Suchergebnisse

В статье представлена краткая информация об основных элементах образовательной политики Турецкой Республики, также статья рассматривает исторические пути развития системы образования со времен Османской Империи до настоящего времени. Данная работа позволяет рассмотреть влияние, оказываемое Турецкой Республикой на другие государства через политику мягкой силы. По системе расчета индекса образовательного потенциала, основанного на квалиметрической модели идеолого-образовательной логистики, предлагается качественно рассмотреть основные тенденции национальных систем образования как фундамента, позволяющего оказывать влияния на отдельные регионы мира, используя свой накопленный потенциал. Отмечается внешне-образовательная функция Турецкой Республики, выраженная в системе развития качественного и конкурентоспособного образования, позволяющего развивать внешнеполитический курс, выбранный руководством государства.Целью исследования является анализ основных факторов, влияющих на образовательную политику Турецкой Республики, выраженной в структурных оценках политики мягкой силы.Задачи исследования:– определить и исследовать основные закономерности, позволяющие выявить условия расширения системы национального образования Турецкой Республики на другие регионы мира;– исследовать исторический путь развития системы национального образования от Османской Империи до современной Турецкой Республики;– качественно характеризовать степень конкурентоспособности образовательной системы Турецкой Республики;– конкретизировать ценностные ориентиры национальных образовательных систем, влияющих на формирование политики мягкой силы.– разработать методологические основы концепции по оценке государственно-образовательной политики, основанной на количественно-качественной модели идеолого-образовательной логистики, по оценке индекса развития образования.Объект исследования – система государственно-образовательной политики Турецкой Республики.Предмет исследования – факторы, структуры, системы, модели и основные направления трансформации образовательной политики, выражаемые в политике мягкой силы и распространением ее на другие регионы мира, реализуемые Турецкой Республикой.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автор сделал попытку создать интегральную модель оценки уровня развития государства, основанной на широком диапазоне различных информативных данных, включающих различные показатели.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в педагогической, экономической, политической деятельностях, где требуется оценить уровень развития государства как в отдельном, так и интегральных аспектах. ; The article presents brief information about the main elements of the educational policy of the Republic of Turkey, and the article also examines the historical ways of development of the education system from the time of the Ottoman Empire until the present time. This work allows us to consider the influence that the Republic of Turkey exerts on other states through a policy of soft power. The system for calculating the index of educational potential based on the qualimetric model of ideological and educational logistics suggests examining the main trends of national education systems. This system allows to exert influence on regions of the world, using their accumulated potential. The external educational function of the Republic of Turkey is expressed in the system of developing qualitative and competitive education, which allows to develop the foreign policy course was selected by the government.The purpose of the research is the analyze of the main factors of influencing the educational policy of the Republic of Turkey. Which is expressed in structural assessments of soft power politics.Tasks of the study to:– define and to study the basic of basics of the development of the national education of the Republic of Turkey. Which expands the influence on other countries;– study the historical path of development of the system of national education from the Ottoman Empire until the modern Turkish Republic;– characterize the degree of competitiveness of the educational system of the Republic of Turkey;– develop the methodological bases of the concept of the evaluation of state-educational policy. Which is based by the quantitative and the qualitative model of ideological and educational logistics, according to the evaluation of the education development index.The object of the study is the system of the state of the educational policy of the Republic of Turkey.The subject of the study is the research are factors, structures, systems, models and main directions of the transformation of educational policy. Which are expressed by the policy of soft power and it spreads on other regions of the world is implemented by the Republic of Turkey.Methodology in article scientific abstraction, classification, comparison, as well as concepts and principles of innovation management, methods of comparative analysis, methods of peer review were used.The results. The results of the work are about making an attempt to create an integral model of assessing the state development level based on a wide range of various informative data, including different indicators.Practical implications. The results of the research can be used in pedagogical, economic, political practices where it is required to assess the level of state development both in a separate and integral aspects.

