Suchergebnisse

Whether they live in low, middle or high income countries, many women encounter barriers to breastfeeding. Worldwide, fewer than 40% of infants under six months old are breastfed exclusively and more than half of newborns are not breastfed within the first hour of life (UNICEF Global Databases 2014). Many of the barriers to breastfeeding are socio-cultural, economic or relate to the lack of support from health services (Save the Children 2013). Socio-cultural barriers include societal norms for infant feeding, inappropriate advice from family and friends, lack of acceptability of breastfeeding in public spaces, and cultural beliefs e.g. that breastmilk alone is inadequate to meet the nutritional needs of babies. Economic barriers include the need for women to engage in paid employment soon after birth and the influence of commercial interests e.g. lobbying and advertising by breast-milk substitutes companies. Health service barriers include lack of skilled practitioners and lack of breastfeeding support programmes in hospitals and communities. The evidence for what enables women to breastfeeding highlights the importance of factors such as mother-to-mother support/peer counselling and initiatives such as the UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative (Renfrew et al 2012), adequate paid maternity leave, legislation to support breastfeeding mothers in the workplace, and implementation and monitoring of the WHO Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Previous studies have highlighted that global and national organisations are key to protecting, promoting breastfeeding, and supporting women to breastfeed but their efforts are not always harmonised or effective (UNICEF 2013). This study aimed to explore the role of global and national organisations in influencing political will to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. The objectives were to: highlight examples of good practice where global and national organisations have successfully influenced national political commitment to breastfeeding; identify barriers that prevent global and national organisations from influencing national governments to prioritise breastfeeding; and make recommendations for how global organisations can more effectively influence political commitment to breastfeeding. .We conducted case studies of six countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines and the United Kingdom. The countries were selected to represent different geographical regions, income levels and a range of experiences and achievements in protecting and promoting breastfeeding, and supporting women to breastfeed. Each case study comprised:1. a desk-based review of published and grey literature; 2.telephone interviews with 23 key informants from 19 global organisations across the six countries (an additional 16 informants from 10 global organisations provided written responses to the interview questions)3.an online survey of national organisations to which 20 organisations responded. Data were collected during November and December 2014. The research material was analysed and triangulated under key themes. Each case study was written up following a structured template and reviewed by respondents from global organisations who had participated in the study for accuracy and clarification.The findings of the case studies identified that global and national organisations were most effective when they worked collaboratively using strong, unified and consistent breastfeeding messages such as the Common Narrative approach used in Bangladesh. Our study highlighted four components that coalitions of global, national and government partners need to incorporate in their plans to successfully improve breastfeeding practices at scale. These are: creating an enabling environment for breastfeeding through implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code) and maternity protection legislation; implementing infant and young child feeding programmes that focus on health facilities and community support, and include individual counselling; raising community awareness of the importance of breastfeeding using mass media such as television, radio and social media; and equipping all health workers with the knowledge and skills to support women to breastfeed. According to our study, the most common barrier to governments' commitment to breastfeeding is inadequate implementation of the Code and the negative influence of representatives of BMS companies. Other barriers include a lack of effective global leadership for breastfeeding, lack of knowledge, capacity and staff turnover at national government level, lack of accurate data and lack of resources for breastfeeding programmes. Our study culminated in four over-arching recommendations:1.Enhance and strengthen international leadership on breastfeeding2.Facilitate and support national government ownership of breastfeeding-focussed initiatives, policies, plans and programmes3.Initiate improved collaboration and coordination among global and national organisations operating at the national level4.At both international and national levels, enhance breastfeeding advocacy and communications through the identification of breastfeeding champions, including pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers and families, and fathers, as well as the provision of consistent breastfeeding