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Offizieller Standpunkt von staatlicher Institution + Aus australischer Sicht

A comprehensive analysis of UN sanctions shows their effectiveness in reaching political goals by the UN, also in Iraq. Their humanitarian side effects (harming the human rights of the Iraqi people in an unlegitimate way mostly through US-sanctions policy) were very grave in Iraq, so that the obvious conclusion must be enhanced, that they have to be optimized toward smart sanctions. Though, the discussion has moved forward, it is shown by lessons learned from a particular analysis of UN sanctions with a further development of the model of analysis by Hufbauer, Schott and Elliott, that sanctions policies could be enhanced by a new detailed model of effective sanctions for the UN in maintenance of international peace and security. Finally one must recognize, that even in Iraq, the official goal of the UN- disarming Iraq of weapons of mass destruction – has been fulfilled largely, putting another evidence to the relative overall effectiveness of UN sanctions, also proven by other examples, like Rhodesia and South Africa.

Ülkelerin giderek daha fazla liberal politikaları benimsemeye başlamasıyla beraber gerek doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar gerekse portföy yatırımları dünya genelinde artmaya başlamıştır. Yabancı yatırımlar olarak adlandırılan bu tür yatırımları ülkeler kendilerine çekmek için çaba harcamaktadırlar. Daha çok gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından önemli olduğu düşünülen yabancı yatırımlar, gelişmiş ülkeler tarafından da önemle talep edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde doğrudan yabancı yatırımların büyüme ve işsizlik üzerinde, portföy yatırımlarının ise büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır. Yabancı yatırımların gelişmiş ülkeler ile gelişmekte olan ülkelere olan etkilerinin de karşılaştırıldığı bu çalışmada; 15 gelişmiş, 15 gelişmekte olan ülke seçilmiş bu ülkelerin 1993-2018 yılları arası yıllık verileri kullanılarak panel veri analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerin büyüme oranlarını artırdığı, işsizlik oranlarını ise azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Buna karşın portföy yatırımlarının gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin büyüme oranları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak bir etkisi görülmemiştir. Ayrıca doğrudan yabancı yatırımların; gelişmekte olan ülkelerin büyüme oranlarının artmasına ve işsizlik oranlarının düşmesine sağladığı katkının, gelişmiş ülkelere sağladığı katkıdan daha fazla olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu kapsamda doğrudan yabancı yatırımları çekmek isteyen ülkeler açısından; bürokratik engellerin azaltılması, çeşitli teşviklerin sağlanması, altyapıların iyileştirilmesi, yatırım yapmak isteyen şirketlere organize sanayi bölgelerinden bedelsiz ya da düşük bedellerle yer sağlanması ve enerji desteği gibi uygulamalar doğrudan yabancı yatırım girişlerini arttıracak faktörler olarak düşünülebilir.

Mit dem Sieg des Präsidentschaftskandidaten der Oppositionspartei Democratic Progressive Party (Minzhu jinbu dang) (DPP) haben die taiwanesischen Wähler der 54jährigen Regierungsherrschaft der Kuomintang (Guomindang) (KMT) in Taiwan ein Ende bereitet. Das politische Mandat des Südtaiwanesen Chen Shui-bian (Chen Shuibian) hat jedoch keine absolute Mehrheit hinter sich. Die Schaffung eines überparteilichen Konsenses wird künftig für innen- und außenpolitische Fragen - vor allem in Bezug auf die Chinapolitik - notwendig sein. Als neuer Faktor wird dabei die Gründung einer weiteren Partei durch Anhänger um das ehemalige KMT-Mitglied und unabhängigen Präsidentschaftskandidaten James Soong (Song Zhuyu) auftreten, zu der bisherige KMT-Mitglieder stoßen dürften. Die KMT steht nach dem Rücktritt ihres Vorsitzenden Lee Teng-hui (Li Denghui) vor schmerzhaften Reformen und der Suche nach einem neuen Platz im Parteiensystem Taiwans. Die DPP wiederum wird um eine mehrheitsfähige neue Parteiposition bzgl. ihrer Chinapolitik ringen müssen. (BIOst-Dok)