Introduction Although average injury rates are decreasing, large inequalities continue to exist between countries within the European Union. Mortality rates from injury for children aged 0-19 in Lithuania in 2014 were 19/100,000 whereas in Spain the rate was 4/100,000. Within countries the picture is mixed and children's injury risk is related to factors such as their socio-economic status or the education level and employment status of their parents. The impact of these factors means that important inequalities exist within countries in localised pockets of poverty and deprivation but also in wealthy areas. Better prevention of child injury is thus needed; however, it is a multi-sectoral undertaking. Risk factors are multi-faceted: social, environmental, and economic. Responsibility for controlling these risk factors transcends traditional policy sectors. Child injury prevention also occurs at multiple levels of governance; from local action to initiatives at international (European or global) level. Furthermore, injury prevention requires participation from the public and private sector and from civil society. This thesis explores the space between research and practice in the field of child safety in Europe. The research focuses upon the challenges for decision makers to analyse their local situation, choose interventions and put them into practice. Method The thesis focuses on four domains of child injury: road; water and home safety; and intentional injury prevention. Data collection for Chapters Three, Four and Six occurred between 2011 and 2014 within the framework of the EU-funded project; 'Tools to Address Childhood Trauma and Children's Safety' (TACTICS). Participants were also involved in the TACTICS project and came from 27 countries of the WHO European Region. Chapters Two and Five are based on literature reviews conducted outside the framework of the TACTICS project. The theoretical underpinning of the thesis is based first: upon the Public Health Approach to injury prevention from Sleet et al., that underlines the importance of both an evidence-based approach and evidence-based practice within injury prevention. Second: the governance for health framework by Kickbusch and Gleicher which proposes the whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach to effective health governance. Third: the six stages of implementation proposed by Fixsen et al., theoretically guides the process of implementation. A combination of research methods was used throughout. Literature reviews guided the direction of the thesis and informed the content of the models and tools proposed. Quantitative and qualitative data was generated to identify the different sectors implicated in child injury prevention. A public health ethical framework was applied to an existing child safety intervention to explore ethical considerations. Finally, qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis to explore the process of implementation. Results A practical tool for use at the local level to address the cross-cutting nature of child injury prevention was developed. The tool is based on Haddon's matrix and takes a life-course approach to injury prevention. It was developed for use by multi-sector stakeholders at the local level to better understand the complexity of child injury and develop multi-sectoral solutions. Twenty-seven different policy sectors were found to be implicated in child safety. Of these 27 sectors nine sectors were identified as 'core' sectors: Education; Health; Home Affairs; Justice; Media; Recreation; Research; Social/Welfare Services; Consumers Core sectors were considered applicable across the whole of child safety. Child safety reference frameworks (CSRF) were developed for use at the sub-national level. CSRF, can be used to inform policy makers about possible evidence-based child safety interventions, to assess the state of affairs in the region and to compare the situation regionally, nationally, internationally or over time. An ethical assessment of an intervention for child safety in the home highlights the relevance of public health ethics to child safety interventions. A thematic content analysis of facilitators and barriers for the adoption, implementation and monitoring of child safety interventions resulted in the identification of eight themes found to be applicable, to a varying degree, throughout the three phases of the process: Management and collaboration; Resources; Leadership; Nature of the intervention; Political, social and cultural environment; Visibility; Nature of the injury problem; Analysis and interpretation. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the multi-sectoral nature of child injury prevention and the challenges of implementation within an issue of such complexity. With a greater uptake of interventions it is hoped that the inequalities between and within countries could be reduced. The findings and tools presented in this thesis may help stakeholders at the local and regional levels to take action to protect children from injury.