messages.ReferencesUNICEF Global Databases (2014). Infant and Young Child Feeding. Available at www.data.unicef.org/nutrition/iycfSave the Children (2013). Superfood for babies: how overcoming barriers to breastfeeding will save babies lives. London: Save the Children Renfrew MJ, McCormick FM, Wade A, Quinn B, Dowswell T. (2012) Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5: DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub4.UNICEF (2014) Breastfeeding on the worldwide agenda: findings from a landscape analysis on political commitment for programmes to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. New York: United Nations Children's FundThe study was funded by Save the Children UK and supported by a Project Advisory Group with representation from Alive & Thrive, Helen Keller Institute, MAINN, UNICEF IYCF Group and WHO. The full report is available at: http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/breastfeeding-policy-matters

Conditions of rapid social disorganisation can overtax the intellectual capacity of the average citizen, resulting in communication disorganisation. During the 1975-76 civil war in Lebanon, the multiplicity of socio-political variables and the acceleration of the tempo of their interac tion overwhelmed the individual's capacity to arrive at a coherent and objective explanation of the war situation that could win the consensus of a small gathering of friends. The diversity of interpretations presented within the group tended to frustrate communication, and produced hostile polemics, with patterns resembling those found in compulsive-obsessional neuroses. The present paper analyses this cognitively induced state of psychopathology, as expressed in small groups observed by the author. Social psychologists have long observed that group solidarity and cohesiveness increase markedly whenever a collection of individuals face a common external threat or stress. Schachter (1959) theorised that the greater the anticipated threat, the stronger is the desire to await its pain in the company of others in the same predicament. Adopting Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory, Schachter postulated that the arousal of any strong emotion evokes a need for comparison. If emotions are assumed to be non-specific affective states, then per sons can only evaluate the quality, intensity and appropriateness of their emotions by compar ing their own reaction with those of others. Accordingly, novel and unpredictably threatening stimuli are expected to induce a greater tendency to affiliate, because an individual is more obliged to seek out other persons in order to define the emotional effect of unfamiliar stimuli. A large body of literature indicates that group cohesiveness tends to affect group interaction in the following three major ways: (a) it increases the group's capacity to retain members and enhances their participation in group activities; (b) it brings about conformity to group norms; (c) it reduces member's anxiety and heightens their self-esteem (Cartwright, 1968). The first phase (1975-76) of the Lebanese civil war was largely fought in urban centres and directly involved non-combatant civilian population who tended to suffer a great number of casualties. Such exposure to danger no doubt tended to enhance cohesiveness among in teracting individuals, as evidenced by accounts of increase in visiting and mutual assistance among neighbours and relatives. Under such conditions, one would expect to find evidence of the effects of cohesiveness within friendly group encounters. The author visited Lebanon during a pause following the above-mentioned period of in tense fighting, and was impressed by a certain pattern of group interaction that seemed to be contrary to that expected from cohesiveness theory. This group pattern was expressed within small gatherings of friends and relatives, and consisted of heated arguments, characterised by extreme diversity of political interpretations and by the use of generalised statements with affective overtones of anger and hostility. Every such gathering observed by the author ended in a quarrel, or with feelings of frustration and negativism; this and the intellectual processes expressed in the arguments were suggestive of collective psychopathology. The members were middle class, Christian Lebanese, living in the western, predominantly Moslem section of Beirut. They had remained in their homes during the fighting, did not formally belong to any political party, and were characterised by lack of homogeneity in their political leanings. The need to share news and experiences, and the need to map a threatening environment no doubt were responsible for the increase in the frequency of these get-together meetings. Their problematical aspect was that they not only failed to achieve any level of conformity or consensus on interpretation of events, but also accentuated differences in views and attitudes and promoted individual antagonisms. This paper will attempt to show that this disruptive counter-cohesive force was a product of intellectual disorganisation (cognitive anomie) pro duced in the process of communication. The intellectual disorganisation was engendered through attempts at comprehending a highly complex and threatening situation that over whelmed the intellectual capacity of members to explain and to communicate their explanations.

