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Despite the World Health Organization's assertion that communities need to become involved in reducing alcohol harm, evidence of community engagement in alcohol licensing decision-making in England remains limited. The evaluation of the Communities in Charge of Alcohol (CICA) programme offers policymakers, Licensing authorities and public health practitioners, evidence regarding a specific volunteer-led, place-based approach, designed to enable community engagement in licensing with the aim of reducing localised alcohol harm. This study explored factors affecting the sustainable involvement of volunteers in alcohol licensing decision-making from six licensing officers' perspectives, through semi-structured interviews. Routinely collected crime, disorder, and hospital admissions data were reviewed for further context as proxy indicators for alcohol-related harm. Licensing officers perceived sustainable engagement to be impacted by: (i) the extent of alignment with statutory requirements and local political support; (ii) the ability of licensing officers to operationalise CICA and support local assets, and; (iii) the opportunity for, and ability of, volunteers to raise licensing issues. The perspectives of licensing officers indicate complexities inherent in seeking to empower residents to engage in licensing decision-making at a community level. These relate to statutory and political factors, funding, social norms regarding engagement in licensing decision-making, and the need for networks between critical actors including responsible authorities and communities. The evidence indicates that after increasing community capacity to influence alcohol availability decision-making at a local level, communities continue to struggle to influence statutory processes to affect alcohol availability where they live and work. More understanding of how to enable effective community engagement is required.

96p. ; This work is focused on the application of continuous improvement through the tools of lean learned in the international production and logistics specialization in the Colombian companies' foreign trade area, it is observed that many of the companies in Colombia have not taken into account these tools to simplify and improve service delivery processes within the same companies, so they are not believed to be able to directly value the product or its sale. Given this, an analysis of the foreign trade area in the company is carried out Vitrofarma S.A., where opportunities for improvement are identified and a solution that can help make the process more efficient and effective, likewise Raise awareness among your collaborators so that they have a mindset of change to be more versatile and make the most of the technological tools that they exist for the management of international trade. Additionally, this is a management model that is focused on having steps established and the maximum value can be delivered to customers also using the minimum necessary resources. Based on this, there must be better management in activities, better planning and execution of these, that there are no delays in orders, also improvements in the process of transporting the merchandise, thus giving a quality in processes. Whenever an improvement is required, it is essential to consider that it has established parameters to which we must abide, and that with experience have been managed to correct those processes that have caused low production or demand and that therefore it has led to the organization not emerging as required, if a process fails or it is badly established to divide those processes that depend on it. Due to this a good organization and a good follow-up highlight that the product have a strict control that will go through several evaluations where an improvement will be chosen in case it has flaws in any of its processes. The areas involved must abide by established norms so that they can give quick solution to the problems presented, and that this does not lead to non-compliance with requirements that are important to the company. ; Bibliografía A, G. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ Aguirre, A. (2014). Analisis de las herramientas Lean Manufacturing para la eliminacion de desperdicios en las Pymes. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Alberto, H. B. (2011). Aplicación de los conceptos Lean y Agile en la planificación de productos de consumo masivo. peru: universidad politecnica de catalunya. Boppana, V. (2012). Improvement of manufacturing operations at a pharmaceutical company. Trinidad y tobago: The university of the west indies. Cadena, A. (12 de enero - junio de 2007). Impacto en Colombia de la LexMercatoria. Civilizar. Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. bogota, colombia. Chase, R. B. (2005). Administración de producción y operaciones: manufactura y servicios. mexico: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Clery, A. (2009). Aplicación y uso del sistema Kanban para lograr la eficiencia operativa de una empresa. santa fe argentina: El Cid editor. Colombia, M. d. (05 de julio de 2015). código sustantivo del trabajo Recuperado el 05 de 07 de 2015. bogota, colombia. Edward, J. H. (1988). The Just In Time - Time Breakthrough: Implementing The New Manufactorin Basics. bogota: norma. Francisco, R. S. (2005). Las 5S orden y limpieza en el puesto de trabajo. madrid: Fundación con fe metal. Garcia, E. J. (2015). estudio del flujo de la cadena de valor para una produccion en la industria alimentaria. valladoli: Escuela de ingenieros industriales de Valladoli. Gill, J. &. (2010). Research Methods for Managers. LONDRES. Gomez, C. P. (2009). Adopcion de politicas Lean Suply Chain en la cadena porcina. Cataluña: Univeritat de girona. Gonzales, A. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ González A., L. A. (2013). Propuesta para la utilización de lean manufacturing en el centro de distribución nacional de la empresa Hyundai Colombia automotriz S.A Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales. Facultad de Ingeniería. bogota, colombia. gonzalez, b. (16 de abril de 2010). LDBD Mejora de Procesos Empresariales. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de https://www.google.com.co/#q=mejores+practicas+para+aumentar+la+eficiencia+en+los+ procesos+de+gestion+ Harold, k. (2006). proyect management a systems aproach to planning scheduling and controlling . New York: Jhon wiley and sons. Ibon, S. I. (2007). Análisis de la aplicabilidad de la técnica Value Stream Mapping en el rediseño de sistemas productivos. españa: universidad de girona. Leech, N., Dellinger, A., & Brannagan, K. &. (2010). Evaluating Mixed Research Studies: A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Beltsville, USA. Lefcovich, L. M. (2009). Estrategia Kaizen. santa fe argentina: El cid Editor . Márquez, Y. (1 de junio de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de Estimaciones econométricas del crecimiento en Colombia mediante la Ley de Thirlwall: http://bidig.areandina.edu.co/index.php/generales-y-multidisciplinarias-proquest Matías, J. C. (2013). Lean manufacturing Conceptos, técnicas e implantación. madrid: fundacion eoi. Padilla, I. l. (2010). LEAN MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURA ESBELTA/ÁGIL. guatemala: revista ingenieria primero. Patricia, M. R. (2010). Diseñar e implementar plan de mejoramiento de calidad basado en el metodo de 5s para laboratorios Bussie. Bogota: Escuela colombiana de carreras industriales. portafolio. (13 de febrero de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de http://proxy.bidig.areandina.