ABSTRACTThis study examined about the national insights students of boarding senior high school and its implications to the personal resilience of students Indonesia archipelago vision (SMA A), senior high school inside the military environment (SMA B) and senior high school outside the military environment (SMA C) in Magelang, Central of Java Province. This study used mixed methods by combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data collection research used test for national insight, questionnaires for personal resilience and deep interviews with teachers and students from class X and XI SMA A, SMA B and SMA C. Research data analysis used T(t-test) and Pearson Correlation Test by using SPSS statistical version16.0 and continued qualitative analysis. The results showed that (1). There was a difference national insight students of SMA A, SMA B and SMA C. The highest percentage of the best answer was excellent on the nationalism indicator with the percentage of 81% achievement and excellent on the sense of nationality indicator of 85% was achieved by SMA A, while the national spirit indicator percentage of the highest answer was achieved by SMA C at 83% ; (2). There was a positive correlation between national insights students of SMA A, SMA B and SMA C and their personal resilience with the highest percentage of excellent answer score on the indicator of ductility by obtaining a percentage of 87% and excellent on the tenacity and excellent on the toughness indicator of 85% reached by SMA C. The strength of weak or small correlation due to the morality of Pancasila which became the foundation of national insight was not a main factor to established a basic relationship of personel resilience, but the other factors were required that faith in the heart that would determine the individual's tenacity which naturally underlied the formation of toughness so as to achieved personal resilience of students. Suggestion of this research that the operational guidance for teachers, schools and developers of national education curriculum would be needed to integrated the values of faith in the internalization of education with national insight, the need for educational facilities that supported the development of the national character of students and the need for exemplary parents and teachers as well as increased cooperation with related institutions to instilled awareness of the importance of national insight for the next generation of the nation. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengenai wawasan kebangsaan siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas dan implikasinya terhadap ketahanan pribadi siswa (SMA) Umum Berasrama Berwawasan Nusantara (SMA A), SMA Umum di lingkungan milliter (SMA B) dan SMA Umum di luar lingkungan militer (SMA C) di Kabupaten Magelang, Provinsi Jawa Tengah.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode campuran (mixed methode) menggabungkan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes wawasan kebangsaan, angket ketahanan pribadi, wawancara dan analisis dokumen. Analisis data menggunakan uji T (t-test) dan uji korelasi Pearson Product Moment dengan software statistik SPSS versi 16.0 serta analisis data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1). Terdapat perbedaan wawasan kebangsaan siswa SMA A, SMA B dan SMA C dalam hal tujuan dan model pembelajaran serta kegiatan intrakurikuler. Persentase jawaban benar tertinggi dan sangat baik pada indikator paham kebangsaan sebesar 81% dan sangat baik pada indikator rasa kebangsaan sebesar 85% dicapai oleh SMA A, sedangkan pada indikator semangat kebangsaan sebesar 83% dicapai oleh SMA C; (2). Terdapat hubungan positif antara wawasan kebangsaan dan ketahanan pribadi siswa SMA A, SMA B dan SMA C, dengan kekuatan hubungan antara variabel adalah lemah/ kecil, disebabkan karena ketahanan pribadi tidak hanya ditumbuhkan oleh moral Pancasila yang menjadi landasan wawasan kebangsaan, melainkan perlu adanya faktor lain yaitu taqwa dalam kalbu yang akan menentukan keuletan individu. Persentase skor jawaban tertinggi sangat baik pada indikator keuletan sebesar 87% dan ketangguhan sebesar 85% dicapai oleh SMA C. Kekuatan hubungan antara variabel wawasan kebangsaan dengan variabel ketahanan pribadi lemah/ kecil disebabkan karena moralitas Pancasila yang menjadi landasan wawasan kebangsaan bukan merupakan faktor utama untuk membentuk hubungan dasar ketahanan pribadi, melainkan perlu adanya faktor lain yaitu taqwa dalam kalbu, yang akan menentukan keuletan individu yang secara alami mendasari terwujudnya ketangguhan sehingga mencapai ketahanan pribadi siswa. Saran penelitian bahwa diperlukan adanya panduan operasional bagi guru, sekolah dan pengembang kurikulum pendidikan nasional untuk mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai taqwa dalam internalisasi pendidikan berwawasan kebangsaan, perlu adanya fasilitas pendidikan yang mendukung pengembangan karakter kebangsaan siswa dan perlu adanya keteladanan orang tua dan guru serta peningkatan kerjasama dengan lembaga terkait guna menanamkan kesadaran pentingnya wawasan kebangsaan bagi generasi penerus bangsa

