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Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Права человека" ; В статье анализируется вклад БССР в международный нормотворческий процесс в области защиты прав женщин. Будучи полноправным членом Организации Объединенных Наций, Белорусская ССР внесла определенный вклад в развитие принципа равноправия на международном уровне (в том числе и по признаку пола). Принцип равноправия стал одним из основополагающих принципов ООН. Белорусская делегация принимала активное участие в разработке Всеобщей декларации прав человека, выдвигая конструктивные предложения, улучшающие содержание ее проекта. Всеобщая декларация прав человека послужила платформой, на основе которой стали разрабатываться международные договоры, предусматривающие специальные нормы, регламентирующие права женщин как определенной социальной группы. Кроме того, БССР, являясь на протяжении длительного времени членом Комиссии по положению женщин, участвовала в разработке большей части специальных международных соглашений по правам женщин, таких как Конвенция о политических правах женщин, Конвенция о гражданстве замужней женщины, Конвенция о согласии на вступление в брак, брачном возрасте и регистрации браков. Благодаря продвижению делегациями БССР антидискриминационных принципов в области регулирования вопросов равноправия мужчин и женщин, конвенции установили универсальные стандарты отношения государственной власти к женщине, а их нормы стали базовыми при толковании национального законодательства. ; The article explores the contribution of the BSSR to international rule-making process in the sphere of women rights protection. A UN's full member, the BSSR made a certain contribution to the development of the principle of equality, including gender equality, on the international level. That was the beginning of forming of the institution of women rights protection in the system of international human rights protection. The principle of equality has become one of the basic principles of the United Nations. Belarusian delegation took an active part in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, making constructive proposals on improving the content of Declaration' draft. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights became the foundation for further international treaties, which included specific regulations on women's rights. Besides, a member of the Commission on the Status of Women for a long time, the BSSR participated in developing of the major part of special international treaties, such as Convention on the Political Rights of Women, Convention on the Nationality of Married Women, Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages and other, in the sphere of women's rights. Thanks to Belarusian delegation's efforts in elimination of discrimination in gender equality regulation, the Conventions set universal standards of state authorities attitude towards women. Nowadays these standards are grounds for interpretation of national legislation.

تعد مبادرة الحزام والطريق التي تبنتها الصين استراتيجية فاعلة للتخلص من المشاكل والازمات التي تعصف بها الصين في محيطها الداخلي والخارجي ومناطق نفوذها, لا سيما منطقة الاندو باسفيك والشرق الاوسط واسيا الوسطى وافريقيا والقرن الافريقي, ولفرض سياسات معينة تسعى اليها الصين من خلال المبادرة لاخذ مكانة دولية في النظام الدولي, وربط اقتصادات العالم باقتصادها بجعل عملتها (اليوان) عملة تداول عالمية مغايرة للدولار الامريكي, عبر انشاء مؤسسات مالية تخدم مصالحها بالدرجة الاساس, كما تسعى بكين الى تامين ممرات الطاقة والاستحواذ على منابع تصدريها لاحكام سيطرتها على الاقتصاد بشكل عام, وبالنتيجة الزيادة في قوتها العسكرية وتوسيع قواعدها في دول ومناطق العالم .

AbstractDonor organizations and multilaterals require ways to measure progress toward the goals of creating an open internet, and condition assistance on recipient governments maintaining access to information online. Because the internet is increasingly becoming a leading tool for exchanging information, authoritarian governments around the world often seek methods to restrict citizens' access. Two of the most common methods for restricting the internet are shutting down internet access entirely and filtering specific content. We conduct a systematic literature review of articles on the measurement of internet censorship and find that little work has been done comparing the tradeoffs of using different methods to measure censorship on a global scale. We compare the tradeoffs between measuring these phenomena using expert analysis (as measured by Freedom House and V-Dem) and remote measurement with manual oversight (as measured by Access Now and the OpenNet Initiative [ONI]) for donor organizations that want to incentivize and measure good internet governance. We find that remote measurement with manual oversight is less likely to include false positives, and therefore may be more preferable for donor organizations that value verifiability. We also find that expert analysis is less likely to include false negatives, particularly for very repressive regimes in the Middle East and Central Asia and therefore these data may be preferable for advocacy organizations that want to ensure very repressive regimes are not able to avoid accountability, or organizations working primarily in these areas.

While rape historically remains underreported all over the globe, and criminal justice factors contribute to this problem, we investigate unique circumstances that might influence reporting inclinations by Hungarian victims of sexual violence. Among other possible factors, victim-blaming, institutional desensitization, and a lack of trust in the criminal justice system and in the community are discussed. The in-depth interviews (n = 22) with law enforcement and criminal justice professionals conducted in 2018 in Hungary reveal roots of underreporting in the complexities of the criminal justice system: there is a failure to prioritize victims needsmental care services, physical and privacy protectionand a focus instead on solely providing legal justice. The further deficits that can be found among professionals attitudes and behaviors in the courtroom are products of the following: a lack of standardized protocols in addressing the needs of victims; a dearth of technical and evidence-based knowledge and training; a lack of supervision and trauma-informed services to practitioners; high caseloads; a focus on the goal of high conviction rates; not providing open communication toward victims; and a shortage of standardized protocols in dealing with victims. ; Published version