even animals should not be fed. Was this the Union which arose from the ashes of the bloodiest war in human history? Or every atom of humanity was lost in the games of political intrigues and different interests? The protection of refugees has many aspects. It includes safety from being returned to the dangers they have fled; access to asylum procedures that are fair and efficient; and measures to ensure that their basic human rights are respected to allow them to live in dignity and safety while helping them to find a longer-term solution. States bear the primary responsibility for this protection. UNHCR therefore works closely with governments, advising and supporting them as needed to implement their responsibilities. (UNHCR, 2016) Migrants choose to move not because of a direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family reunion, or other reasons. Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants face no such impediment to return. If they choose to return home, they will continue to receive the protection of their government. For individual governments, this distinction is important. Countries deal with migrants under their own immigration laws and processes, but countries deal with refugees through norms of refugee protection and asylum that are defined in both national legislation and international law. (UNHCR, 2016) Starting with Lombroso's homo criminalis where immigrants were part of the analyzed possible criminals, through the Chicago School, whose conclusions were that foreigners have powerful criminal tendencies, immigration has always been connected to crime, trying to divide societies into "us' and "them", leave newcomers at the margins, exclude them and if possible, try to push them away. And today, the word immigrant, although being a bit wide (all foreigners with no importance of their ethnic, social, economic or professional background), always is narrowed into a direction in which it points out to those non - citizens who are not white, are poor, have no working skills, are coming from non - developed or developing countries, they will just steal our jobs or will be begging on the streets, and in worst cases will bring diseases etc. It is a picture of threatening asylum seekers, Muslim terrorists, Balkan "barbarians", criminal immigrants who will only destroy what we have worked for centuries. (Stanojoska, 2016) It is a modern fear wrapped in classical paper, that fear from strangers explained through sociological perspectives or as Garland (2001) says that all those others are endangering what we have and that our society should protect itself from their "vicious" attacks, rather than to think what to do afterwards in the need to rehabilitate everything they'll destroy. It starts with Durkheim's theory of anomie and his opinion of strengthening bonds and solidarity among individuals in the society and ends with Merton's strain theory. Namely, in his works, Emilie Durkheim speaks about punishment seen as an element or mechanism which helps into building and maintaining social solidarity and structure, so using it the community will try to push aside and suffocate all those foreign elements trying to threat local ones. Using such measures excludes immigrants who cannot "put their hands" onto cultural goals with their "instrumentum operandi", so being at the edge of survivor, their changing their "modus operandi" using different, in most cases unaccepted cultural means. (Stanojoska, 2016) Robin Cohen (1994:189) called this groups "third world immigrant" or "helots"; that is those immigrants who, in addition to being deprived of many rights enjoyed by citizens - principally, the right to vote and be elected - are in much worse situation than other foreigners in a given receiving country because they belong to an ethnic minority, are unskilled, and are poor. The difference between foreigners coming from poor and rich countries is also manifested in the enforcement of controls over borders: states do not distribute burden evenly. Foreigners coming from different parts of the globe are treated differently concerning formal and informal practices - visa requirements, restrictions on the right to entry and stay, enjoyment of civil rights, and judicial and extrajudicial treatment. (Aliverti, 2013) And at the end there is always a difference between "crimmigrants" or those seen as a danger, undocumented, maybe terrorists, people with criminal background) and "travelers (bona fide) or people who are privileged and can move without problems. (Franko Aas, 2011) The word "crimmigrant" is coinage and as a term originates from the words criminal and immigrant, and is used in purpose to describe the perception of immigrants and today, refugees coming from Arab countries, as potential criminals. (Stanojoska, 2016) The migration route is a path which moves on the same steps as the one of organized crime. A migration flow is like an open market for smugglers who can sell their products (in this case the possibility to get out of conflict zones and then get in the EU). Smuggling of migrants, but also trafficking in human beings is out there, on those paths, living among people's destinies, becoming their everyday life. As European Union member countries acted on the rivers of people, their path changed into the quest of salvation. In 