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.proxy.bid ig.areandina.edu.co:2048/docview/334544375?accountid=50441 Rajadell Carreras Manuel, S. G. (2010). Lean Manufactoring la evidencia de una necesidad. españa: Diaz de Santos. Suárez, M. F. (2007). El Kaizen: La Filosofía de Mejora Continua e Innovación Incremental detrás de la Administración por Calidad Total. mexico: panorama. Villacreses, K. F. (2006). Implementación de una Metodología con la Técnica 5S para Mejorar el Área de Matricería de una Empresa Extrusora de Aluminio. guayaquil ecuador . Vitrofarma. (siete de mayo de 2015). Vitrofarma. Obtenido de http://www.Vitrofarma.com/nosotros.html Rafael, C. C. (2014). TPS Americanizado: Lean Six Sigma TOC. Simplificado.PYMES. mexico. ; Este trabajo está enfocado a la aplicación mejora continua por medio de las herramientas de lean aprendidas en la especialización de producción y logística internacional en el área de comercio exterior de las empresas colombianas, se observa que muchas de las empresas en Colombia no han tenido en cuenta estas herramientas para simplificar y mejorar los procesos de prestación de servicios dentro de las mismas compañías, por lo que no se cree que puedan dar un valor directo al producto o su venta. Dado a conocer esto, se realiza un análisis del área de comercio exterior en la empresa Vitrofarma S.A., donde se identifican las oportunidades de mejora y se propone una solución que pueda ayudar a que el proceso sea más eficiente y eficaz, de igual forma se concientiza a sus colaboradores para que tengan una mentalidad de cambio , se direccionen a ser más polivalentes y que aprovechen al máximo las herramientas tecnológicas que existen para el manejo del comercio internacional. Adicionalmente este es un modelo de gestión que va enfocado a que tenga pasos establecidos y se pueda entregar el máximo valor para los clientes así mismo utilizando los mínimos recursos necesarios. Con base en esto debe haber una mejor gestión en las actividades, mejor planificación y ejecución de estas, que no ocurran retrasos en los pedidos, igualmente mejoras en el proceso de transporte de la mercancía, dando así una calidad en procesos. Cada vez que se requiera de una mejora, es indispensable considerar que se tiene establecidos parámetros a los cuales hay que regirnos, y que con la experiencia se han logrado corregir aquellos procesos que han causado una baja producción o demanda y que por lo tanto ha llevado a que la organización no surja como se requiere, si un proceso falla o está mal establecido fraccionara aquellos procesos que dependen de este. Debido a esto una buena organización y un buen seguimiento destacan que el producto tenga un estricto control que pasara por varias evaluaciones donde se optara por una mejora en caso de que tenga falencia en alguno de sus procesos. Las áreas involucradas deben regirse a normas establecidas para que así puedan dar solución rápidamente a los problemas presentados, y que esto no lleve a incumplir con requerimientos que son importantes para la empresa.

Tension exists between technologists and social thinkers because of the impact technology and innovation have on social values and norms, which is often viewed as damaging to the cultural fabric of a nation or society. Since the global business environment is the context in which implementation of technology and innovation takes place, it is widely accepted as the major reason for such conflicts. In this backdrop, this edited book integrates independent research from across the globe. It deals with the nature and significance of technology, innovation and social change as well as the relationships between them, and discusses the significance of social entrepreneurship from social innovation and technology perspectives.Research areas covered are related to the development and deployment of technology, innovation and knowledge in social change, capabilities of institutions, models, role of government and corporate social responsibility and community involvement. Multiple aspects of social change are discussed in the context of India, Mexico, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Ethiopia, Nigeria and other African countries. But society does not silently accept technologically enforced changes; sometimes technology is seen as an enemy of inclusive growth and for many, economic development is an anti-thesis of social change. Selected case studies on sector-specific technologies, such as the use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture, which has impacted the market and society, are critically analyzed to develop insights into the adoption of technology and its impact. At the same time it examines policy related issues, without any bias in favor of, or against, a specific technology. Satyajit Majumdaris a Professor at the Center for Social Entrepreneurship in the School of Management and Labour Studies of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai (India) and teaches entrepreneurship, growth and technology strategy, corporate social responsibility and service operations management. He has published research papers and case studies in the areas of entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, small business, growth strategy and corporate social responsibility. He also reviews research papers for international journals and evaluates research scholars for awarding doctoral degrees. Prof. Majumdar advises organizations and young entrepreneurs, and mentors entrepreneurs and start-up organizations. He is member of expert panel of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva, Switzerland on 'pro-poor investment' related educational initiatives in higher education of the developing and developed countries, member of Academic Councils, Board of Studies of universities and Editorial Boards of scholarly journals, and member of advisory boards of educational, research and business organizations.Samapti Guhais an Associate Professor at the Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, School of Management and Labour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. She teaches macro economics, social entrepreneurship, microfinance, Marxian economics, development economics and micro economics. She has many research articles in national and international journals and also in books. She received NET-JRF from University Grants Commission to pursue her Doctoral Study. She has obtained a PhD degree in Economics from Jadavpur University, West Bengal. Dr. Guha was Sir Ratan Tata Fellow at the Asia Research Centre in London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK in 2006-07. She has presented research papers in several national and international Conferences. She is mentoring Microfinance Institutions, Social entrepreneurs and Non-Profits. She is in the Editorial Board of many journals. She is one of the advisers to the Regional Government of Siberia, Russia.Nadiya Marakkathis an Assistant Professor at the Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, School of Management and Labour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai. Prior to her affiliation at TISS, she was pursuing her doctoral studies in Finance, under the UGC (University Grants Commission) Research Fellowship. Her doctoral research experience was at the National Institute of Technology, Calicut and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. She was also subsequently the recipient of the ICSSR (Indian Council of Social Science Research) and FMSH( Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme) Research Fellowship for Indo-France Cultural Exchange Programme in the year 2013, for carrying out a cross-country comparison of crowd funding models. Her current teaching and research efforts span across Social Finance Models and Sustainability Challenges for Social Ventures. Apart from this academic interest, she is involved in the incubation and funding initiatives of social ventures.