The importance and necessity of transition to the paradigm of sustainable development of Russian fishing enterprises is associated with the accumulation of many complex and unsolved problems. First of all, they concern the low susceptibility to innovation and the significant technological inferiority in comparison with the developed countries, as well as the lack of systematic implementation of a national industrial policy aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the industry. The purpose of the study is to propose a methodology for assessing the economic sustainability of fishing enterprises on the basis of generalizing the achievements of economic theory and practice. To achieve the goal, methods of comparative multidimensional analysis, as well as dialectical and general scientific methods were used. The paper provides a critical assessment of common approaches to assessing the economic sustainability of the enterprise. The system of quantitative and qualitative indicators for assessing the economic sustainability of fishing organizations, which takes into account the strategic factors of enterprise development, has been proposed. The work provides an opportunity for an in-depth understanding of the problem of economic sustainability and its comprehensive solution. In particular, the proposed system of indicators can serve as a methodical tool to justify the effectiveness of government support measures because it allows ranking the fishing business structures according to their economic sustainability, and therefore,select government recipients of budgetary funds, preferential credit resources and other government measures. In conclusion, the definition of economic sustainability is clarified. ; La importancia y la necesidad de la transición al paradigma del desarrollo sostenible de las empresas pesqueras rusas está asociada a la acumulación de muchos problemas complejos y no resueltos. En primer lugar, se refieren a la baja susceptibilidad a la innovación y la significativa inferioridad tecnológica en comparación con los países desarrollados, así como a la falta de implementación sistemática de una política industrial nacional dirigida a garantizar el desarrollo sostenible de la industria. El propósito del estudio es proponer una metodología para evaluar la sostenibilidad económica de las empresas pesqueras sobre la base de generalizar los logros de la teoría y la práctica económica. Para lograr el objetivo, se utilizaron métodos de análisis multidimensional comparativo, así como métodos dialécticos y científicos generales. El documento proporciona una evaluación crítica de los enfoques comunes para evaluar la sostenibilidad económica de la empresa. Se ha propuesto el sistema de indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos para evaluar la sostenibilidad económica de las organizaciones pesqueras, que tiene en cuenta los factores estratégicos del desarrollo empresarial. El trabajo brinda la oportunidad de comprender en profundidad el problema de la sostenibilidad económica y su solución integral. En particular, el sistema de indicadores propuesto puede servir como una herramienta metódica para justificar la efectividad de las medidas de apoyo del gobierno porque permite clasificar las estructuras de lasempresas pesqueras de acuerdo con su sostenibilidad económica y, por lo tanto, seleccionar a los receptores gubernamentales de fondos presupuestarios, recursos crediticios preferenciales y Otras medidas gubernamentales. En conclusión, se aclara la definición de sostenibilidad económica. ; A importância e necessidade da transição para o paradigma do desenvolvimento sustentável das empresas de pesca russas está associada à acumulação de muitos problemas complexos e não resolvidos. Em primeiro lugar, dizem respeito à baixa suscetibilidade à inovação e à significativa inferioridade tecnológica em comparação com os países desenvolvidos, bem como à falta de implementação sistemática de uma política industrial nacional que vise garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável da indústria. O objetivo do estudo é propor uma metodologia para avaliar a sustentabilidade econômica das empresas pesqueiras com base na generalização das conquistas da teoria e prática econômica. Para atingir o objetivo, métodos de análise comparativa multidimensional, bem como métodos científicos dialéticos e gerais foram utilizados. O documento fornece uma avaliação crítica de abordagens comuns para avaliar a sustentabilidade econômica da empresa. O sistema de indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos para avaliar a sustentabilidade econômica das organizações pesqueiras, que leva em conta os fatores estratégicos de desenvolvimento empresarial, foi proposto. O trabalho oferece uma oportunidade para uma compreensão profunda do problema da sustentabilidade econômica e de sua solução abrangente. Em particular, o sistema proposto de indicadores pode servir como uma ferramenta metódica para justificar a eficácia das medidas de apoio do governo, pois permite classificar as estruturas do negócio pesqueiro de acordo com sua sustentabilidade econômica e, portanto, selecionar beneficiários governamentais de recursos orçamentários, recursos de crédito preferencial e outras medidas governamentais. Em conclusão, a definição de sustentabilidade econômica é esclarecida.