2012, Greece finished its fence on the border land with Turkey, migrants and refugees started moving using Bulgaria (from Turkey). When, in 2014, Bulgaria finished its fence on the border with Turkey, people started using the Eastern Mediterranean Route to get to European land (from Izmir and Bodrum to Kos and Lesbos) and afterwards the Western Balkan Route to EU. After this path became alive, some member countries started building fences on their borders. At first Hungary built fence on its border with Serbia which moved migrants and refugees to Croatia (and then Hungary). Making such step was an alarm for Hungarian authorities who continued building fences, this time on the border with Croatia, which influenced another change of paths towards Slovenia. During the period of free movement towards EU countries, mostly Germany and Sweden, there were times of barriers on the borders between Croatia and Slovenia, which eventually culminated with barriers between Austria and Slovenia. Closing of the Western Balkan Route, without having another effective solution just opened another routes for such organized crime groups, which continued to use another path towards EU. Possible alternative routes are those from Greece towards Italy after crossing the Mediterranean Sea, or from Greece to Albania crossing the Adriatic Sea, or from Egypt towards Lampedusa in Italy or even from Turkey crossing the Black Sea towards Bulgaria or Romania. In other words, it would be something as the British ex-prime minister Mrs.Thatcher once bluntly put it, "we joined Europe to have free movement of goods…I did not join Europe to have free movement of terrorists, criminals, drugs, plant and animal diseases and rabies and illegal immigrants". (Eriksen, 2007) Criminal networks are typically composed of several key individuals. The organizer or leader of the network is usually located in a key migration hub and is responsible for the overall coordination within the network. Members of migrant smuggling networks typically work autonomously with a number of lower-level contacts who are part of their personal network. Low-level contacts are used as drivers, crew members, scouts, or recruiting agents. These contacts typically operate as part of a network only for a limited time and are exchanged regularly. Migrant smuggling networks are flexible and adapt to changing business demands by relying on auxiliary members as necessary. These auxiliary members act as money handlers, guarantors or forgers. These individuals provide services to the network, but do not form part of networks' core memberships. (Europol, 2015) March the 18th will be known as one of the days when EU once again has shown its two faced game in this migration flow to its territories. Although Germany was the loudest promoter of giving shelter to refugees inside EU, at the end this whole charade of one for all, 28 for themselves, ended with an EU - Turkey Agreement, which should end migratory movements to EU. The two most important points accented with this Agreement should help the Union to stop movement towards its territories. Namely, every irregular migrant crossing from Turkey to Greece or found on Greek territory will be returned back to Turkey and for every returned migrant with Syrian origin, EU will accept another Syrian who is in Turkey. Seen through prism of humanity, we do not get a solution, because the Agreement will just worsen things up, which is already happening with people living in tents in subhuman conditions on the Greek - Macedonian border and of course, with an increased number of asylum applications in Greece which stops the returning of irregular migrants. Is this the Europe we all dreamed off? Or is it just a dream, as it is for refugees and immigrants? Also, being in the prism of interest, but also happening, terrorism is a phenomenon directly connected to ISIS and Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Penetrating in Turkey, through the shape of the Kurdish Workers' Party, terrorism has never been more alive and breathing at the doorstep of the European Union. Fear is associated with opinions declaring that using refugees many ISIS members will enter the Union, many sleeper cells among Europe will be awaken and will commit terrorist attacks in European metropolitan areas as revenge and part of the Holy War against infidels. Paris and Brussels will always be engraved in our memories as examples of how long can ISIS's hands be, and which consequences the so called "zombie" politics can suffer common European citizens.