In this article, the author studied the issue of taking prisoners of war by the Russian army payingspecial attention to international agreements regulating this process signed by the Government of theRussian Empire and regulatory documents in the form of regulations and instructions, which did not alwayscomply with these international agreements. The author also emphasizes the fact that the process of takingGerman and Austrian-Hungarian prisoners of war by soldiers of the Russian Empire did not always complywith these instructions and provisions.For example, according to international agreements signed by thegovernment of the Russian Empire, a prisoner of war had to state only his name and rank. However,according to the regulatory documents regulating the prisoners of war interrogation issue, approved by thesame government, he had to answer a number of questions relating the information on his military unit,the state of the enemy army, and the information the enemy was aware of on the Russian army. In addition,the author gives an example of certain military units, which did not even try to comply with regulatorydocuments, treated the prisoners of war very cruelly, and sometimes even executed them.The author considers the issue of placement of prisoners of war in the territory of the Russian Empire,which highlights the plans of the Government of the Russian Empire regarding this issue, and gives a numberof objective reasons preventing the implementation of these plans. Taking into account the regulatorydocuments and recollections of eyewitnesses, he analyzes the procedure for the transfer of prisoners of warfrom the moment of their capture to the places of their detention.On the ground of the provisions on prisonersof war, he characterizes the standards of their living arrangements and describes the way these were put intolife, focusing his attention on their stay in Ukrainian territories. The author comes to the conclusion thatprisoners' of war living arrangements did not always meet the established norms. They were very differentdepending on where the prisoners of war were.Their living conditions in the military units differed fromthe living conditions in the prisoners' camps or the places of their labor exploitation.Also, sometimestheir living arrangements varied depending on which nationality a prisoner of war was. Therefore, livingarrangements were better for the Slavic prisoners of war than for the Germans or the Hungarians. A part ofthe prisoners of war was transferred to the private parties for assistance in housekeeping. There were evencases when such prisoners of war, getting to the widows' households, started living together as spouses.The author examines the structure of the institutions and organizations of the Russian Empire, whichwere supposed to keep records of prisoners of war, and gives reasons why these records were not aseffective as it was expected and dozens of thousands of prisoners of war were lost in the expanses of theRussian Empire. ; В данной статье автор исследовал тему нормативно-правовой базы, которая была разработана намеждународных конференциях и регулировала вопросы захвата, размещения и учета военнопленных.В статье рассматриваются и нормативные документы, выданные в Российской империи, которые такжерегулировали этот вопрос, хотя они и отличались от международных договоренностей, подписанныхправительством Российской империи. Что касается самого процесса захвата военнопленных, автор при-ходит к выводу, что он не всегда отвечал принятым инструкциям и положениям, чему мешала психологиясолдат, осуществлявших этот процесс.По проблеме размещения военнопленных на территории Российской империи автор приводит не-сколько планов правительства Российской империи и ряд объективных причин, которые не дали емувозможность эти планы осуществить. Также автор характеризует условия проживания военнопленных,акцентируя свое внимание на их пребывании на украинских территориях, и приходит к выводу, что онине всегда соответствовали нормативно-правовой базе, были очень разными и зависели от того, на какихработах, в каком лагере находился военнопленный. К тому же условия проживания зависели еще и отнациональности и воинского звания военнопленного. Так военнопленные славяне имели ряд льгот, ко-торые были направлены на улучшение условий их пребывания в плену, чего не было у военнопленныхнемцев и венгров. Хотя в международных договоренностях, которые накануне войны были подписаныправительством Российской империи, такая дифференциация условий содержания военнопленных, в за-висимости от их национальности, предусмотрена не была, что является свидетельством нарушения этихсоглашений.Автор описывает систему учета военнопленных и дает оценку ее эффективности, освещая целыйряд проблем, которые мешали вести точный учет военнопленных в Российской империи. Выявлены не-достатки оформления военнопленных, что приводило к путанице при их перемещении, и в результатетысячи военнопленных были не учтенные, и их близкие не могли получить о них никакой информации,а они, в свою очередь, не получали письма и помощь. ; У даній статті автор досліджував тематику нормативно-правової бази, яку було розроблено на між-народних конференціях і яка регулювала питання захоплення, розміщення і обліку військовополонених.У статті розглядаються і нормативні документи, видані у Російській імперії, які також регулювали цепитання, хоча у дечому і відрізнялися від міжнародних домовленостей, підписаних урядом Російськоїімперії. Стосовно самого процесу захоплення військовополонених автор приходить до висновку, що вінне завжди відповідав прийнятим інструкціям і положенням, цьому перш за все заважала психологія сол-датів, які здійснювали цей процес.Щодо проблеми розміщення військовополонених на території Російської імперії автор наводитьдекілька проектів уряду Російської імперії і низку об'єктивних причин, що не дали йому можливість ціпроекти втілити у життя. Також автор характеризує умови проживання військовополонених, акцентуючисвою увагу на їхньому перебуванні на українських територіях, і доходить висновку, що вони не завждивідповідали нормативно-правовій базі, були дуже строкатими і залежали від того, на яких роботах, уякому таборі перебував військовополонений. До того ж умови проживання залежали ще й від націо-нальності та військового звання полоненого. Так, військовополонені слов'яни мали низку пільг, які булиспрямовані на покращення умов їхнього перебування у полоні, чого не мали військовополонені німціта угорці. Хоча у міжнародних домовленостях, які напередодні війни були підписані урядом Російськоїімперії, така диференціація умов утримання військовополонених, залежно від їхньої національності, пе-редбачена не була, що є свідченням порушення цих угод.Автор описує систему обліку військовополонених і дає оцінку її ефективності, висвітлюючи цілунизку проблем, які заважали вести точний облік військовополонених у Російській імперії. Виявлено не-доліки оформлення військовополонених, що призводили до плутанини під час їхнього переміщення, і урезультаті тисячі військовополонених були не враховані, та їхні близькі не могли отримати про них ніякуінформацію, а вони, у свою чергу, не отримувати листи і допомогу.