This paper examines whether multilevel transnational cooperation makes a difference in refugee protection, especially in protracted displacement. In response to the forced migration of millions of Syrians to Turkey starting in 2011, the EU and Turkish government published a joint statement in March 2016. The so-called EU-Turkey deal (EUTD) provided a substantial flow of money (EUR 6 billion in four years) from the EU to Turkey. In return Turkey had to commit to contain and control migration movement toward the EU. In social science, there are quite diverse evaluations of the EUTD. Whereas some studies focus on its effectiveness and efficiency in reaching the outlined goals, other publications stress its geo-political effects on migrants' mobility and (externalized) border control. Meanwhile some studies look for points to improve the EUTD while others criticize it fundamentally. This article analyzes the involvement of different types of international governmental and non-governmental organizations (IGOs and INGOs) in the four main action fields of the EUTD and its implicit side effects on the Turkish regime of migration management. It first summarizes some crucial findings and pending questions in the social science literature. Based on analysis of available documents and our own interviews in Turkey, we then shed light on the organizations involved in the implementation of the EUTD and its effects on the Turkish regime of refugee protection. In 2022, Turkey hosted some 3.7 million Syrian refugees of a total of almost four million registered international forced migrants. The EUTD of 2016 was mainly a response by the EU to the large numbers of Syrian refugees arriving in its members' territories. When more than 1.2 million asylum seekers were registered in the then EU-28 in 2015 alone — more than twice the number in the preceding year — some EU member states (MS) negotiated with the Turkish government (Eurostat 2015, 2016). Based on a meeting of the European Council and its "Turkish counterpart" the so-called "EU-Turkey statement" was published on March 18 in 2015 (European Council 2016). From the very beginning, this EUTD was controversial — both in public discussions and in the social science literature. Was it primarily a payment from the EU to the Turkish government for externalizing its responsibilities of refugee protection? Or was it an appropriate measure for sharing the burden of an urgent humanitarian crisis? Was the money spent for refugee-oriented humanitarian aid and development expenses or was it instrumentalized by the Turkish government for its own ends? How did refugee related IGOs and INGOs participate in the management of the EUTD? In the following sections, we focus on some selected aspects of the role of national and international, governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the field of refugee protection, specifically the role and cooperation dynamics of these refugee related organizations (RRO) in implementing the Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRIT) as part of the EUTD. Based on expert interviews in Turkey and an analysis of spending under the EUTD, the paper analyzes (1) how the landscape of RROs developed in the context of the EUTD, (2) how the budget of the EUTD was spent, and (3) how the cooperation between these RROs developed. The paper adds new insights into the contradictory dynamics between organizing services for refugees and controlling and containing refugee movements to the EU, between assisting and instrumentalizing forced migrants in Turkey, and between humanitarian aid and development activities. Especially the last point is relevant for contexts of protracted displacement as instruments of immediate humanitarian assistance have to be combined with means of longer-term development. From a perspective of organizational sociology, it argues that the EUTD contributed to a multi-level transnational organizational field of refugee protection, where collective and corporate actors relate in conflict and cooperation between the poles of rational self-interests and mutually recognized norms, between control-oriented state authorities up to grass root action networks. Analysis of the EUTD enables us to draw out specific insights and practical lessons for a broader audience. Before presenting our own empirical findings we first will sketch out the broader landscape of social science research and analysis of the EUTD. 2

The preconditions and directions of improving legal regulation of telecommuting have been studied. The author has found out the specifics of the legal nature of the concepts of "work from home" and "telecommuting" in terms of the approach to the possibilities of various forms of labor organization and labor relations regarding the events related to the pandemic (COVID-19) and consequences for the Ukrainian labor market. Based on the application of general and special methods of scientific cognition, the author has clarified the essence and has expanded the content of two independent types (forms of work): telecommuting and work from home in the context of amendments in domestic labor legislation (draft Law No. 4051: Articles 601 and 602). The institutional nature of the concepts of "remote work", "teleworking", "telecommuting", "work from home" from the standpoint of international experience has been revealed. It has been concluded that work from home is considered more sustainable concept, while telecommuting is remote work from anywhere, with a flexible schedule. It has been clarified that the term of "work from home" in the context of the pandemic (COVID-19) is used in the legislation of a number of foreign countries to denote only remote work at home as a temporary alternative workplace. The author has characterized the mechanism of the organization of telecommuting and work from home according to the draft Law No. 4051, in particular, the author has revealed characteristic features, adaptation mechanism, obligations and responsibilities of the parties, features of measuring the productivity of employees. Based on studying the experience of foreign countries in matters of legislative provision of telecommuting (Austria, the Netherlands, Poland, USA) and the practice of domestic companies, it has been concluded that the home workplace is nothing more than an "extension" or "superstructure" of the employer's workspace within the organization of the work from home. The author has substantiated the rational approaches based on the current state of affairs at the labor market and in the economy of Ukraine regarding the most correct interpretation of these norms by both parties – employees and the employer to minimize any misunderstandings and risks. Given the risks of the external environment as a possible danger, it has been suggested an in-depth rethinking of approaches to legal support for the work from home and telecommuting, taking into account international practice and recommendations of the International Labor Organization. The emphasis has been placed on the need to find alternative solutions that are in the plane of social responsibility of the employer in matters of protecting labor rights of employees and the prevention of any discrimination. ; Исследованы предпосылки и направления совершенствования правового регулирования дистанционной работы. Уточнены сущность и содержание двух самостоятельных видов (форм) работы – удаленной и надомной – в контексте изменений отечественного трудового законодательства (законопроект № 4051: статьи 60-1 и 60-2). Раскрыта институциональная природа понятий «remote work», «teleworking», «telecommuting», «work from home» с позиции международного опыта. Охарактеризован механизм организации дистанционного и надомного труда, в частности раскрыты характерные черты, адаптационный механизм, обязательства и обязанности сторон, особенности измерения производительности труда работников. Обоснованы рациональные подходы с учетом текущего состояния дел в экономике Украины, в частности на рынке труда, к наиболее корректной трактовке данных норм обеими сторонами ‒ работниками и работодателем ‒ для минимизации любых недоразумений и рисков. ; Досліджено передумови та напрямки вдосконалення правового регулювання дистанційної роботи. Уточнено сутність і зміст двох самостійних видів (форм) роботи – дистанційної та надомної – в контексті змін вітчизняного трудового законодавства (законопроєкт № 4051: статті 60-1 та 60-2). Розкрито інституційну природу понять «remote work», «teleworking», «telecommuting», «work from home» з позиції міжнародного досвіду. Охарактеризовано механізм організації дистанційної та надомної роботи, зокрема розкрито характерні ознаки, адаптаційний механізм, зобов'язання та обов'язки сторін, особливості вимірювання продуктивності праці працівників. Обґрунтовано раціональні підходи, з огляду на поточний стан справ на ринку праці та в економіці України, до найбільш коректного трактування цих норм обома сторонами – працівниками та роботодавцем – задля мінімізації будь-яких непорозумінь і ризиків.