NOTICIAS / NEWS ("transfer", 2018) 1) LIBROS – CAPÍTULOS DE LIBRO / BOOKS – BOOK CHAPTERS 1. Bandia, Paul F. (ed.). (2017). Orality and Translation. London: Routledge. <<www.routledge.com/Orality-and-Translation/Bandia/p/book/9781138232884>> 2. Trends in Translation and Interpretin, Institute of Translation & Interpreting<<www.iti.org.uk/news-media-industry-jobs/news/819-iti-publishes-trends-e-book>> 3. Schippel, Larisa & Cornelia Zwischenberger. (eds). (2017). Going East: Discovering New and Alternative Traditions in Translation Studies. Berlin: Frank & Timme.<<www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-28-larisa-schippelcornelia-zwischenberger-eds-going-east-discovering-new-and-alternative/backPID/transkulturalitaet-translation-transfer.html>> 4. Godayol, Pilar. (2017). Tres escritoras censuradas: Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan y Mary McCarthy. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3149-Tres_escritoras_censuradas.html>> 5. Vanacker, Beatrijs & Tom Toremans. (eds). (2016). Pseudotranslation and Metafictionality/Pseudo-traduction: enjeux métafictionnels. Special issue of Interférences Littéraires.<<www.interferenceslitteraires.be/nr19>> 6. Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A. (2017). Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the Limits of Translation Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.131>> 7. Quality Assurance and Assessment Practices in Translation and Interpreting<<www.igi-global.com/publish/call-for-papers/call-details/2640>> 8. Hurtado Albir, Amparo. (ed.). (2017). Researching Translation Competence by PACTE Group. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<www.benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.127/main>> 9. Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina, Liisa Tittula and Maarit Koponen. (eds). (2017). Communities in Translation and Interpreting. Toronto: Vita Traductiva, York University<<http://vitatraductiva.blog.yorku.ca/publication/communities-in-translation-and-interpreting>> 10. Giczela-Pastwa, Justyna and Uchenna Oyali (eds). (2017). Norm-Focused and Culture-Related Inquiries in Translation Research. Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Summer School 2014. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/25509>> 11. Castro, Olga & Emek Ergun (eds). (2017). Feminist Translation Studies: Local and Transnational Perspectives. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Feminist-Translation-Studies-Local-and-Transnational-Perspectives/Castro-Ergun/p/book/9781138931657>> 12. Call for papers: New Trends in Translation Studies. Series Editor: Prof. Jorge Díaz-Cintas, Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London.<<(www.ucl.ac.uk/centras)>>, <<www.peterlang.com/view/serial/NEWTRANS>> 13. Valero-Garcés, Carmen & Rebecca Tipton. (eds). (2017). Ideology, Ethics and Policy Development in Public Service Interpreting and Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb=9781783097517>> 14. Mahyub Rayaa, Bachir & Mourad Zarrouk. 2017. A Handbook for Simultaneous Interpreting Training from English, French and Spanish to Arabic / منهج تطبيقي في تعلّم الترجمة الفورية من الانجليزية والفرنسية والإسبانية إلى العربية. Toledo: Escuela de Traductores.<<https://issuu.com/escueladetraductorestoledo/docs/cuaderno_16_aertefinal_version_web>> 15. Lapeña, Alejandro L. (2017). A pie de escenario. Guía de traducción teatral. Valencia: JPM ediciones.<<http://jpm-ediciones.es/catalogo/details/56/11/humanidades/a-pie-de-escenario>> 16. Mével, Alex. (2017). Subtitling African American English into French: Can We Do the Right Thing? Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/47023>> 17. Díaz Cintas, Jorge & Kristijan Nikolić. (eds). (2017). Fast-Forwarding with Audiovisual Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?K=9781783099368>> 18. Taibi, Mustapha. (ed.). (2017). Translating for the Community. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb= 9781783099122>> 19. Borodo, Michał. (2017). Translation, Globalization and Younger Audiences. The Situation in Poland. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/81485>> 20. Reframing Realities through Translation Cambridge Scholars Publishing<<https://cambridgescholarsblog.wordpress.com/2017/07/28/call-for-papers-reframing-realities-through-translation>> 21. Gansel, Mireille. 2017. Translation as Transhumance. London: Les Fugitives<<www.lesfugitives.com/books/#/translation-as-transhumance>> 22. Goźdź-Roszkowski, S. and G. Pontrandolfo. (eds). (2018). Phraseology in Legal and Institutional Settings. A Corpus-based Interdisciplinary Perspective. London: Routledge<<www.routledge.com/Phraseology-in-Legal-and-Institutional-Settings-A-Corpus-based-Interdisciplinary/Roszkowski-Pontrandolfo/p/book/9781138214361>> 23. Deckert, Mikołaj. (ed.). (2017). Audiovisual Translation – Research and Use. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/80659>> 24. Castro, Olga; Sergi Mainer & Svetlana Page. (eds). (2017). Self-Translation and Power: Negotiating Identities in European Multilingual Contexts. London: Palgrave Macmillan.www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137507808 25. Gonzalo Claros, M. (2017). Cómo traducir y redactar textos científicos en español. Barcelona: Fundación Dr. Antonio Esteve.<<www.esteve.org/cuaderno-traducir-textos-cientificos>> 26. Tian, Chuanmao & Feng Wang. (2017).Translation and Culture. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.<<http://product.dangdang.com/25164476.html>> 27. Malamatidou, Sofia. (2018). Corpus Triangulation: Combining Data and Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Corpus-Triangulation-Combining-Data-and-=Methods-in-Corpus-Based-Translation/Malamatidou/p/book/9781138948501>> 28. Jakobsen, Arnt L. and Bartolomé Mesa-Lao. (eds). (2017). Translation in Transition: Between Translation, Cognition and Technology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.133>> 29. Santaemilia, José. (ed.). (2017). Traducir para la igualdad sexual / Translating for Sexual Equality. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3198-Traducir_para_la_igualdad_sexual.html>> 30. Levine, Suzanne Jill & Katie Lateef-Jan. (eds). (2018). Untranslatability Goes Global. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Untranslatability-Goes-Global/Levine-Lateef-Jan/p/book/9781138744301>> 31. Baer, Brian J. & Klaus Kindle. (eds). (2017). Queering Translation, Translating the Queer. Theory, Practice, Activism. New York: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Queering-Translation-Translating-the-Queer-Theory-Practice-Activism/Baer-Kaindl/p/book/9781138201699>> 32. Survey: The translation of political terminology<<https://goo.gl/forms/w2SQ2nnl3AkpcRNq2>> 33. Estudio de encuesta sobre la traducción y la interpretación en México 2017<<http://italiamorayta.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ENCUESTAS.pdf>> 34. Beseghi, Micòl. (2017). Multilingual Films in Translation: A Sociolinguistic and Intercultural Study of Diasporic Films. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/78842>> 35. Vidal Claramonte, María Carmen África. (2017). Dile que le he escrito un blues: del texto como partitura a la partitura como traducción en la literatura latinoamericana. Madrid: Iberoamericana.<<www.iberoamericana-vervuert.es/FichaLibro.aspx?P1=104515>> 36. Figueira, Dorothy M. & Mohan, Chandra. (eds.). (2017). Literary Culture and Translation. New Aspects of Comparative Literature. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN: 978-93-84082-51-2.<<www.primusbooks.com>> 37. Tomiche, Anne. (ed.). (2017). Le Comparatisme comme aproche critique / Comparative Literature as a Critical Approach. Tome IV: Traduction et transfers / Translation and Transferts. París: Classiques Garnier. ISBN: 978-2-406-06533-3. 2) REVISTAS / JOURNALS 1. Call for papers: The Translator, special issue on Translation and Development, 2019. Contact: jmarais@ufs.ac.za 2. Call for papers: Applied Language LearningContact: jiaying.howard@dliflc.edu<<www.dliflc.edu/resources/publications/applied-language-learning>> 3. Panace@: Revista de Medicina, Lenguaje y Traducción; special issue on "La comunicación escrita para pacientes", vol. 44<<www.tremedica.org/panacea/PanaceaActual.htm>> 4. mTm, issue 9<<www.mtmjournal.gr/default.asp?catid=435>> 5. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 4 Issue 3 (November 2017)<<http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/aptis>>, <<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 6. Call for papers: The Journal of Translation Studies, special issue on Translation and Social Engagement in the Digital AgeContact: Sang-Bin Lee, sblee0110@naver.com 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E<<www.cttl.org>> 8. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 15 (1), Special issue on The Ethics of Non-Professional Translation and Interpreting in Public Services and Legal Settings<<www.atisa.org/call-for-papers>> 9. Call for papers: Translation & Interpreting – The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research, Special issue on Translation of Questionnaires in Cross-national and Cross-cultural Research<<www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/announcement/view/19>> 10. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria (RIDU), Special issue on Pedagogía y didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación<<http://revistas.upc.edu.pe/index.php/docencia/pages/view/announcement>> 11. Translation, Cognition & Behavior<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/tcb/main>> 12. FITISPos International Journal, vol. 4 (2017)Shedding Light on the Grey Zone: A Comprehensive View on Public Services Interpreting and Translation<<www3.uah.es/fitispos_ij>> 13. Post-Editing in Practice: Process, Product and NetworksSpecial issue of JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, 31<<www.jostrans.org/Post-Editing_in_Practice_Jostrans31.pdf>> 14. Call for papers: MonTI 10 (2018), Special issue on Retos actuales y tendencias emergentes en traducción médica<<https://dti.ua.es/es/monti/convocatorias.htm>> 15. Call for papers: trans‐kom Special Issue on Industry 4.0 meets Language and Knowledge Resources.Contact: Georg Löckinger (georg.loeckinger@fh‐wels.at)<<http://trans-kom.eu/index-en.html>> 16. Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in CollaborationSpecial Issue, Target, vol 32(2), 2020.<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 17. redit, Revista Electrónica de Didáctica de la Traducción e Interpretación, nº11.<<www.revistas.uma.es/index.php/redit>> 18. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.Contact: alessandra.rizzo@unipa.it & karen.Seago1@city.ac.uk<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 19. trans-kom, Vol. 10 (1), 2017. <<www.trans-kom.eu>> 20. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 28 (July 2017).<<www.jostrans.org/issue28/issue28_toc.php>> 21. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/.content/documenti/CFPInverbis.pdf>> 22. Call for papers: TTR, special Issue on Lost and Found in Transcultural and Interlinguistic Translation/La traduction transculturelle et interlinguistique : s'y perdre et s'y retrouver<<http://professeure.umoncton.ca/umcm-merkle_denise/node/30>> 23. Call for proposals for thematic issues:Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies (LANS – TTS)<<https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be>> 24. Call for papers: trans‑kom, special issue on Didactics for Technology in Translation and InterpretingVol. 