I have argued that the government may not single out any irrational beliefs for preferential treatment, nor is it required to treat alternative epistemologies as favorably as Enlightenment rationality. Both history and practical considerations support the notion that the Constitution rejects epistemological pluralism in favor of the primacy of reason. There is no evidence that the religion clauses are an exception to this basic principle; indeed, for the founding generation, pre-Enlightenment religion was the primary--and perhaps the only---example of a nonrational epistemology. If we allow government decisions to be made on the basis of, or influenced by, premises and conclusions that fly in the face of the Enlightenment's rationalist and empiricist methodology, we must accord the same consideration to Holocaust deniers--and to racists, flat-earthers, and other peculiar or dangerous believers-as we do to religious believers. To do otherwise is for the government to accept as true the claims of particular religious believers--a course of action that is dangerous to government and religion alike, and is therefore wisely rejected by the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses.
In the German TV show for brides and grooms "Dream Wedding", the winning couple is awarded with a fictitious wedding rite. Though obviously not real, participants experience this magic ceremony as highly meaningful. TV has occupied a field which used to be the domain of religion.
There is a growing realization among international relations scholars and practitioners that religion is a critical factor in global politics. The Iranian Revolution, the September 11 attacks, the ethno-religious conflicts such as the ones in the former Yugoslavia and Sri Lanka are among the many reasons for this increased focus on religion in international affairs. The rise of religious political parties across the world ranging from the Christian Democrats in Europe to Bharatiya Janata Party in India similarly illustrated religion's heightened international profile. Despite all this attention, it is challenging to situate religion within a discipline which has been dominantly secular from its inception. Only a few existent works have ventured to integrate religion into core international relations theories such as Classical Realism, Neorealism, Neoliberalism, Constructivism and the English school. This work is the first systematic attempt to comparatively assess the place of religion in the aforementioned theoretical strands of international relations with contemporary examples from around the world. Written in an accessible and systematic fashion, this book will be an important addition to the fields of both religion and international relations. Nukhet A. Sandal is Assistant Professor in the Political Science Department at Ohio University. Jonathan Fox is Professor in the Department of Political Studies at Bar Ilan University, Israel.
Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- The Author -- Table of Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- General Introduction -- 1. General Background of the Country -- I. Basic Structures -- II. General Legal System -- 2. Social Facts about Religion -- I. Religious Affiliation -- Part I. Legal Framework and Sources -- Chapter 1. Basic Law -- 1. Overview -- I. The Preamble -- II. Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion -- III. Institutional Guarantees -- IV. Religious Instruction in Public Schools -- V. Equal Treatment -- VI. Oath of Office -- 2. Constitutional Provisions of the State -- Chapter 2. Other Legislation Relating to Religion -- 1. Array of Legislation -- 2. Treaty Law -- 3. Basic Structure of Legislation -- Chapter 3. Typology of the System -- 1. Separation and Cooperation -- 2. Neutrality -- 3. Tolerance -- 4. Pluralism -- 5. Equality -- Part II. Religious Freedom in General -- Chapter 1. Individual Religious Freedom -- 1. Normative Structures -- 2. Functions -- 3. Scope of Individual Guarantee -- I. Nationality -- II. Religious Maturity -- A. Role of Parents and Legal Guardians -- B. Federal Act on the Religious Upbringing of Children -- 4. Limitation to and Derogation from Freedom of Religion or Belief -- Chapter 2. Organizational Religious Freedom -- 1. Basic Principles -- I. Corporative Freedom -- II. Freedom to Form Religious Communities -- III. Fundamental Rights of Legal Persons -- A. Scope of Legal Persons -- B. Foreign Legal Persons -- C. Nature of Rights -- D. Notion of Religious Community -- Chapter 3. Religious Freedom and Equality -- 1. Constitutional Guarantees -- 2. General Non-discrimination -- 3. Institutional Equality -- 4. Equal Treatment of Non-religious and Philosophical Communities -- Part III. Legal Status of Religious Communities -- Chapter 1. Formal Status of Religious Communities.