In this paper, the analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of the legal regulation of personal data circulation at the level of international law enforcement was carried out. The issues of the development and introduction of new mechanisms that can adequately regulate relations in the sphere of the circulation of confidential personal data are considered. This is primarily due to the fact that the human right to privacy, including respect for his personal data, is one of the fundamental principles that guarantee democratic, humane and fair interaction between the state, society and a specific individual. Ukrainian national legislation and judicial practice are still at the development stage, therefore, in the context of the implementation of the aspirations for European integration, the work addresses the very topical issue of careful study of European and world standards for protecting personal information about a person and adapting them to our legal system. The necessary measures have been studied for the further development of systemic legislation on the protection of personal data, which is a determining factor in civil society development, proper regulation in this area, both in terms of material and legal support, and in terms of developing stable and expected law enforcement practices.Analyzed the legal positions contained in international treaties, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, and numerous national laws, where the protection of personal data is understood as an integral part of the human right to privacy. . The principles of activity in this area of the European Court of Human Rights are evaluated. The basic principles of dispute resolution, such as legality, timeliness of processing, proportionality of intervention, are studied. Concrete examples of decisions of the ECHR, including in cases against Ukraine, are given. It has been taken into account that this organization is entitled not only with regard to the issuance of a verdict in a particular case, but also through the adoption of a case-law that is obligatory for use on the territory of all Member States, it can exercise so-called judicial justice. This is done by interpreting, clarifying and specifying the content of the general provisions of the convention norms to the situations of a particular case.The case law of the ECtHR on the positive regulation of the private life of a person is noted by defining and establishing boundaries that, from the point of view of the moral foundations of society, are permissible and will not be regarded as undue interference by the legislator. The relevant criteria are assessed, formed on the basis of a judicial investigation of various interests in specific situations by the Court. The legal approaches of the European Court of Human Rights to regulating relations in the field of processing so-called "sensitive" personal data have been especially carefully studied. In particular, attention is paid to the principles of confidentiality, which is required when processing information about human health.The shortcomings of the national justice are indicated, which should be corrected in the light of the European Court's case law. It is concluded that the European judicial practice is an important benchmark to ensure proper protection of personal data in our country. This is very important because the Ukrainian legal system, in contrast to European national and international legislation (which began to pay attention to the special regulation of relations for the protection of personal data from the 80s of the last century) is only at the beginning of such a process. Therefore, it requires improving the quality of Ukrainian law and law enforcement in terms of their focus in the democratic direction of ensuring the right to respect for private life. ; У цій праці проведено аналіз та оцінено дієвість правового регулювання обороту персональних даних на рівні міжнародного правозастосування. Оцінені принципи діяльності у цій сфері Європейського суду з прав людини. Вивчені такі основні засади вирішення спорів, як законність, своєчасність обробки, пропорційність втручання. Наведені конкретні приклади рішень ЄСПЛ, у тому числі у справах проти України. Зазначені недоліки національного правосуддя, які мають бути виправлені у світлі прецедентних рішень Євросуду.

In this paper, the analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of the legal regulation of personal data circulation at the level of international law enforcement was carried out. The issues of the development and introduction of new mechanisms that can adequately regulate relations in the sphere of the circulation of confidential personal data are considered. This is primarily due to the fact that the human right to privacy, including respect for his personal data, is one of the fundamental principles that guarantee democratic, humane and fair interaction between the state, society and a specific individual. Ukrainian national legislation and judicial practice are still at the development stage, therefore, in the context of the implementation of the aspirations for European integration, the work addresses the very topical issue of careful study of European and world standards for protecting personal information about a person and adapting them to our legal system. The necessary measures have been studied for the further development of systemic legislation on the protection of personal data, which is a determining factor in civil society development, proper regulation in this area, both in terms of material and legal support, and in terms of developing stable and expected law enforcement practices.Analyzed the legal positions contained in international treaties, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, and numerous national laws, where the protection of personal data is understood as an integral part of the human right to privacy. . The principles of activity in this area of the European Court of Human Rights are evaluated. The basic principles of dispute resolution, such as legality, timeliness of processing, proportionality of intervention, are studied. Concrete examples of decisions of the ECHR, including in cases against Ukraine, are given. It has been taken into account that this organization is entitled not only with regard to the issuance of a verdict in a particular case, but also through the adoption of a case-law that is obligatory for use on the territory of all Member States, it can exercise so-called judicial justice. This is done by interpreting, clarifying and specifying the content of the general provisions of the convention norms to the situations of a particular case.The case law of the ECtHR on the positive regulation of the private life of a person is noted by defining and establishing boundaries that, from the point of view of the moral foundations of society, are permissible and will not be regarded as undue interference by the legislator. The relevant criteria are assessed, formed on the basis of a judicial investigation of various interests in specific situations by the Court. The legal approaches of the European Court of Human Rights to regulating relations in the field of processing so-called "sensitive" personal data have been especially carefully studied. In particular, attention is paid to the principles of confidentiality, which is required when processing information about human health.The shortcomings of the national justice are indicated, which should be corrected in the light of the European Court's case law. It is concluded that the European judicial practice is an important benchmark to ensure proper protection of personal data in our country. This is very important because the Ukrainian legal system, in contrast to European national and international legislation (which began to pay attention to the special regulation of relations for the protection of personal data from the 80s of the last century) is only at the beginning of such a process. Therefore, it requires improving the quality of Ukrainian law and law enforcement in terms of their focus in the democratic direction of ensuring the right to respect for private life. ; У цій праці проведено аналіз та оцінено дієвість правового регулювання обороту персональних даних на рівні міжнародного правозастосування. Оцінені принципи діяльності у цій сфері Європейського суду з прав людини. Вивчені такі основні засади вирішення спорів, як законність, своєчасність обробки, пропорційність втручання. Наведені конкретні приклади рішень ЄСПЛ, у тому числі у справах проти України. Зазначені недоліки національного правосуддя, які мають бути виправлені у світлі прецедентних рішень Євросуду.