11(2), December 2018.Contact: aietimonografia@gmail.com / carmen.valero@uah.es 25. Journal of Languages for Special PurposesVol 22/2, New Perspectives on the Translation of Advertising<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/53>>Vol 23/1, Linguistics, Translation and Teaching in LSP<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/72>> 26. Call for papers: Parallèles, special issue on La littérature belge francophone en traduction (in French), Volume 32(1), 2020.Contact: katrien.lievois@uantwerpen.be & catherine.gravet@umons.ac.be 27. Call for papers: Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 5(1), 2018.<<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 28. Target, special issue on Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in Collaboration<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 29. Research in Language, special issue on Translation and Cognition: Cases of Asymmetry, Volume 15(2).<<www.degruyter.com/view/j/rela.2017.15.issue-2/issue-files/rela.2017.15.issue-2.xml>> 30. Call for papers: Translation Spaces, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations, 7(1), 2018.<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs.pdf>> 31. Call for papers: Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, special issue of InVerbis (2018).<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 32. Call for papers: Translation and Disruption: Global and Local Perspectives, special issue of Revista Tradumàtica (2018).Contact: akiko.sakamoto@port.ac.uk; jonathan.evans@port.ac.uk and olga.torres.hostench@uab.cat 33. Call for papers: JoSTrans. The Journal of Specialised Translation 33 (January 2020), Special Issue on 'Experimental Research and Cognition in Audiovisual Translation'. Guest editors: Jorge Díaz Cintas & Agnieszka Szarkowska. Deadline for proposals: 19 February 2018<<http://www.jostrans.org/>> 34. Dragoman – Journal of Translation Studies<<www.dragoman-journal.org/books>> 35. Call for papers: Translation Spaces 7(1) 2018, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs-public-extended_deadline.pdf>> 36. Call for papers: Public Service Interpreting and Translation and New Technologies Participation through Communication with Technology, special issue of FITISPos International Journal, Vol 5 (2018).Contact: Michaela Albl-Mikasa (albm@zhaw.ch) & Stefanos Vlachopoulos (stefanos@teiep.gr) 37. Sendebar, Vol. 28 (2017)<<http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/sendebar>> 38. Ranzato, Irene. (2016). North and South: British Dialects in Fictional Dialogue, special issue of Status Quaestionis – Language, Text, Culture, 11.<<http://statusquaestionis.uniroma1.it/index.php/statusquaestionis>> 39. Translation Studies 10 (2), special issue on Indirect Translation.<<www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtrs20/current>> 40. Translation & Interpreting – Special issue on Research Methods in Interpreting Studies, Vol 9 (1), 2017. 41. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts, special issue on Between Specialised Texts and Institutional Contexts – Competence and Choice in Legal Translation, edited by V. Dullion, 3 (1), 2017.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/ttmc.3.1/toc>> 42. Translation and Performance, 9 (1), 2017<<https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/tc/index.php/TC/issue/view/1879>> 3) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES 1. ATISA IX: Contexts of Translation and InterpretingUniversity of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA, 29 March – 1 April 2018<<www.atisa.org/sites/default/files/CFP_ATISA_2018_FINAL.pdf> 2. V International Translating Voices Translating Regions – Minority Languages, Risks, Disasters and Regional CrisesCentre for Translation Studies (CenTraS) at UCL and Europe House, London, UK, 13-15 December 2017.<<www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/translation-news-and-events/v-translating-voices>> 3. Translation and Health Humanities: The Role of Translated Personal Narratives in the Co-creation of Medical KnowledgeGenealogies of Knowledge I Translating Political and Scientific Thought across Time and Space, University of Manchester, UK7-9 December 2017.<<http://genealogiesofknowledge.net/2017/02/20/call-panel-papers-translation-health-humanities-role-translated-personal-narratives-co-creation-medical-knowledge>> 4. Fourth International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT4), Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 22-24 May 2018.<<http://conferences.sun.ac.za/index.php/NPIT4/npit4>> 5. I International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches for Total Communication: Education, Healthcare and Interpreting within Disability Settings, University of Málaga, Spain, 12-14 December 2017.<<https://ecplusproject.uma.es/cfp-iciatc>> 6. Translation & Minority 2: Freedom and DifferenceUniversity of Ottawa, Canada, 10-11 November 2017.<<https://translationandminority.wordpress.com>> 7. Staging the Literary Translator: Roles, Identities, PersonalitiesUniversity of Vienna, Austria, 17-19 May 2018.<<http://translit2018.univie.ac.at/home>> 8. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPanel 9: Translating Development: The Importance of Language(s) in Processes of Social Transformation in Developing CountriesHong Kong, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel09>> 9. Fun for All 5: Translation and Accessibility in Video Games Conference, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 7-8 June 2018.<<http://jornades.uab.cat/videogamesaccess>> 10. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 11. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 06: Museum Translation: Encounters across Space and TimeHong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel06>> 12. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural Mobility