[eng] The object of study of this research is the right to Personal Data Protection within the framework of the EU-US E-Market legal regime. Its characteristics, as well as the features of the main actors participating into that E-Market, make possible to consider it as a proper basis for the development of an International/Universal legal system treaty-based. The Actors and Relations included by the research are the duty bearers of Personal Data Protection law, both State and Private Entity Activities. Nonetheless, the Informal Power Relation between State and Private organization is also taken into account since there are some informal agreements or coordination between State Agencies and IT Corporations on data sharing and processing. The time frame of the research is 2001-2016 (after the terrorist's attack in USA on 9/11 until the most recent reform of the EU-US E-Market regime in 2016). The research's point of departure is International Human Rights Law, as far as it recognizes a general framework to support and regulate personal data protection on cyberspace realm. Nonetheless, the distinctive characters of cyberspace demand a well designed, at universal level, specific regulation and mechanisms to guarantee such fundamental rights relating personal data protection internationally. Accordingly, Research Hypothesis is represented in double issues: first, effective personal data protection on cyberspace needs the establishment of an International/Universal legal system treaty-based; second, EU Regime on personal data protection in cyberspace and current EU-US agreements on this issue can be used as a model for initiating such International/Universal Treaty. The structure of the thesis is divided into six chapters, being Chapter 1 the research design and Chapter 6 the conclusions and recommendations coming from the research. So, Chapter 2 analyzes Universal Legal Instruments, EU Laws and EU-US Agreements in force before 5th June 2013 (critical turning point date because of the revelations of Mass Electronic Surveillance presented then on World Wide Web). Within this legal framework, Chapter 3 studies hard cases about personal data protection in US domestic courts and in the Court of Justice of European Union, in order to search for precise interpretation of the right to personal data protection in cyberspace that, later, had to be taken into account by US and EU in their further legal reforms. Chapter 4 analyses and reviews the legal instruments enacted through the reform of the EU personal data protection regime and the new EU-US Bilateral Agreements currently in force. Finally, Chapter 5 evaluates the possibility to initiate an International Treaty for regulating data using across borders. Considering the initiatives of either international governmental organizations or non-governmental movements in the field, the chapter shows how a set of principles can be extracted from the reforms in the EU and EU-US regime and how they can be used to create an International Regime for protection of personal data in cyberspace. ; [cat] L'objecte d'estudi d'aquesta recerca és el dret a la protecció de les dades personals en el marc del règim jurídic aplicable al mercat electrònic UE-Estats Units. Les seves característiques, així com les dels principals actors que intervenen en aquest mercat, permeten considerar aquest règim jurídic com una base adequada per al possible desenvolupament d'un tractat internacional de vocació universal sobre protecció de dades personals en el ciberespai. Els actors i les relacions incloses en la recerca són els responsables de les obligacions jurídiques en matèria de protecció de dades personals, tant entitats públiques com a privades. Malgrat això, també es tenen en compte les 'relacions informals de poder' entre Estat i organitzacions privades, donada l'existència d'acords informals o coordinació entre tots dos per a l'intercanvi i processament de dades. El marc temporal de la recerca és 2001-2016 (després dels atemptats del 9/11 a Estats Units i fins a la més recent reforma del règim UE-EUA culminada en 2016). El punt de partida d'aquesta recerca és el Dret Internacional dels Drets Humans, que conté el marc general per al suport i