Введение: в статье определяются объективные факторы развития современной действительности, влияющие на возникновение разнообразных отношений, имеющих внедоговорную правовую природу, так называемых квазидоговорных и деликтных отношений, а также обусловливающие актуальность научно-исследовательских разработок в соответствующей сфере правового регулирования, относящейся к области международного частного права. Цель: изучить круг возможных коллизионных вопросов и обусловленных ими и социально-экономической действительностью правовых подходов к коллизионному регулированию деликтных отношений в различных зарубежных законодательствах, в том числе в общеевропейском праве. Методы: основу методологического арсенала статьи составляют использованные в ней методы научного познания, анализа и сравнительно-правовой. Результаты: проводится анализ распространенных классических коллизионных привязок в сфере деликтных обязательств. Отмечается, что современный подход заключается в постепенном отказе от территориальной привязки какого-либо конкретного одного элемента правоотношения. Авторы говорят об обоснованности быстрого развития гибкого правового регулирования отношений, возникающих из причинения вреда, осложненных иностранным элементом, связывая эту тенденцию с развитием принципа гибкости как основополагающего начала и современной тенденцией развития современного международного частного права. Изучаются предпосылки и новеллы проведенной национальным законодателем реформы раздела VI части третьей ГК РФ, в ходе которой были вполне справедливо учтены современные зарубежные законодательные подходы правового регулирования деликтных отношений. Дается краткая правовая характеристика обновленных положений ГК РФ, посвященных применимому праву в сфере деликтных обязательств. Комментируется законодательно предоставленная сторонам обязательства из причинения вреда возможность заключения соглашения о праве, подлежащем применению. Делается вывод о соответствии данного правила развитию принципа автономии воли сторон в международном частном праве и иностранным законодательным подходам. Выводы: выявляются и оцениваются преимущества и недостатки новых коллизионных норм в обновленном ГК РФ, ранее не известных национальному законодательству, исследуется судебная практика их применения. Обобщающим выводом выступает оценка современных правовых подходов к применимому праву в области деликтных обязательств, осложненных иностранным элементом, которые позволили выявить и перечислить ряд тенденций развития их коллизионного регулирования. ; Introduction. The article reveals the objective factors of the development of temporal reality, influencing the emergence of various relationships with non-contractual legal nature, the so-called quasi contractual and delictual relations, as well as determines the relevance of research and development in the relevant field of legal regulation relating to private international law. Purpose. We study the range of possible conflicts of law issues under moves to collision of tort regulation of relations in various foreign governmental legislations, including European law. We also carry out the analysis of the common classical collisional bindings in the area of tort liabilities. It is noted that the current approach lies in the gradual abandonment of territorial binding to any specific element of the relationship. The authors say about the validity of the rapid development of flexible legal regulation of relations arising out of foreign element, associating this trend with the development of the principle of flexibility as fundamental principles and modern trends of development of modern private international law. The authors examine the background and novellas by the national legislator of the reform of section VI of part three of the civil code. A brief legal description of the updated provisions of the civil code of the Russian Federation is dedicated to the applicable law in the field of tort obligation. We commented the possibility of concluding agreements on the law of the subject applications provided by law to the parties. The conclusion about compliance of this rule to the development of the principle of auto-nomia the will of the parties in international private law and foreign legislatortion approaches. Conclusion. We identified and commented on the advantages and disadvantages of new collision norms in the updated Civil Code, previously unknown to national law, and examined judicial practice of their application. The general conclusion is represented by assessing the modern legal approaches to the applicable law in the field of tort obligations, complicated by a foreign element, which allowed to identify and to list a number of trends in the development of their conflict-of-laws regulation.