PANEL 12: Advances in Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies: Theoretical Models and Applications
Hong Kong Baptist University3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel12>> 13. Understanding Quality in Media Accessibility, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 5 June 2018. <<http://pagines.uab.cat/umaq/content/umaq-conference>> 14. Managing Anaphora in Discourse: Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach, University of Grenoble Alpes, France, 5-6 April 2018.<<http://saesfrance.org/4071-2>> 15. Traduire les voix de la nature / Translating the Voices of Nature, Paris, France, 25-26 May 2018.<<www.utu.fi/en/units/hum/units/languages/mts/Documents/CFP.pdf>> 16. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 10: Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation – New Trajectories for Translation and Cultural Mobility?Hong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018.
<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel10>> 17. The Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/firstcircular>> 18.
I Coloquio Internacional Hispanoafricano de Lingüística, Literatura y Traducción. España en contacto con África, su(s) pueblo(s) y su(s= cultura(s)
Universidad FHB de Cocody-Abidjan, Costa de Marfil
7-9 March 2018.<<www.afriqana.org/encuentros.php>> 19. Transius Conference 2018, Geneva, Switzerland, 18-20 June 2018.<<http://transius.unige.ch/en/conferences-and-seminars/conferences/18/>> 20. 39th International GERAS Conference - Diachronic Dimensions in Specialised Varieties of English: Implications in Communications, Didactics and Translation Studies, University of Mons, Belgium15-17 March 2018.<<www.geras.fr/index.php/presentation/breves/2-uncategorised/245-cfp-39th-international-geras-conference>> 21. 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Translation Studies - Translation and Adaptation, University of Regina, Canada, 28-30 May 2018.<<https://linguistlist.org/issues/28/28-3413.html>> 22. 2nd Valencia/Napoli Colloquium on Gender and Translation: Translating/Interpreting LSP through a Gender PerspectiveUniversità di Napoli 'L'Orientale', Italy, 8-9 February 2018.Contact: eleonorafederici@hotmail.com 23. Ninth Annual International Translation Conference: Translation in the Digital Age: From Translation Tools to Shifting Paradigms, Hamad Bin Khalifa's Translation & Interpreting Institute (TII), Doha, Qatar, 27-28 March 2018.<<www.tii.qa/9th-annual-translation-conference-translation-digital-age-translation-tools-shifting-paradigms>> 24. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium – Quality Training, Quality Service in Accessible Live Events, Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 25. Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/secondcircular2018>> 26. Talking to the World 3. International Conference in T&I Studies – Cognition, Emotion, and Creativity, Newcastle University, UK, 17-18 September 2018.<<www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/news-events/news/item/talkingtotheworld3ticonference.html>> 27. Translation & Interpreting in the Digital Era, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea, 29-30 January 2018.Contact: itri@hufs.ac.kr 28. 7th META-NET Annual Conference: Towards a Human Language Project, Hotel Le Plaza, Brussels, Belgium, 13-14 November 2017.<<www.meta-net.eu/events/meta-forum-2017>> 4) CURSOS – SEMINARIOS – POSGRADOS / COURSES – SEMINARS – MA PROGRAMMES 1. Certificate / Diploma / Master of Advanced Studies in Interpreter Training (online), FTI, University of Geneva, Switzerland,4 September 2017 - 10 September 2019.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/masit>> 2. Master's Degree in Legal Translation, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, UK.<<http://ials.sas.ac.uk/study/courses/llm-legal-translation>> 3. Certificat d'Université en Interprétation en contexte juridique : milieu judiciaire et secteur des demandes d'asile, University of Mons, Belgium.<<http://hosting.umons.ac.be/php/centrerusse/agenda/certificat-duniversite-en-interpretation-en-contexte-juridique-milieu-judiciaire-et-secteur-des-demandes-dasile.html>> 4. Online MA in Translation and Interpreting ResearchUniversitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.Contact: monzo@uji.es<<www.mastertraduccion.uji.es>> 5. MA in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation 2017-2018, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.<<www3.uah.es/master-tisp-uah/introduction-2/introduction>> 6. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting StudiesUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1>><<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2>> 7. La Traducción audiovisual y el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain, 4 December 2017.<<https://goo.gl/3zpMgY>> 8. Fifth summer school in Chinese-English Translation and Interpretation (CETIP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 9. First summer school in Arabic – English Translation and Interpretation (AETP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 10. Third summer school in translation pedagogy (TTPP)University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 4) PREMIOS/AWARDS 1. The Warwick Prize for Women in Translation<<http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/womenintranslation>

The issue of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the significant challenges faced by the EU at present. Most researchers focus on the substantive scope of AI regulation, including state law, ethical norms and soft law. In addition to the substantive and legal scope of the regulation, it is worthwhile considering the manner of such regulation.1 Since AI is an algorithmic code, it seems correct to regulate (restrict) AI not so much with traditional law established in natural (human) language as with one implemented into algorithms. They may operate as a tool supporting traditional legislation (RegTech), but it is possible to go further with the issue and create regulation algorithms which implement the law as the effective law. However, this requires a new approach to law and legislation – the law as algorithmic code. ; University of Silesia, Poland ; Dariusz Szostek is Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure at the Faculty of Law and Administration, Opole University, Poland, Head of the Centre for Legal Problems of Technical Issues and New Technologies; European Parliament AI Observatory science expert (2020–2024), and member of European Union Intellectual Property Office, Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Virtual Department of Law and Ethics. ; dariusz.szostek@szostek-bar.pl ; 43 ; 60 ; 3 ; Aires J., Pinheiro D., Strube de Lima V. and Meneguzzi F., Norm conflict identification in contracts, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2017, vol. 25. ; Araszkiewicz M.: Algorytmizacja myślenia prawniczego. Modele, możliwości, ograniczenia, (in:) D. Szostek (ed.), Legal tech. Czyli jak bezpiecznie korzystać z narzędzi informatycznych w organizacji, w tym w kancelarii oraz dziale prawnym, Warsaw 2021. ; Artificial Intelligence (AI): new developments and innovations applied to e-commerce, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_IDA(2020)648791. ; Artificial Intelligence and Data Protection in Tension, 01.11.2018, https://www.informationpolicycentre.com/uploads/5/7/1/0/57104281/cipl_ai_first_report__artificial_intelligence_and_data_protection_in_te.pdf. ; Australian Government, Artificial Intelligence: Solving problems, growing the economy and improving our quality of life, 20.12.2019, https://data61.csiro.au/en/Our-Research/Our-Work/ AI-Roadmap. ; Badiul Islam M. and Governatori G., RuleRS: A Rule-Based Architecture for Decision Support Systems, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2018, vol. 26. ; Barfield W. and Pagallo U., Law and AI, Cheltenham/Northampton 2020. ; Barton T.D., Haapio H., Passera S. and Hazard J.G., Successful Contracts: Integrating Design and Technology, (in:) M. 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Das Buch ergründet die aktuelle dynamische und folgenreiche Entwicklung der europäischen Sicherheitspolitik. Dabei liefert es einen wichtigen und originellen Beitrag sowohl für die Praktische Philosophie als auch für die Bereiche der Security- und European Studies. Durch konkrete Analysen und die Herausarbeitung möglicher Lösungsansätze, verwirklicht das Buch einen philosophischen Ansatz, der in der Realität verankert ist und gleichzeitig auf Theorie und Normativität besteht. Im Fokus stehen die Charakteristika von neuen Sicherheitstechnologien und -verständnissen sowie deren Einfluss auf die "kopernikanische Wende" der Neuzeit, mit der das Individuum und der Schutz seiner Grundrechte ins Zentrum der politischen Legitimation gerückt sind.

Self-help groups (SHGs) are the most common form of microfinance in India. The authors provide evidence that SHGs, composed of women only, undertake collective actions for the provision of public goods within village communities. Using a theoretical model, this paper shows that an elected official, whose aim is to maximize re-election chances, exerts higher effort in providing public goods when private citizens undertake collective action and coordinate their voluntary contributions towards the same goods. This effect occurs although government and private contributions are assumed to be substitutes in the technology of providing public goods. Using first-hand data on SHGs in India, the paper tests the prediction of the model and shows that, in response to collective action by SHGs, local authorities tackle a larger variety of public issues, and are more likely to tackle issues of interest to SHGs. The findings highlight how the social behavior of SHGs can influence the governance of rural Indian communities.