regulació de la protecció de dades personals en el ciberespai. Ara bé, els caràcters distintius del ciberespai exigeixen una regulació i mecanismes específics ben dissenyats, a nivell universal, per garantir internacionalment els esmentats drets fonamentals relatius a la protecció de dades personals. Conseqüentment, la hipòtesi de recerca es formula de la següent manera: en primer lloc, la protecció eficaç de les dades personals en el ciberespai necessita l'establiment d'un sistema jurídic internacional d'abast universal basat en tractats; en segon lloc, el règim de la UE sobre protecció de dades personals en el ciberespai i els actuals acords UE- Estats Units sobre aquesta qüestió poden utilitzar-se com a model per a l'elaboració d'aquest Tractat Internacional. L'estructura de la tesi es divideix en sis capítols, essent el Capítol 1 el disseny de la recerca i el Capítol 6 les conclusions i recomanacions que es desprenen de la recerca. Així, el Capítol 2 analitza els Instruments Jurídics Universals, les normes de la UE i els acords UE-EUA vigents abans 5 de juny de 2013 (data crítica a causa de les revelacions sobre Vigilància Electrònica en massa, presentades mundialment aquest dia). Dins d'aquest marc jurídic, el Capítol 3 realitza una anàlisi jurisprudencial i analitza una selecció de casos sobre protecció de dades personals suscitades davant els tribunals interns d'Estats Units i davant el Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea, amb l'objectiu d'identificar la interpretació precisa del dret a la protecció de dades personals en el ciberespai que, posteriorment, ha hagut de tenir en compte la reforma normativa a Estats Units i en la UE sobre aquesta matèria. El Capítol 4 analitza i revisa els instruments jurídics promulgats en virtut de la reforma del règim de protecció de dades personals de la UE i els nous acords bilaterals entre la UE i els Estats Units actualment en vigor. Finalment, el Capítol 5 avalua la possibilitat d'elaborar un Tractat Internacional d'abast universal que garanteixi el dret a la protecció de dades personals que 'circulen' pel ciberespai. Tenint en compte les iniciatives formulades per organitzacions governamentals internacionals i pels moviments no governamentals especialitzats, el capítol mostra com es poden extreure un conjunt de principis de les reformes de la UE i del règim aplicable a l'espai UE-EUA i com aquests principis poden utilitzar-se per a la creació d'un règim internacional de protecció de dades personals en el ciberespai. ; [spa] El objeto de estudio de esta investigación es el derecho a la protección de los datos personales en el marco del régimen jurídico aplicable al mercado electrónico UE- Estados Unidos. Sus características, así como las de los principales actores que intervienen en este mercado, permiten considerar este régimen jurídico como una base adecuada para el posible desarrollo de un tratado internacional de vocación universal sobre protección de datos personales en el ciberespacio. Los actores y las relaciones incluidas en la investigación son los responsables de las obligaciones jurídicas en materia de protección de datos personales, tanto entidades públicas como privadas. No obstante, también se tienen en cuenta las 'relaciones informales de poder' entre Estado y organizaciones privadas, dada la existencia de acuerdos informales o coordinación entre ambos para el intercambio y procesamiento de datos. El marco temporal de la investigación es 2001-2016 (después de los atentados del 9/11 en Estados Unidos y hasta la más reciente reforma del régimen UE-EEUU culminada en 2016). El punto de partida de la investigación es el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, que contiene el marco general para el apoyo y regulación de la protección de datos personales en el ciberespacio. Sin embargo, los caracteres distintivos del ciberespacio exigen una regulación y mecanismos específicos bien diseñados, a nivel universal, para garantizar internacionalmente tales derechos fundamentales relativos a la protección de datos personales. Consecuentemente, la hipótesis de investigación se formula del siguiente modo: en primer lugar, la protección eficaz de los datos personales en el ciberespacio necesita