This edition of PER consists of oneoratio, 13 articles and one book review dealing with a variety of themes. The first contribution is anoratiodelivered byLourens du Plessisat acolloquiumhosted by the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, on 2 October 2015 to celebrate his life and work, in which he aptly refers to himself as a "learned jackal for justice". The first of the 13 articles is byLonias Ndlovu, who uses the 2013 Supreme Court of India case ofNovartis AG v Union of Indiato argue for legislative reform by SADC members in the granting of patents for new versions of old medicines. Secondly,Lunga Siyo and John Mubangiziconsider whether the existing constitutional and legislative mechanisms provide sufficient judicial independence to South African judges, which is fundamental to democracy.Leah Ndimurwimo and Melvin Mbaotrace the root causes of Burundi's systemic armed violence and argue that despite several UN Security Council Resolutions and peace agreements aimed at national reconciliation and reconstruction, mass killings and other heinous crimes remain unaddressed. In the fourth place,Marelize Marais and Jan Pretoriuspresent a detailed contextual analysis of the categorical prohibition of hate speech in terms of section 10(1) of thePromotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act4 of 2000 (theEquality Act).Phillipa King and Christine Reddelldiscuss the pivotal role of the public in water use rights, especially in the context of theNational Water Act36 of 1998 in the fifth article. The difficulties surrounding the tripartite scheme of statutory, constitutional and living law in a pluralistic system such as South Africa are the focus of the article byRita Ozoemena. She uses the case ofMayelane v Ngwenyama2013 4 SA 415 (CC) as an example to illustrate the difficulties experienced in trying to balance this scheme.Angela van der Bergcritically discusses and describes from a legal perspective the potential and function of public-private partnerships (PPPs) between local government (municipalities) and the private sector in fulfilling the legally entrenched disaster management mandate of municipalities.André van der Walt and Sue-Mari Viljoenargue that there are sound theoretical and systemic reasons why it is necessary to keep in mind the differences between property, land rights and housing rights when analysing, interpreting and applying any of these rights in a specific constitutional text. The special procedural measures which must be considered in terms of theConsumer Protection Act68 of 2008 in order to decide if a contract is procedurally fair are analysed byPhilip Stoopin his article.Liz Lewisalso scrutinises the judicial development of customary law in the case ofMayelane v Ngwenyama2013 4 SA 415 (CC). She pleads for a judicial approach which take cognisance of the norms and values with reference to their particular context and audience instead of those embedded in international and western law. Water security, which is dealt with byEd Couzens, remains a highly topical theme in a country such as South Africa. He explores ways to circumvent the effects of the Constitutional Court inMazibuko v City of Johannesburg2010 4 SA 1 (CC) with regard to the allocation of water to the poor.Izelle du Plessisdiscusses some of the existing opinions regarding the incorporation of double taxation agreements into the domestic law of South Africa. Last, but not least,Koos Malandeliberates on the rule of law and constitutional supremacy and comes to the conclusion that they are, from the perspective of the factual dimension of the law, more susceptible to the volatility of unpredictable changes and instability than the doctrine of the rule of law and constitutional supremacy purport them to be. In the last contribution to this edition,Robbie Robinsonreviews the book "International Law and Child Soldiers" written by Gus Waschefort and published by Hart Publishing (Oxford) in 2015. He is of the opinion that the book is asine qua nonfor studies of children in international law.

One of the ways to eliminate the negative consequences of globalization is the sustainable growth paradigm, which practical approach to business activity is constituted by the concept of the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The corporate social responsibility is a process of getting to know and to implement the changing stakeholder expectations in the management strategy. It also involves monitoring the influence of such strategy on competitiveness and company value on the market. Since CSR is a voluntary commitment of businesses, "in the end people have such government and such economy that they want and - in a way - that they deserve". This is why what is extremely important when implementing CSR, apart from the commitment of businesses themselves, is for one thing the role of the society which pushes companies to act responsibly, and for another - the state which creates a proper social, economic and political order. All of the above encourage to the reflection on the model of economic order and on the system of social values, which should be compliant with the human nature as well as ensure economic equilibrium. The concept of CSR is based on the assumption that a synthesis of freedom and responsibility of business activities on the market with social fairness is possible. The CSR aims to create capitalism with a "human face" in which the market and competition would be a tool to achieve important social goals: freedom for individuals, well-being for all, solidarity towards the society, subsidiarity, equal opportunities and eliminating the effect of social exclusion of individuals. It is mainly for this reason that the concept of CSR appears to adequately correspond to the current demand for a long-term crisis therapy and for prevention of similar crisis in the future. The highest deficits of international financial markets, as well as the world's real economy, were and are still to be found nowhere else but in the rules of the game and in freedom of responsibility. Business entities, which are active on the market should therefore obey the generally accepted rules of business activity. According to P. Samuelson, capitalism needs rules of the game; it must have a trustworthy legal system. The lack of norms triggers people's irrepressible desire for wealth, also - or maybe even mostly - at the expense of others. In market economy the freedom of individual enterprisers implies taking responsibility. For freedom and responsibility these are two sides of the same coin. When an individual is not responsible for the freedom it has, then the economic order cannot function e+ectively either from the economic or social perspective. The debate on the economic order and policy of its creation was previously not as crucial as it is today. This is not only linked to the dificult challenges the modern economy and world currently