1Arbitration — Two phases — Tribunal concerning Bank for International Settlements — First phase of arbitration — Bank organized as company limited by shares — Whether Bank an international organization — Applicable law — Bank amending Statutes — Bank compulsorily recalling private shares — Legality of Bank's actions — Legality of recall of shares and procedures used — Amendment of Statutes by addition of Article 18A — Conformity with Bank's Statutes — Articles 57 and 58 of Statutes — Interpretation — Conformity with international law principles — Compensation — Adequacy — Valuation of compulsorily recalled shares — Applicable law — Final phase of arbitration — Determination of exact amount Bank owing per share — Valuation of real estate — Bank's counterclaim against second claimantInternational organizations — Bank for International Settlements — Legal character and status — Bank having private shareholders — Bank possessing Constituent Charter granted by Switzerland — Bank created by treaty — Whether Bank an international organization — Origins, functions and purpose — Bank's Constituent Instruments — 1930 Hague Agreement — Charter — Statutes — Law governing Bank and its relations with private shareholders — Whether Bank having sovereign powers — Legality of Bank's recall of shares and procedures used — Whether Bank having power to add Article 18A to Statutes — Whether Bank using correct valuation method for compensationTreaties — 1930 Hague Agreement — Creation of Bank for International Settlements — Bank's Charter annexe to 1930 Hague Agreement — Company limited by shares — Constituent Instruments of Bank — Treaty origins of Bank — Legal character and status of Bank — Applicable lawRelationship of international law and municipal law — 1930 Hague Agreement — Bank's Charter annexed to 1930 Hague Agreement — Swiss monist system — Switzerland granting Constituent Charter to Bank — Creation of Bank — Whether Swiss law applicable — Whether international law applicable — Legality of recall of shares and procedures used — Conformity with Statutes — Interpretation of Statutes — Article 31(3)(b) of Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, 1969 — Conformity with 2international law principles — Expropriation — Bank's Constituent Instruments — Status — Relationship of Constituent Instruments with international lawExpropriation — Bank compulsorily repurchasing private shares — Legality of Bank's actions — Whether contrary to international law of expropriation — Whether Bank's actions meeting requirements — Public interest — Non-discrimination — CompensationDamages — Compensation — Adequacy — Whether amount paid by Bank for recalled shares adequate — Valuation of compulso- rily recalled shares — Applicable law — Method of valuation — Valuation of real estate — Bank's counterclaim against Claimant No 2 — Whether Claimant No 2 breaching Article 54(1) of Bank's Statutes — Bank's request for declaratory relief — Interest — Costs and expenses

Three years ago, more than 400 members of the Spanish Association of International Law and International Relations Professors (AEPDIRI from the Spanish) signed the 'Statement on the Lack of Foundation on International Law of the Independence Referendum that Has Been Convened in Catalonia', dated 19 September 2017. With the perspective afforded by hindsight, this article will explore why it was a timely and necessary statement, reflecting the intellectuals' civic responsibility to society, and why the statement's concise content perfectly reflects the truth of contemporary international law. ; Reflexiones sobre la "Declaración sobre la falta de fundamentación en el Derecho Internacional delreferéndum de independenciaque se pretende celebrar enCataluña" firmada por profesores de Derecho internacional y relaciones internacionales de la AEPDIRI, en 2017 Hace tres años, más de 400 miembros de la Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho internacional y relaciones internacionales (AEPDIRI) firmaron la "Declaración sobre la falta de fundamentación en el Derecho Internacional delreferéndum de independenciaque se pretende celebrar enCataluña", con fecha 19 de septiembre de 2017. Con la perspectiva que regala el paso del tiempo, las líneas siguientes reflexionan por qué fue una declaración oportuna y necesaria, reflejo del compromiso cívico de los intelectuales con la sociedad y por qué su contenido refleja de forma concisa la verdad del derecho internacional contemporáneo. ; Réflexions sur la «Déclaration concernant l'absence de fondement au regard du Droit International du référendum sur l'indépendance que d'aucuns voudraient voir se tenir en Catalogne», signée par des Professeurs de Droit International et de Relations Internationales de l'AEPDIRI, en 2017 Voilà trois ans, plus de 400 membres de l'Association Espagnole des Professeurs de Droit International et de Relations Internationales (AEPDIRI) signèrent la «Déclaration concernant l'absence de fondement au regard du Droit International du référendum sur l'indépendance que d'aucuns voudraient voir se tenir en Catalogne», datée du 19 septembre 2017. Au fil du temps, les perspectives vont se précisant: ainsi les lignes suivantes sont-elles le fruit d'une réflexion sur le caractère idoine - voire nécessaire - d'une déclaration témoignant de l'engagement civique des intellectuels à l'égard de la société, le contenu de ladite déclaration reflétant à son tour avec concision la vérité du droit international contemporain.

O principal objetivo desse artigo é discutir a experiência do Laboratório de Relações Internacionais (LARI) da Universidade Católica de Santos. Formado em 2016, o LARI estabeleceu três práticas educativas com o objetivo de desenvolver as competências dos estudantes de Relações Internacionais e da comunidade em seu entorno, por meio de parcerias com escolas e outras instituições nacionais. As três práticas educativas desenvolvidas no LARI são: Modelo de Simulação das Nações Unidas, Observatório de Relações Internacionais e Informação do Estado de Origem de Refugiados. Em todas essas práticas têm se utilizado dos princípios da aprendizagem por elaboração de projetos, ao colocar os estudantes da graduação como agentes fundamentais em seu processo aprendizado. Os resultados do LARI têm demonstrado que essas práticas educativas, fomentadas na extensão, são ferramentas importantes para o desenvolvimento de diversas competências entre os estudantes: argumentação, análise crítica, desenvolvimento do olhar à pesquisa, organização e trabalho em equipe.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem por elaboração de projetos; Projetos de Extensão; Ensino em Relações Internacionais. This article aims to discuss the experience of the International Relations Laboratory (LARI) at the Catholic University of Santos. LARI was founded in 2016 and since then it has established three educational practices aimed at improving the skills of International Relations students and the surrounding community, through partnerships with schools and other national institutions. LARI now runs the following educational practices: Model United Nations, International Relations Observatory and Refugee State Information of Origin. All of these practices have adopted the principles of project-based learning, in which students are placed at the center of the learning process. The results of the LARI have demonstrated that these educational practices, fostered by the university extension projects, are important tools for the development of many capacities among the students, such as: argumentation, critical analysis, research practice, organization and team work. Keywords: Project based-learning; University extension project; International Relations Education. Recebido em: 26 out. 2018| Aceito em 19 jun. 2019