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La presencia de la religión en la vida cotidiana, así como las complejas articulaciones que se establecen entre las diversas instituciones religiosas en Argentina con el Estado, la sociedad política y la sociedad civil se constituyen en problemáticas de interés analítico en el campo de los estudios sociales, políticos y culturales. Ampliar el campo de conocimiento sobre el fenómeno religioso y sobre las múltiples interacciones e influencias que se dan entre las instituciones y actores religiosos con las instituciones públicas y políticas, particularmente a la hora de incidir en la formulación, diseño e implementación de políticas públicas, se constituye en un aporte valioso para comprender los complejos vínculos entre la religión y la política en las democracias contemporáneas. La presente propuesta pretende profundizar, a nivel regional, los conocimientos alcanzados en el proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo durante los años 2008-2011, titulado "Religión y Estructura Social en Argentina en el siglo XXI" (ANPCYT, PICT 2005-20666) y se enmarca en un estudio de alcance nacional denominado "Religión, sexualidades, educación y asistencia social. Alcances e influencias de las religiones en las 24 jurisdicciones de la Argentina contemporánea" (ANPCTYT, PICT 2010-2062). En esta línea de investigación, la actual propuesta plantea abordar un recorte de la problemática desarrollada en el proyecto nacional, centrando el análisis en la proyección de las religiones en la provincia de Mendoza y circunscribiéndolo al estudio de las áreas de educación y las relaciones de género (sexualidad). Algunos de los interrogantes que guían esta investigación se formulan en torno al modo en que los grupos religiosos se articulan con los poderes públicos en la provincia, al modo en que las organizaciones religiosas negocian legitimidades con el Estado e influyen en la orientación e implementación de las políticas educativas, de salud sexual y reproductiva. Las hipótesis arriesgadas trazan la existencia de una tensión entre la mayor demanda y visibilidad de derechos ciudadanos y la pretensión de las instituciones religiosas hegemónicas de universalizar su moral religiosa; la discontinuidad entre la normativa inclusiva en términos de derechos ciudadanos y sus grados de aplicación en el marco de determinadas políticas públicas que presentan una fuerte impronta religiosa; la existencia de diferenciaciones en el modo en que se articulan agentes sociales, religiosos y políticos según las distintas representaciones de la legitimidad que tiene la actuación de los grupos religiosos en los distintos ámbitos de la vida social. La estrategia metodológica propuesta para esta investigación se inserta dentro del paradigma interpretativo, a partir del cual se intentan comprender, reflexivamente, los fenómenos sociales desde la propia perspectiva del actor. Se trata de indagar en los motivos y creencias que sustentan sus acciones sociales para analizar cuáles son las categorías o significaciones que utilizan para interpretar su propia realidad. Se utilizarán técnicas propias de un diseño de investigación cualitativo, recurriendo al análisis documental y de contenido; a las entrevistas en profundidad con actores religiosos, funcionarios estatales, agentes que convergen en el marco educativo y agentes de salud pública; a la observación. ; The presence of religion in everyday life, as well as the complex links between the religious institutions and the state, the civil and political society, makes an important analytical issue in the field of social, political and cultural studies. Enhanced knowledge about the religious phenomena and the multiple influences between religious institutions/actors and public and political institutions when formulating, designing and implementing public policies, contributes to comprehend the complex links between religion and politics in contemporary democracies. This research aims to enhance, on a regional level, the results which were obtained in a former project "Religion and Social Structure in Argentina of the XXI Century" (ANPCYT, PICT 2005-20666) and is part of a national study denominated "Religion, sexualities, education and social assistance: Influence of religion in the 24 provinces of contemporary Argentina" (ANPCYT, PICT 2010-2062). The present research focalizes on the projection of religions in the province of Mendoza, considering the areas of education and gender relations (sexualities). It questions how religious groups relates with the public institutions of the province, how religious organizations negotiate their legitimacy with the state and how these organizations influence the design and implement of educational and health policies. The hypothesis formulates the existence of a tension between the demand and visibility of citizen rights and the pretension of hegemonic religious institutions about universalizing their religious moral; the discontinuity between norms that contemplate citizen rights and their implementation as public policies that presents a strong religious pattern; the existence of differentiation in the articulation among social, religious and political agents according to the diverse representations of the legitimacy the religious groups have in the society. The methodological approach of this research forms part of the interpretative paradigm which aims to comprehend, reflexively, the social phenomena. It seeks the motives and believes which sustain the social action of the agents in order to analyze the categories or significances they use to interpret their reality. It employs qualitative techniques, like documental and content analysis; deep interviews with religious actors, public employees and agents of the health and education system; observation.
In the present paper I conceptualize the democracy of religions and civilizations, in order to present I start with the Dialogue of Civilization and Alliance of Civilizations and I analyzed how they engaged with the questions of religion and politics. I analyzed in the following section the relations between politics and religion in different countries in the East and in the West, I conclude with questions of democracy in the last section. In this last section, I explain what kind of relations between religion and democracy are needed to arrive to the cooperation between countries, I conceptualize as well the concept of tolerance for peace ; El siguiente texto tiene por objetivo presentar lo que denominaré democracia de las religiones y civilizaciones, para llegar a ello primero parto del diálogo de civilizaciones y alianza de civilizaciones que se han desarrollado hasta ahora y analizo cómo abordaban las cuestiones de religión y política. Esto nos llevará a analizar las relaciones entre política y religión en varios países tanto en Oriente como en Occidente, desembocando en las cuestiones de democracia que se abordan en el último apartado. En este apartado se analizará qué conceptos necesitamos de religión y democracia para llegar a la cooperación entre los países, así como la aproximación de la tolerancia para la paz.