face, but also to the world financial crisis, which started in 2007 in the USA and which effects on real economy became more and more visible at the turn of 2008 and 2009. For what caused the current world crisis in the first place was a lack of generally accepted rules of the game on international financial markets, or in the rare cases where these rules exist - clear reluctance to obey them, together with lack of responsibility for the almost unlimited freedom of decision-makers. Such deliberations become especially important in discussion regarding the twilight or even the collapse of nation states; discussion which has lasted for almost half a century and which has become especially vivid after the Cold War as a result of higher intensity of globalization processes. Globalization significantly affects the functioning of the state on its internal and external surface, its relations with other countries on the international arena. In the face of increasing civilization problems of the modern world arises the question about the meaning, role and duties of the state in the process of building the new order in conformity with the concept of the sustainable growth. The study tries to define the role of the state in implementing CSR concepts. (original abstract)

Aus der Einleitung: Wer dieser Tage den Immobilienteil einer Tageszeitung oder eine Immobilienfachzeitschrift aufschlägt, wird feststellen, dass sich die Meldungen über eine Nachfragesteigerung nach nachhaltigen Immobilien, oft auch als 'Green Buildings' bezeichnet, häufen. So schreibt die Süddeutsche Zeitung, dass die 'Nachfrage nach Gebäuden mit Nachhaltigkeits-Siegel steigt', die Financial Times Deutschland, dass 'nachhaltige Immobilien (..) gefragter denn je' sind und die Immobilienzeitung, dass die 'Nachfrage nach sogenannten Green Buildings wächst'. Was allerdings genau unter einer nachhaltigen Immobilie oder unter einem Green Building verstanden wird, ist zurzeit noch nicht eindeutig definiert und abgegrenzt, so dass das allgemeine Verständnis dieser Begriffe sehr vage ist. Die Entwicklung von Nachhaltigkeitszertifikaten auf dem Immobilienmarkt erfolgte in den letzten Jahren analog zu der Entwicklung nachhaltiger Gebäude. Diese Zertifikate werden bislang häufig als Marketinginstrument eingesetzt, welches Investoren und Nutzern einen Anreiz bieten soll, in nachhaltige Immobilien zu investieren. Dies wird erreicht, indem sie eine Beurteilung der Nachhaltigkeit einer Immobilie durchführen und dokumentieren, welche besonderen Eigenschaften und Vorteile diese Immobilie gegenüber einem konventionellen Gebäude bietet. Zudem zeichnet ein Zertifikat sowohl Eigentümer als auch Nutzer aus, ökologisch und sozialverantwortlich zu handeln. Die daraus resultierende Wirkung, nämlich ein positiver Imagezuwachs für Investoren und Nutzer, soll die Nachfrage nach nachhaltigen Immobilien steigen lassen. Mit der Erhöhung der Nachfrage nach nachhaltigen Immobilien, wird jedoch die Lösung der Problematik, wie die Nachhaltigkeit eines Gebäudes in die Immobilienbewertung integriert werden kann, dringender. Marktentwicklungen lassen bereits jetzt den Trend erkennen, dass konventionelle, nicht nachhaltige Immobilien eine geringere Marktakzeptanz finden. Eine rechnerische und angemessene Quantifizierung dieses Mehr- oder Minderwerts ist zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt aber noch nicht möglich. Demnach bedarf es weiterer Forschungsbemühungen, um geeignete Bewertungsmethoden zu identifizieren, welche es ermöglichen, die Nachhaltigkeit generierenden Eigenschaften eines Gebäudes in eine Immobilienbewertung zu integrieren.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis7 Tabellenverzeichnis8 Abkürzungsverzeichnis9 Formelzeichenverzeichnis12 1.Einleitung13 1.1Problemstellung13 1.2Zielsetzung14 1.3Vorgehensweise14 2.Grundlagen16 2.1Nachhaltigkeit16 2.1.1Politischer Diskurs16 2.1.2Der Nachhaltigkeitsbegriff18 2.2Nachhaltiges Gebäude bzw. Green Building23 2.2.1Eigenschaften eines Green Buildings27 2.3Grundstücksbewertung35 2.3.1Marktwert und Investitionswert36 3.Nachhaltigkeitszertifikate für Immobilien38 3.1BREEAM39 3.1.1Struktur des Zertifizierungssystems39 3.1.2Zertifizierungsprozess41 3.1.3Bewertungssystem41 3.2LEED43 3.2.1Struktur des Zertifizierungssystems43 3.2.2Zertifizierungsprozess44 3.2.3Bewertungssystem45 3.3DGNB46 3.3.1Struktur des Zertifizierungssystems46 3.3.2Zertifizierungsprozess47 3.3.3Bewertungssystem47 3.4Vergleich der Zertifikate BREEAM, LEED und DGNB51 3.5Andere Zertifikate55 4.Integrationsmöglichkeiten des Green Value in die Grundstücksbewertung60 4.1Green Value60 4.2Eignung der traditionellen Bewertungsmethoden61 4.2.1Vergleichswertverfahren und Sales Comparison61 4.2.2Ertragswertverfahren und Income Approach62 4.2.3Sachwertverfahren und Cost Approach69 4.2.4Residualwertverfahren und Residual Approach70 4.3Eignung der modernen Bewertungsmethoden70 4.3.1Hedonische Preisermittlungsmethode70 4.3.2Künstlich neuronale Netze71 4.3.3Räumliche Analysemethoden72 4.3.4Fuzzy Logik72 4.3.5Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average73 4.3.6Realoptionsmethode74 4.4Ergebnis74 5.Nachhaltigkeitszertifikate bei der Grundstücksbewertung75 5.1Anwendung der hedonischen Preisermittlungsmethode76 5.1.1Lineare und multiple lineare Regressionsanalyse76 5.1.2Kenngrößen82 5.1.3Einsatzmöglichkeit zur Bewertung von nachhaltigen Immobilien84 5.2Datenquellen für die hedonische Preisermittlungsmethode86 5.3Erfordernisse zur Verwendung von Nachhaltigkeitszertifikaten bei der Grundstücksbewertung87 5.4Eignung von BREEAM, LEED und DGNB zur Grundstücksbewertung91 6.Anwendungsbeispiel97 6.1Bemerkungen und Annahmen97 6.2Das Bewertungsobjekt97 6.3Durchführung der Bewertung100 6.4Unsicherheiten bei der Bewertung104 6.5Beurteilung der Bewertung105 7.Fazit107 7.1Zusammenfassung107 7.2Ergebnis107 7.3Ausblick109 Literaturverzeichnis112 Internetquellen115 Gesetze, Normen und Richtlinien118 Anhang119Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 2.3, Grundstücksbewertung Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Bewertungsmöglichkeiten für nachhaltige Eigenschaften einer Immobilie zu erfassen, sowie ferner eine Analyse des Beitrags von Nachhaltigkeitszertifikaten zur Weiterentwicklung dieser Bewertungsmöglichkeiten durchzuführen. Um dafür eine begriffliche Grundlage zu schaffen, werden anschließend die Begriffe 'Grundstück' und 'Grundstücksbewertung' erläutert. Der Grundstücksbegriff wird aus der Grundbuchordnung abgeleitet. Danach ist ein Grundstück ein katastermäßig vermessener Teil der Erdoberfläche, der im Grundbuch geführt wird. Gemäß Bürgerlichem Gesetzbuch (BGB) § 94 gehören 'zu den wesentlichen Bestandteilen eines Grundstücks () die mit dem Boden fest verbundenen Sachen, insbesondere Gebäude'. Folglich ist juristisch gesehen, unter dem Begriff Grundstück auch die Bebauung zu fassen. Somit versteht man im deutschen Rechtssystem unter der Grundstücksbewertung