el establecimiento de un sistema jurídico internacional de alcance universal basado en tratados; en segundo lugar, el régimen de la UE sobre protección de datos personales en el ciberespacio y los actuales acuerdos UE-Estados Unidos sobre esta cuestión pueden utilizarse como modelo para la elaboración de dicho Tratado Internacional. La estructura de la tesis se divide en seis capítulos, siendo el Capítulo 1 el \diseño de la investigación y el Capítulo 6 las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se desprenden de la investigación. Así, el Capítulo 2 analiza los Instrumentos Jurídicos Universales, las normas de la UE y los acuerdos UE-EEUU vigentes antes del 5 de junio de 2013 (fecha crítica debido a las revelaciones sobre Vigilancia Electrónica en Masa presentadas mundialmente ese día). Dentro de ese marco jurídico, el Capítulo 3 realiza un análisis jurisprudencial y analiza una selección de casos sobre protección de datos personales suscitados ante los tribunales internos de Estados Unidos y ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, con el objetivo de identificar la interpretación precisa del derecho a la protección de datos personales en el ciberespacio que, posteriormente, ha debido tener en cuenta la reforma normativa en Estados Unidos y en la UE sobre esta materia. El Capítulo 4 analiza y revisa los instrumentos jurídicos promulgados en virtud de la reforma del régimen de protección de datos personales de la UE y los nuevos acuerdos bilaterales entre la UE y los Estados Unidos actualmente en vigor. Por último, el Capítulo 5 evalúa la posibilidad de elaborar un Tratado Internacional de alcance universal que garantice el derecho a la protección de datos personales que 'circulan' en el ciberespacio. Teniendo en cuenta las iniciativas formuladas por organizaciones gubernamentales internacionales y por los movimientos no gubernamentales especializados, el capítulo muestra cómo se pueden extraer un conjunto de principios de las reformas de la UE y del régimen aplicable en el espacio UE-EEUU y cómo esos principios pueden utilizarse para la creación de un régimen internacional de protección de datos personales en el ciberespacio.

The Catalan tongue is a Roman language coming from the popular Latin previously spoken in the land of Roussillon and Catalonia. It is the day to day language of about 7 million people today, and it is the center of a very ancient and huge literature which first texts dated from the XIth century. An official language of Catalonia since 1716, Catalan has been forbidden by General Franco in 1939 and remained privately or secretly spoken until the democratic transition in Spain, when it came back to official use. For the last few years, the Catalan language has become the center of the Catalan nationalism, which could lead Catalonia to independence. Language, law and politics are tightly connected in this matter, even if the link between them is not easy to understand precisely. ; Langue romane parlée par plus de 7 millions de personnes dans le monde, le catalan est un idiome historiquement issu de la continuation autochtone du latin vernaculaire en usage en Roussillon et en Catalogne. De par sa relative stabilité, ainsi que la toponymie et la phonétique le démontrent, il est le support d'une littérature très ancienne qui remonte au XIème siècle et prolifère aujourd'hui. Son aire locutoire contemporaine s'étend, au-delà de la Catalogne proprement dite, à une partie de l'Aragon, à la région de Valence et aux Baléares. Langue officielle jusqu'en 1716 sur ce territoire, et co-officielle entre 1931 et 1939, le catalan a été interdit en 1939 par une ordonnance du Général Franco. Sous le régime franquiste, le matériel d'impression des éditeurs catalanistes fut ainsi confisqué, le dictionnaire de référence saisi, la censure instaurée, et nombre de livres détruits. Mais avec le retour de la démocratie, la Catalogne a obtenu un statut de co-officialité pour le catalan, et a engagé un programme de revitalisation, fondé notamment sur l'enseignement primaire immersif dans la langue. Depuis une dizaine d'années, le statut de la langue fait l'objet d'un contentieux devant les tribunaux, et alimente une partie du discours ...