Introducción. En Colombia poco se sabe sobre cómo ciertos determinantes de la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) y del entorno afectan la salud mental de los médicos de Cuidado Crítico tal que los lleven a sufrir agotamiento profesional (burnout), condición definida por la combinación de agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y falta de realización profesional. El objetivo fue analizar cómo la UCI está configurada y puede esconder determinantes de salud interrelacionados que lleven a esta situación. Métodos. Investigación doctoral con enfoque mixto secuencial para a) identificar implicaciones del burnout en la Salud Pública; b) desarrollar un modelo de estudio de la UCI basado en el concepto de "sistema social" según Oakes; c) explorar –bajo una teoría fundamentada según Strauss and Corbin- una 'configuración' de la UCI y cuáles estructuras/procesos pueden llevar al burnout en médicos intensivistas; d) analizar su riesgo de burnout dados esas estructuras/procesos a través de un estudio caso-control; e) proponer a la UCI -bajo una noción de "programa de investigación" según Lakatos- como punto de convergencia entre la Epidemiología Social y la Economía Política. Resultados. En implicaciones, el burnout puede comprometer el desempeño del profesional de salud permanentemente y debería ser abordado como una enfermedad crónica silenciosa; el modelo de estudio incluyó la especialidad, el equipamiento, el edificio hospitalario y el entorno como potenciales determinantes de salud; la fase cualitativa mostró una especialidad masculina, reactiva, altamente dependiente de tecnologías médicas, falta de recursos hospitalarios e improvisación y un trabajo precario; la fase cuantitativa confirmó un alto riesgo de burnout en médicos intensivistas varones (OR 9,28; p0,001) soportando turnos nocturnos sin descanso (OR 2,37; p=0,02), ruido (OR 2,38; p=0,011), maltrato por compañeros (OR 3,44; p=0,026), relación de salario ideal/real 65% (OR 2,42; p=0,015), concentración territorial (OR 2,86; p=0,005), además de otros factores comunes de riesgo físicos y biológicos; la propuesta sugirió la UCI como una plataforma de investigación transdisciplinar para crear reflexión, preguntas y alternativas a este caso. Conclusiones. El modelo y los hallazgos pueden explicar la UCI como un sistema social incómodo propenso a generar desigualdad e inequidad en salud; por ende, el burnout puede surgir ahí. Este estudio intenta generar consciencia y llevar a los actores y tomadores de decisiones en Salud Pública para abordar estos hechos a tiempo. ; Introduction. In Colombia, little is known on how certain Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and environment determinants affect ICU physicians' mental health leading them to burnout, condition defined by combination of emotional exhaustion, despersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment. Objective was to analyze how ICU is configured and may conceal interrelated health determinants causing burnout in those health professionals. Methods. PhD thesis research using sequential, mixed methods approach to: a) identify implications of burnout in Public Health; b) develop a study model of ICU based upon Oakes' concept of "social system"; c) explore -under Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory- ICU's 'configuration' and which structures/processes may lead to burnout in ICU physicians; d) analyze burnout risk to them given those structures/processes through a case-control study; e) propose -under Lakatos' notion of "research program"- ICU as convergence point for both social epidemiology and political economics. Results. In implications, burnout might compromise health worker's performance permanently and should be addressed as a silent chronic disease; study model included specialty, equipment, facility and environment as potential health determinants; qualitative phase elicited a male-dominated, not-proactive specialty, highly dependent on medical technology, hospital's lack of resources and improvisation, and precarious job; quantitative phase confirmed high risk of burnout in ICU male physicians (OR 9,28; p0,001) undergoing restless night shifts (OR 2,37; p=0,02), noise (OR 2,38; p=0,011), peer abuse (OR 3,44; p=0,026), salary ratio ideal/real 65% (OR 2,42; p=0,015), maldistribution (OR 2,86; p=0,005), besides common biological, physical risk factors; proposal suggested ICU as transdisciplinary research platform to create insight, questions and alternatives to this case. Conclusions. Model and findings may explain ICU as an uncomfortable social system prone to inequity and health inequalities; hence, burnout may hatch there. This study attempts to raise awareness and to lead stakeholders and Public Health decision-makers to timely address these issues. ; Doctorado