die Ermittlung des Verkehrswertes (siehe dazu Abschnitt 2.3.1) von Boden und gegebenenfalls der damit verbundenen Immobilie zu einem bestimmten Stichtag unter Anwendung der Wertermittlungsrichtlinien und der Wertermittlungsverordnungen (WertR, WertV). Anlässe zur Grundstücksbewertung liefern der Verkauf oder die Zwangsversteigerung von Grundstücken im Rahmen einer Preisermittlung, der Erbfall oder die Schenkung von Grundstücken zur Ermittlung der Erb- und Schenkungssteuerlast. Des Weiteren ist eine Grundstücksbewertung zum Zweck der Kreditbeleihungswertermittlung im Rahmen der Vergabe eines Grundpfandrechtes (Hypothek oder Grundschuld) oder zur Versicherungswertermittlung notwendig. Auch bei der Bilanzierung von Grundstücken ist eine vorherige Bewertung durchzuführen. So verlangt das Bilanzrecht, welches im dritten Buch des Handelsgesetzbuches (HGB) dokumentiert ist, dass der Grundstücksbestand eines Unternehmens zu jedem Bewertungsstichtag erneut bewertet werden muss. 2.3.1 Marktwert und Investitionswert: Da die Basis einer jeden Immobilienbewertung der Wertbegriff ist, werden an dieser Stelle unterschiedliche Wertbegriffe, auch im internationalen Kontext, erläutert und voneinander abgegrenzt. Hierzu werden die Begriffe Marktwert und Investitionswert einer Immobilie im Detail untersucht. Bezüglich des Marktwertes einer Immobilie lautet die offizielle, international anerkannte Definition des International Valuation Standards Committees (IVSC): 'Der Marktwert ist der geschätzte Betrag, zu dem eine Immobilie in einem funktionierenden Immobilienmarkt zum Bewertungsstichtag zwischen einem verkaufsbereiten Verkäufer und einem kaufbereiten Erwerber nach angemessenem Vermarktungszeitraum in einer Transaktion im gewöhnlichen Geschäftsverkehr verkauft werden könnte, wobei jede Partei mit Sachkenntnis, Umsicht und ohne Zwang handelt.' Die deutsche Definition des Marktwertes nach Baugesetzbuch, auch Verkehrswert genannt, entspricht der des IVSC im Groben: 'Der Verkehrswert (Marktwert) wird durch den Preis bestimmt, der in dem Zeitpunkt, auf den sich die Ermittlung bezieht, im gewöhnlichen Geschäftsverkehr nach den rechtlichen Gegebenheiten und tatsächlichen Eigenschaften, der sonstigen Beschaffenheit und der Lage des Grundstücks oder des sonstigen Gegenstands der Wertermittlung ohne Rücksicht auf ungewöhnliche oder persönliche Verhältnisse zu erzielen wäre.' Anders ausgedrückt ist der Marktwert einer Immobilie die Antizipation eines möglichen Preises für eine Immobilie unter den von dem IVSC gegebenen Bedingungen, welche subjektive Einflüsse und Unsicherheiten minimieren sollen. Jedoch ist dabei zu beachten, dass der tatsächliche Transaktionspreis einer Immobilie nicht dem Marktwert entsprechen muss, gerade weil dort subjektive Wertvorstellungen, zu kurze Vermarktungszeiträume oder Zwangssituationen impliziert sein können. Also ist der bedeutungsgleiche Gebrauch der beiden Begriffe inhaltlich falsch. Im Gegensatz zum Marktwert beschreibt der Investitionswert einer Immobilie, im Englischen 'worth' genannt, den '() Wert eines Grundstücks für einen bestimmten Eigentümer, Investor oder Gruppe von Investoren für einen identifizierten Investitionszweck.' Folglich steht der subjektive Wertbegriff, also derjenige der Person, die an diesem Objekt interessiert ist und sich schon für einen Nutzungszweck entschieden hat, im Mittelpunkt. So wird ein Investor, der bereits einen Projektentwicklungsentwurf für ein Grundstück hat, bereits eine Vorstellung von Rendite und Risiko haben. Die durchgeführte Differenzierung des Marktwertes vom Investitionswert einer Immobilie soll verdeutlichen, dass diese Begriffe nicht synonym verwendet werden können. Somit ist bei der Ermittlung des Marktwertes einer Immobilie zu beachten, dass nicht irrtümlicherweise Bewertungsmethoden angewandt werden, die den Investitionswert errechnen.

"In 1989, Francis Fukuyama famously declared that we had reached "the end of history," and that liberal democracy would be the reigning ideology from now on. But Fukuyama failed to reckon with the idea of illiberal democracy. What if majorities, working through the democratic process, decide they would rather not accept gender equality and other human rights norms that Western democracies take for granted? Nowhere have such considerations become more relevant than in the Middle East, where the Arab uprisings of 2011 swept the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist parties into power. Since then, one question has been on everyone's mind: what do Islamists really want? In Temptations of Power, noted Brookings scholar Shadi Hamid draws on hundreds of interviews with Islamist leaders and rank-and-file activists to offer an in-depth look at the past, present, and future of Islamist parties across the Arab world. The oldest and most influential of these groups, the Muslim Brotherhood, initially dismissed democracy as a foreign import, but eventually chose to participate in Egyptian and Jordanian party politics in the 1980s. These political openings proved short-lived. As repression intensified, though, Islamist parties did not -- as one may have expected -- turn to radicalism. Rather, they embraced the tenets of democratic life, putting aside their dreams of an Islamic state, striking alliances with secular parties, and reaching out to Western audiences for the first time. When the 2011 revolutions took place, Islamists found themselves in an enviable position, but one they were unprepared for. Up until then, the prospect of power had seemed too remote. But, now, freed from repression and with the political arena wide open, they found themselves with an unprecedented opportunity to put their ideas into practice across the region. Groups like the Brotherhood combine the features of political parties and religious movements. However pragmatic they may be, their ultimate goal remains the Islamization of society and the state. When the electorate they represent is conservative as well, they can push their own form of illiberal democracy while insisting they are carrying out the popular will. This can lead to overreach and, at times, significant backlash, as the tragic events in Egypt following the military takeover demonstrated. While the coup and the subsequent crackdown were a devastating blow for the Islamist "project," premature obituaries of political Islam, a running feature of commentary since the 1950s, usually turn out to be just that -- premature. In countries as diverse as Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Egypt, and Yemen, Islamist groups will remain an important force whether in the ranks of opposition or the halls of power. Drawing from interviews with figures like ousted Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi, Hamid's account will serve as an essential compass for those trying to understand where the region's varied Islamist groups have come from, and where they might be headed"--