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Evolutionary biology explains why humans hold two kinds of morality: standard morality (based on the Golden Rule) and group moral ity. Group morality causes us to switch off our standard morality, such as our prohibition on killing, when we are threatened by an enemy or rival group. A new recognition of our psychological predilection to divide moral ity into these two codes of practice reveals the "real" reason behind the scholarly fact/value distinction in International Relations (IR) theory. Namely, "value" belongs to standard morality thinking and applies uncom fortably to the behavior of states. Academics defer to the state as the all- important entity on the world stage "factually" without realizing that they are thereby choosing, endorsing, and valuing group morality. They thus take a position that opposes (rather than merely ignores or disqualifies) standard morality; hence they are not "value-free."

Im Gefolge des gescheiterten Putsches vom August 1991 sind in der UdSSR eine Reihe von Dokumenten publiziert worden, die Aufschluß geben über die Rolle der Internationalen Abteilung des ZK der KPdSU und die geheimen Transaktionen von Parteigeldern ins westliche Ausland. Die Dokumente belegen darüber hinaus, daß auch in der Ära von Glasnost und Perestrojka weiterhin eine finanzielle Unterstützung westlicher und östlicher kommunistischer Parteien durch die KPdSU stattfand. (BIOst-Srt)

For a second year in a row, the American Society of International Law had to convene an all virtual annual meeting because the COVID-19 pandemic made international travel and gathering in cavernous ballrooms impossible. I had the pleasure of chairing a pre-recorded panel on the rise of restrictions on data flows and digital technologies, which featured a stellar cast of experts distributed across three continents and time zones. This panel depended on the digital infrastructure provided by a private videoconferencing company on top of the public infrastructure of interconnectivity that the internet has supplied for more than three decades. As the pandemic forced people around the world into lockdowns—albeit asynchronously and unevenly—it further mainstreamed the use of communications platforms for everyday interactions, whether public or private, whether for business or leisure.

This is a draft chapter for B. R. Chiswick and P. W. Miller (eds.) Handbook on the Economics of International Migration. It provides an overview of trends and developments in international migration since the industrial revolution. We focus principally on long-distance migration to rich destination countries, the settler economies in the nineteenth century and later the OECD. The chapter describes the structure, direction and determinants of migration flows and the assimilation experience of migrants. It also examines the impact of migration on destination and source countries, and explores the political economy behind the evolution of immigration policy. We provide an historical context for current debates on immigration and immigration policy and we conclude by speculating on future trends.

"Historical Theories of International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Developing Countries and International Law" published on by Oxford University Press.

This article: Problematizes the concept of 'home' and 'hospitality' in the case of unfinished states in terms of sovereignty. Argues that the concept of home is always preconditioned by the differences of host and guest; in cases where these two are intermingled/confused/unclear, the concept of home changes too. Looks at local and international narratives on Kosovo as a struggle of conceptual ownerships. Asserts that international and local narratives are always already both subject and object, yet fully neither at the same time, they exist and are destroyed by their own, and their subjectivity therefore lies in their autoimmunity, which makes them intrinsically undecidable. States that the Serbs and the Albanians have reached a historical point on their claim on Kosovo, where they share Kosovo as a state beyond 'home' (beyond sovereignty); for the Serbs, Kosovo as their previous 'home' is beyond remedy, for the Albanians Kosovo as their new/legitimate 'home' is beyond reach.This article examines local narratives on Kosovo and their role in crafting and articulating interpretations of Kosovo and international missions. Using the concept of 'home', as used and conceptualised by Jacques Derrida, the article reverses the order of who is 'guest' and 'host' in Kosovo and how that defines the local narratives on the subject. In the first part, attention is paid solely to letting local narratives deconstruct themselves, while in the second part we let them deconstruct the international narrative on Kosovo. The aim of the article is to present Kosovo as a battleground of division and commonality among the narratives and at the same time as an 'impossible' 'home' of all its narratives. In conclusion, some thoughts pave the way for the idea of 'renegotiating' the concept of 'home' with particular focus on 'home' in interventions and missions and its ultimate influence on the ethics of intervention.