Magistritöö Ökonoomika ja ettevõtluse õppekaval ; Ehkki argiselt seostub toidukao mõiste eeskätte alatoitumuse ja näljaga võitlevate arengumaadega, on probleem rõsine ka kõrge heaolu- ja elatustasemega riikide jaoks. Viimast ilmestavad kirevalt näiteks hüppelised toiduainete hinnatõusud Euroopas, kus hindade kasvutempo ei ole enam korrelatsioonis palgataseme tõusuga, vaid on selle juba ületanud. Toidu ostujõu langusega seonduvalt on üha teravamaks probleemiks ja EL-I kodanike võimekus varustada end täisväärtuslike ja kvaliteetsete toiduainetega. Eestis on varasemalt uuritud toidukao ja jäärmete teket kodumajapidamistes, toitlustusasutustes ning kaubandus- ja toiduainetööstusettevõtetes, kuid põllumajandusliku esmatootmise tasandil ei ole seda veel tehtud, mistõttu Eesti Maaeluministeerium on tellinud Eesti Maaülikoolilt aastates 2016- 2020 vastava uurimuse läbiviimise. Antud uurimuse alaosana on käesoleva magistritöö eesmärk kaardistada toidukao ja jäätmete kogused ning peamised tekkepõhjused põllumajandusliku esmatootmise tasandil. Magistritöö teoreetilises osas tuuakse varasematele uurimustele tuginedes välja põllumajandusliku esmatootmistasandi olemus ja toidukao ning jäätmete definitsioon, mis on väga oluline selleks, et uuritav valdkond täpselt ja üheselt arusaadavalt piiritleda. Tähelepanu pööratakse ka Euroopas varasemalt läbi viidud uurimustele ja nende tulemustele ning erinevatele võimalustele toidukao ja jäätmete hindamiseks. Töö empiirilises osas hinnatakse toidukao ja jäätmete koguseid ning tekkepõhjuseid; erinevate faktorite mõju toidukaole ja jäätmetele põllumajandusliku esmatootmise tasandil Eesti nisu- ja hernekasvatajate ning piima- ja veiseliha tootjate näitel. Analüüsiks vajalikud andmed koguti põllumajandustootjate seas läbi viidud fookusgrupi intervjuuga, mis võimaldas saada peamiselt kvalitatiivseid andmeid ja ankeetküsitlustega, mille tulemusena saadi statistiline info toidukao ja jäätmete koguste kvantifitseerimiseks. Uuringu tulemused näitavad, et erinevate põllumajanduslikes tootmistüüpides erinevad toidukao ja jäätmete kogused suuresti, mis tuleneb iga tootmistüübi spetsiifikast. Uuringus osalenud põllumajandustootjate hinnangute alusel on toidukadu piimatootmises kokku 4,25%, lihaveisekasvatuses 2–4%, hernekasvatuses 5,63–13,64% ja nisukasvatuses 32,62–49,35% (protsentuaalselt kogutoodangust). Erinevates tootmistüüpides ning etappides tekkinud kao kogused on uurimuses välja toodud ja neid on võrreldud teiste Euroopas läbi viidud sarnaste uurimuste tulemustega. Jäätmeid tekib põllumajandusliku esmatootmise tasandil vähe ja sealjuures ei saa tihti rääkida toidu jäätmetest, sest tekkivate jäätmete näol ei ole tegemist inimtoiduks mõeldud toidu söödavate osadega. ; Although food loss as a term would daily relate to developing countries which struggle with undernourishment and starvation, it has also become a significant issue for countries with high living standards and well-being. The latter is described by sharply rising food prices in Europe where the growth rate of prices has surpassed the growth of income. As the purchasing power of food declines, citizens of the European Union are facing struggles with the possibility to supply themselves with full-worth and decent quality provisions. In Estonia food loss and waste have previously been researched in terms of households, catering facilities, commerce and food industry. The subject has, however, not been reviewed in agricultural primary production. The Estonian Ministry of Rural Affairs has ordered a study in this for the years 2016–2020 from the Estonian University of Life Sciences. As a subpart of the study, this master's thesis is set to survey food loss and waste together with the main reasons behind it in agricultural primary production. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the nature of agricultural primary production and the definition of food loss and waste are described, based on previous research, which is important for specifying and limiting the research area and topic. Attention is also turned to previous studies and their results in several European countries and different methods for assessing food loss and waste are discussed. In the empirical part of the study, the extent and reasons of food loss and waste are evaluated in Estonian agricultural primary production, with focus on wheat- and pea farming, dairy production and livestock herders. The qualitative research data was gathered from agricultural producers through focus group interviews, which were used as input for surveys in order to gather quantitative data. The survey results were analyzed statistically for the purpose of quantifying and describing the gathered data on food loss and waste. The research shows that food loss and waste quantities differentiate substantially in different production sectors due to sector specific production methods. As an example, dairy producers reported food loss and waste in the extent of 4,25%, livestock herders 2– 4%, pea farmers 5,63–13,64% and wheat farmers 32,62–49,35% (percentage from full production). The research analyzes food loss and waste extent in the studied sectors throughout the production stages and compares these with the results from similar European studies. The study concludes that waste in agricultural primary production is mostly low and can hardly be classified as food loss, as the major of the waste is not planned for human food.