PurposeLocal cultures under the nation-states have evolved and produced new concepts. Migrations and cultural interactions have also influenced the language. Thus, different conceptualisations of migration have developed in the "Malay World." Language is not only a product of ecological and geographical environment, but it is also a result of human mobilisations and cultural intercourses. The differences caused by various Malay World conceptualisations are also related to different interactions, histories and social realities. In the "Malay World," Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia are threatened by English hegemony. At this juncture, demonstrating these interrelationships helps one to understand local cultural intercourses between culture and social reality.Design/methodology/approachThis paper implements the critical discourse analysis, notably, the dialectical–relational approach to different conceptualisations in the "Malay World." Thus, it aims to discuss the reasons behind the usage of migration-related terms in Indonesia and Malaysia. How migration terms mainly shape social forms, process and circulate in the social world is argued in this paper. The authors target to investigate the local meaning sets for migration concepts and explore self-reflectivity in and critique of the usage of established images between Bahasa Indonesia and Malay concepts, using a Critical Discourse Analysis framework. The discussion section attempts to analyse and explain dialectical relations between social norms and social elements.FindingsTrade diasporas, culture and identities of immigrants, cultural richness and multi-ethnicity have continuously diversified the conceptualisations. These concepts also indicate cultural dominations and exclusions. Thus, the migration dynamics in Southeast Asia might be understood by scrutinising these boundaries and patterns. This study showed that migration conceptualisations in the Malay world are substantially locally determined. Local wisdom and cultural codifications prevail in the migration context. A deeper understanding of the local context is essential in evaluating the international refugee protection mechanisms in these countries as neither Indonesia nor Malaysia are parties to the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.Research limitations/implicationsDefinitions of various types of migration are referred to in multiple terminologies throughout the Nusantara. While in Bahasa Melayu, migrant refers to pendatang, nomadic refers to nomad; refugee refers to pelarian, to migrate refers to berhijrah; in Bahasa Indonesia, migrant refers to migran, nomadic or nomad refers pengembara, refugee refers to pengungsi and migrate, or migration refers migrasi. At the same time, in the Nusantara, many communities define themselves according to their geographical features, such as Orang Sungai, Orang Laut or Orang Kuala. In this context, defining leads to a significant impact on shaping the discourses and approaches.Practical implicationsDefinitions determine the borders, flexibilities, plausibility and flows of terms. Critical Discourse Analysis especially placed emphasis on languages and their impacts on social reality. According to Critical Discourse Analysis, terms and their genealogies, transformations and limits are vital in order to comprehend social facts and truth. To understand the change and continuity of migration flow in Southeast Asia, scrutinising the migration-related terms is crucial. This study aims to examine those main terms, their connection with other words, and their transformation in the Malay world sociologically. This as such will shed more light on the social changes regarding genealogical relationships and their usage in daily life within the Critical Discourse Analysis.Originality/valueThis study aims to fulfil the gap between authentic concepts of migration literature in Nusantara. Although Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia have a strong connection and interaction, migration definitions in these languages are separated from each other. Cultural and social elements greatly influence migration-connected terms in Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia. Without this understanding and the absence of local context, any assessment of their refugee protection systems may be incomplete. This study deals with different cultural nuances and refinements and their migration conceptualisations and histories are based on the ground of their social realities.

Background. The article reviews the speeches of the participants of the All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birthday of Doctor of Law, Professor Vasyl Luk'yanovych Muntyan, on the topic "Legal problems of rational nature use, nature protection and a safe environment in Ukraine." The event was organized and held jointly by the Department of Land and Agrarian Law and the Department of Environmental Law of the Educational and Scientific Law School of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, October 21, 2022. The purpose of the article is analysis of scientific heritage of Professor Vasyl Luk'yanovych Muntyan, to highlight scientific-theoretical and legal approaches to the further development of environmental, land and agrarian legal research in the context of national environmental as well as land and agrarian policy, taking into account the proposals made by the participants of the conference from the standpoint of current legislation as far as the participation of our state in international and European integration processes is considered. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the general scientific dialectical method of learning social phenomena in their interrelationship and development, as well as scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, interpretation of legal norms, formal and legal, historical, comparative and legal, prognostic methods etc. Results. The participants of the conference paid attention to the current problems of the development of agrarian, land and environmental law in the context of overcoming the consequences of large-scale russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine and the transition to peaceful development in the future. Proposals were given for improvement of environmental, land, agrarian and natural resources legislation and law enforcement practice, as well as for the development of environmental, land and agrarian legal science in Ukraine through the prism of generational inheritance and scientific heritage of Prof. V. L. Muntyan. In the scientist's research, the concept of rational nature management is embedded as a fundamental principle of environmental law, science and state management. The idea of legal provision of rational nature use meets modern requirements for reforming ecological and legal reality, harmonizing relations between man and nature on the basis of sustainable development and economical use of natural resources, development of Ukraine as a European, legal, social and ecological state, implementation of the constitutional principles of the Ukrainian people's property on land. More than 60 years ago, Prof. V. L. Muntyan actualized the need to solve the problems of wind and water erosion of soils, the negative impact of deforestation on the condition of agricultural lands and careless management; he pointed out the need to adopt the Law on Soil Protection. Conclusions. The need to eliminate fragmentation in further studies of problems of the methodology of development of environmental, land and agrarian law in order to form a system of guarantees of the effectiveness of the law, to determine ways of improving the legislation in the sources of national environmental, land and agrarian policy has been determined. The study and generalization of law enforcement practice will make it possible to evaluate the positive and negative results of the introduction of the principles of sustainable development, the elimination of corruption in the process of land reform, reforms in mining, forestry, water, agriculture, industry and other sectors of economy, ensuring environmental safety, observing and protecting rights human, prevention of negative climate changes. During the martial law and in the reconstruction period – after overcoming the Russian military aggression against our country – the entire legal system should be aimed at building Ukraine as a European, legal, social and ecological state.