As part of the skilled labor group, international students have quite a high potential to decide their country's future direction. This means there is a need for deeper understanding regarding the views and identity of international students, which are affected by their study tenure abroad. As such, this paper aims to shed new light on how mobility as a form of migration affected the identity of Indonesian international students as a group of migrants. To achieve this purpose, five international students from Indonesia, both current and former, were interviewed in-depth to understand these post-mobility changes in their identity. From these interviews, it was revealed that their experience abroad, not exactly the mobility act itself, is the one with more impact on their identity. Most expressed that their time abroad has changed their perspective and general world-view, such as they feel more like are global citizens or more concerned about environmental and humanity issues. In turn, even though their Indonesian root is still visible, sometimes they are also seen as akin to a stranger in their own home.

With the horrific incident on September 11 in the US, the US armed forces entered Afghanistan to shut the door to terrorism. Now, Afghanistan opens a new page for Afghanistan's internal and external political system. Afghanistan as a country that has pursued regional cooperation from neighboring countries, especially from India. India is the most promising country for Afghanistan's foreign policy and diplomatic relations in areas such as economic, cultural, technical, capacity building, military and other growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the development process of the two countries India and Pakistan in an effort to establish international relations. With a qualitative approach This research resulted in India being one of the countries which, after September 11, 2001, and the leadership of the Taliban, succeeded in gaining more opportunities for the people of Afghanistan. His non-hostile contributions to Middle Eastern and Middle Eastern countries have created a special place for the people of Afghanistan. India after independence in 1947, started friendly relations with Afghanistan two years later, until now, has enthusiastically and dedicably made their contribution to Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan in this case get many benefits from India's bilateral relations, namely the construction of the Salma Dam in Herat, Delaram Road Development, Allotment of 1000 Afghan Student Scholarships in Human Resource Development per year, the Repair of the Afghan Foreign Minister Complex, the establishment of the Afghan Parliament Building, the Opening of Chabahar Port, Strengthening the Equipment of the Afghan Military Forces, Air Corridors, and India's efforts to get Afghanistan to gain Membership in Regional Cooperation Bodies such as SAARC, BRICS, Asia Heart 'Istanbul Process'.

"Development analysts tend to give short shrift to the seemingly minor bureaucratic hitches faced by practitioners--those who design, manage, implement, and evaluate aid projects.? Often critical of foreign aid either for its apparent ineffectiveness at alleviating poverty or its purported neocolonial implications, the academic literature rarely acknowledges the experiences and pressures faced by practitioners themselves as they implement aid-funded development projects--the meetings, paperwork, negotiations, site visits, financial transactions, logistical arrangements, interviews, program activities, and beneficiary interactions--that keep projects running. And yet the impact of aid projects, and indeed the impact of development itself, often grows out of the daily activities and personal interactions of development practitioners. This unique book considers challenges from the perspective of development practitioners who confront technical, managerial, political, theoretical, and moral quandaries on a daily basis. With chapters written by expert practitioners on different aspects of design and management of international development activities, this book examines real issues and navigates the often contradictory demands of local development needs, including international donor imperatives; limited financial resources, time, information, and assurance of results; the competing pulls of administrative efficiency; and the desire to alleviate suffering. It also gives readers access to the crucial but little-heard voices of those who spend their professional lives designing and managing foreign aid projects, offering insight into what did or did not work on projects they have managed, implemented, or evaluated. These insights do not seek to identify universally right or wrong ways of doing development; instead, they highlight pros and cons associated with various approaches and decisions. This book provides valuable insights for students and others interested in a development career, encourages practitioners to engage in reflection, and persuades researchers to further consider the influence of practice on project success or failure.