Problem setting. Ukraine is on the path of systemic institutional transformations, which consist in modernization of the civil service and human resources management, formation of a new personnel policy with the use of modern HR technologies, the implementation of which is impossible without proper legislative support. That is why it is so important to create in Ukraine a mechanism of legal regulation of human resources management in the civil service, capable of ensuring high standards of governance that meet modern experience and best practices in personnel management in developed countries. Recent research and publications analysis. Current issues of legal support of human resources management in the civil service have been the subject of research by domestic scholars in the field of public administration and administration, public administration, administrative, labor law, namely: V.Averyanova, M. Alexandrova, S. Alekseeva. I. Aristova, O. Bandurka, D.Bahrakh, B. Begichev, N. Bolotina, N. Goncharuk, P. Zhigalkin, S. Kivalov, R.Kalyuzhny, K. Kolpakov, R. Kondratiev, G. Nazarov, N. Neumyvaichenko, P.Pylypenko, O. Skakun, B. Stychynsky, V. Shcherbyna, O. Prodaevych, Y.Kizlov, L. Bila-Tiunova, O. Kravchenko, V. Pogorilko, V. Tolkovanov and other scientists. Despite the scientific achievements of recent years, this issue in the scientific literature remains insufficiently researched and covered, especially in terms of legal support of transformational processes taking place in the field of human resources management in the civil service. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem – to characterize the essence of legal bases and the process of transformation of legal regulation of human resources management in the civil service in Ukraine. Paper main body. The article is devoted to the consideration of topical issues on the transformation of the legal framework for the management of the civil service and human resources. The main normative legal acts that regulate legal relations in the field of state management of human resources are analyzed. Deficiencies were identified and ways to improve the regulatory and legal support for the management of the civil service and human resources of Ukraine were proposed. The transformation of relations taking place in various spheres of public life in Ukraine requires a detailed study of the legal framework that regulates and establishes key principles and rules of interaction between the state employer and employee, which will trace the evolution of the civil service in Ukraine in 1993 – 2020. p. and conceptualize the legal mechanism for human resources management in the civil service. Transformation of human resources management of the civil service is a systemic process of transformation in the field of human resources management of the civil service, which is able to ensure the transition from stable "traditional" personnel management to continuous, dynamic state of human resources management in the direction of its renewal and improvement. functions, forms, methods, technologies, tools and methods of management. That is why the term "human resources management" is used in the paper instead of the more accepted "personnel management" in the civil service. According to many scholars, human resources management in public bodies is broader in content than personnel management, there is a need at the legislative level to make the transition in the civil service from personnel management to human resources management. Therefore, we consider the legal basis of human resources management of the civil service, referring to their legal enshrinement in the legislation of Ukraine, in the Concept of implementation of the information system of human resources management in government agencies and action plan for its implementation. To disclose the content of regulatory – legal support for human resources management, it should be noted that it consists of an array of documents that create regulatory and methodological and legal support for the functioning of human resources management as a system. The article stipulates that the level of legal support is divided into international, national, regional or sectoral and local, legal acts have their own hierarchy and, accordingly, the territory to which they apply, as well as divided by legal force. Among the legislative acts that determine the legal principles and regulates legal relations related to the management of the civil service system, the central place is occupied by the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service. The scope of legal norms governing the management of human resources, and in content, and in scope, and in nature differs from the legislation that ensures the functioning of the institution of civil service, so the work carried out theoretical and legal analysis of legal ensuring the management of both human resources and civil service. That is why it is expedient to consider the legal principles of human resources management as a component of civil service management. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Examining the array of regulations that provide legal regulation of human resources management in the civil service, it should be noted that Ukraine is taking systematic and gradual steps in the process of reforming and modernizing its own civil service system, gradually transforming existing legislation, implementing new legal provisions and adapting already existing regulatory framework for European standards. However, the change of the architecture of public administration, through the introduction of modern HR management technologies in public bodies, dictates the need to amend a number of key regulations that will ensure the further development of human resources management in the civil service. ; Розглянуто актуальні питання з трансформації правового забезпечення управління людськими ресурсами державної служби. Проаналізовано основні нормативно-правові акти, які регулюють правовідносини в сфері державного управління людськими ресурсами. Виявлено недоліки й запропоновано шляхи вдосконалення нормативно-правового забезпечення управління людськими ресурсами в системі державної служби України.