"Legal weakness" constitutes a multifaceted and polymorphous phenomenon. Moreover, in the order of social reality, the effective condition of vulnerability is its substratum: the unique experience of suffering from fragility, feeling violated/vulnerable (which is not something homogeneous, since it recognizes variable origins, intensities, and determinations). Accordingly, we go through the most relevant elements of the problem from the perspective of Private Law in its obligatory dialogue with the International Human Rights System. After some sociological approaches and public policies advised by the UN (UNDP), we highlight some deployments and remedies already considered by the current legislation to face the assistance of the "weak party" (consumers, tenants, contractors of asymmetric business). Notably, we look at four special protective microsystems provided for in Argentine Private Law: (a) children and adolescents; (b) people who suffer from mental illnesses; (c) patients in their relationship with health agents and institutions; (d) people with disabilities. Our purpose is to infer from the accumulated legal experience some valuable bases for designing a "Comprehensive Program for the Protection of the Legally Weak" capable of capturing the common notes of legal vulnerability without ignoring the specificities of its plurality of expressions. To this end, the program requires the synergy between civil, constitutional norms and "positive action measures" (special statutory rights). Furthermore, its articulation should overcome the narrow horizons of traditional private law models focused on the patrimonial aspects of legal relations between individuals. In pursuit of a "Humanitarian Civil Law" all of the above is inspired by human dignity and personal rights as a first-order value and social solidarity as a hermeneutical matrix. ; La "debilidad jurídica" constituye un fenómeno multifacético y polimorfo. Su sustrato en el orden de la realidad social es la condición efectiva de vulnerabilidad: la experiencia singular de padecer la fragilidad, el sentirse vulnerado/vulnerable (lo cual no es algo homogéneo, pues reconoce orígenes, intensidades y determinaciones variables). En este sentido, discurrimos por las aristas más relevantes de la problemática desde la perspectiva del Derecho Privado en su obligado diálogo con el Sistema Internacional de Derechos Humanos. Luego de algunos abordajes sociológicos y de políticas públicas aconsejadas por la ONU (PNUD), relevamos algunos despliegues y remedios ya considerados por la legislación vigente para afrontar la asistencia de la "parte débil" (consumidores, inquilinos, contratantes de negocios asimétricos) y, en particular, cuatro microsistemas tuitivos especiales previstos en el Derecho Privado argentino: (a) para niños y adolescentes; (b) personas que sufren de padecimientos mentales; (c) pacientes en su relación con los agentes e instituciones sanitarias; (d) personas con discapacidad. Nuestro propósito consiste en inferir de la experiencia jurídica acumulada algunas bases útiles para el diseño de un "Programa Integral de Protección de los Débiles Jurídicos" susceptible de captar las notas comunes de la vulnerabilidad jurídica sin soslayar las especificidades de su pluralidad de expresiones. A tal fin dicho programa requiere de la sinergia entre normas civiles, constitucionales y "medidas de acción positiva" (derechos estatutarios especiales), cuya articulación haga posible superar los estrechos horizontes de los modelos iusprivatistas tradicionales centrados en los aspectos patrimoniales de las relaciones jurídicas entre particulares. Ello en pos de un "Derecho Civil Humanitario" inspirado en el respeto de la dignidad de la persona humana y de sus derechos personalísimos como valor de primer orden y en la solidaridad social como matriz hermenéutica prioritaria.