Ghana has managed to become one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a vibrant agricultural market. The country could be a prime example of successful, pro-poor development following economic liberalisation. Though first change is visible even in traditionally impoverished areas of the north, namely the Upper East Region, hunger and chronic poverty are still prevalent. Yet, after decades of restricted public expenditure, 'pro-poor' agricultural policies could now be put in place, to actively improve smallholder lives in the area by various forms of government support. Similarly, foreign development agencies have recently become more engaged in supporting the local agricultural sector. All actors of current relevance have thereby pursued a value chain approach to developing the markets and livelihoods of northern Ghanaian agriculturalists. The contribution to pro-poor, 'sustainable' development, however, remains unclear as at now. This study is therefore concerned with how market dynamics and interventions have influenced 'sustainable development' of the vulnerable and poor in an emerging economy like Ghana. To do so, the study takes a look at smallholder livelihood systems in the Upper East Region of the country. Here, local peasant society is confronted with environmental changes, economic globalisation processes and interventions in agricultural value chains by the local Ministry of Food and Agriculture and foreign donors like USAID. To grasp the impact of market dynamics and interventions within this multidimensional context, this study argues for a combination of a holistic livelihood and a more specific value chain and production network approach as a useful conceptual background. Given this theoretic backdrop, data was collected for over 10 months in two villages of the Upper East, namely in Biu and Mirigu, with a focus on tomato, chili and rice, products of major significance to locals. The main methods applied in the field included qualitative as much as quantitative approaches. Farmer focus group discussions (n=37), in-depth farmer interviews and farm budgets (n=47) were the primary source of data gathered. Expert/key-informant interviews (n=70) and expert group discussions (n=2) were held. A household head survey (n=177) and an expert survey (n=25) were used to check hypotheses previously generated by qualitative methods. Primary and secondary data for tomato, chili, rice and partly also shea value chains was collected. Secondary data, such as confidential government and NGO documents, allow an insider view into farmers' access to subsidies and support. An archive survey of church diaries dating back to 1905, enable a view on local developments in a long-term, historic perspective. This study thereby yields a number of insights with concern for conceptual approaches to the issue of understanding the pro-poor impact of markets, their dynamics and interventions within these. Livelihood analysis proved to be an indispensable approach to understanding important aspects of people-centred, human development potentials and constraints in a local environmental and institutional context. Value chain and production network analysis provided further fruitful insights on market dynamics, their structural outlines, their basic rationales and market terms for the successful participation of locals. It can therefore be concluded that both of these basic notions, either people- or market-centred approaches, should be conceptually merged to advance future research on the pro-poor effect of markets and interventions within them, to specifically address questions of what is here understood as 'livelihood upgrading'. This study further contributes to an understanding of central aspects of local development and possible future avenues to achieving greater livelihood sustainability through government or donor development interventions. Most significantly, it became clear that 'positive', pro-poor market dynamics are also encountered at a local level, but cannot be made use of by spatially and socially marginalised, vulnerable and poor smallholders. That is mainly due to elite capture and corrupt practices, ultimately a question of mal-governance, a lack of grass-roots participation and a disregard for societal dimensions within which interventions are interwoven. Furthermore, neither environmental degradation nor present or future environmental changes, especially climatic ones and those with regard to soils, are accounted for. Interventions thereby remain far below their possible impact and even contribute to a loss of the natural resource base, aside the fact that they further increase an already high level socio-economic inequality. In the face of recent economic awakening, despite globalisation tendencies, future efforts in enabling sustainable development at local level must thus increasingly embrace environmental and, mostly, societal concerns in their concepts and daily practice.

Introduction: Despite Colombia having adopted a health system based on an insurance market, Bogota in 2004, as part of a left-wing government (elected for first time in the city), decided to implement a Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy to improve quality of life, level of population health and reduce health inequities. The PHC strategy has been implemented through the HomeHealth program by three consecutive governments over the last eight years in the context of continuous political tension stemming from differences between national and district health policies. This thesis is an attempt to provide a better understanding of the overall experience of implementing a PHC strategy in the context of a market-oriented health care system. The research aimed to evaluate results of the PHC strategy through the intervention of the Home Health program and to identify factors that have enabled or limited the on-going PHC implementation process in Bogota. Methods: This study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. A descriptive analysis was performed to assess direct results of the PHC strategy in terms of progress in the Home Health program coverage and increases in health personnel ratios reaching out to poor and vulnerable groups in Bogota. A cross sectional analysis was carried out to evaluate qualities of the delivery of PHC services through the attainment of PHC essential dimensions in the network of first-level public health care facilities. An ecological analysis was performed to estimate the contribution of the PHC strategy, through the Home Health program, to improve child health outcomes and to reduce health inequalities. A qualitative multiple case study was conducted to identify contextual factors that have enabled or limited the on-going PHC implementation process in Bogota. Results: The descriptive analysis showed a notable initial increase and rapid expansion in the development of the PHC strategy between 2004 and 2007, followed by a period of slower growth and stagnation between 2007 and 2010. The cross-sectional analysis suggested that the Home Health program could be helping to improve the performance of first-level public health care facilities. Ratings assigned to PHC dimensions by different participants pointed out the need to strengthen family focus, community orientation, financial resources distribution, and accessibility. The ecological analysis showed that localities with high PHC coverage had a lower risk of under-five mortality, infant mortality and acute malnutrition as well as a higher probability of being vaccinated than low PHC coverage localities. The belonging to a high-coverage locality was significantly associated with risk reductions of under-five mortality (13.8%) and infant mortality by pneumonia (37.5%) as well as increases in the probability of being vaccinated for DPT (4.9%). Concentration curves and concentration indices indicated inequality reductions in all child indicators betwen 2003 and 2007. In 2007 (period after implementation), the PHC strategy was associated with a reduction in the effect of the inequality that affected disadvantaged localities in under-five mortality (24%), infant mortality rate (19%), acute malnutrition (7%) and DPT vaccination coverage (20%). The main facilitators of the results achieved so far by the PHC strategy were all related to the commitment and good will of actors at different levels. Longterm political commitment, support by local mayors and hospital managers, organized communities historically active in the process of social participation, as well as extramural work carried out by community health workers and health care teams were highly valued. Barriers to the implementation included the structure of the national health system itself, lack of a stable funding source, unsatisfactory working conditions, lack of competencies among health workers regarding family focus and community orientation, and limited involvement of institutions outside the health sector in generating intersectoral responses and promoting community participation. Conclusion: Despite adverse contextual conditions and limitations imposed by the Colombian health system itself, Bogota's initiative of a PHC strategy has helped to improve the performance of first-level public health care facilities in the essential dimensions of PHC and has also contributed to improvement of child health outcomes and reduction of health inequalities associated with socioeconomic and living conditions. Significant efforts are required to overcome the market approach of the national health system. Structural changes to social policies at the national and district level are needed if the PHC strategy is expected to achieve its full potential. Specific interventions must be designed to have well-trained and motivated human resources, as well as to establish available and stable financial resources for the PHC strategy.

Riassunto Nell'Unione Europea, l'uso di promotori di crescita ad azione ormonale, quali ormoni sessuali e corticosteroidi, è vietato nell'allevamento dei bovini da carne, al fine di tutelare la salute dei consumatori dalla presenza di residui potenzialmente pericolosi nei prodotti derivati. Ogni Stato Membro, allo scopo di verificare l'ottemperanza al divieto imposto, predispone annualmente un piano di controllo (PNR), per la ricerca nei tessuti e nelle matrici biologiche, mediante metodi chimici quali-quantitativi, di residui di sostanze che si presume possano essere utilizzate illecitamente. Per quanto riguarda i bovini, è stato recentemente preso in considerazione l'esame istopatologico, quale metodo di screening, poiché in grado di rilevare le gravi lesioni provocate dai trattamenti ormonali a carico degli organi bersaglio, le quali permangono per un tempo abbastanza lungo da poter essere svelate al momento della macellazione. In tal modo, sarebbe possibile evidenziare l'impiego illecito di promotori della crescita, anche se tale approccio analitico non consente un'identificazione a livello di singola molecola. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di effettuare un'indagine sulla prevalenza di bovini da carne potenzialmente trattati con sostanze ormonali illecite, in uno stabilimento di macellazione operante sul territorio nazionale. A tal fine, è stato realizzato uno studio multilivello su 90 animali (50 maschi e 40 femmine, di età compresa tra gli 11 e i 18 mesi), basato su osservazioni cliniche e comportamentali di ogni soggetto, sull'eventuale riscontro di lesioni anatomo-patologiche macroscopiche a carico di alcuni organi bersaglio (timo, prostata, ghiandola bulbo-uretrale) e sull'esame istologico, quale metodo di screening, di campioni di tali organi. Mentre non sono state riscontrate alterazioni alla visita ante-mortem e post-mortem, all'esame istologico sono stati evidenziati 6 casi (6,7%) di grave atrofia timica, caratterizzata da una notevole deplezione linfocitaria con sostituzione di cellule adipose. Questo quadro istopatologico, in assenza di un'eventuale denuncia di somministrazione farmacologica a scopo terapeutico, può essere associato ad un trattamento sospetto con corticosteroidi. Pertanto, i risultati di questa indagine suggeriscono che, nonostante una rigida legislazione a riguardo e l'attuazione del PNR, il problema dei trattamenti illeciti con sostanze ormonali sia ancora di preoccupante attualità. Parole chiave: trattamenti ormonali illeciti, bovini da carne, residui, istopatologia Abstract In the European Union, the use of growth promoters with hormonal action, such as sex hormones and corticosteroids, has been banned in beef cattle breeding, in order to protect the consumer from the presence of potentially dangerous residues in food products. Each Member State, to verify the enforcement of the ban imposed, carries out an annual control plan on residues (PNR), which, using quali-quantitative chemical analytical methods, is aimed at uncovering the presence of forbidden substances in tissues and biological matrices. Recently, in cattle, the histopathological examination has been introduced with screening purposes, due to the fact that it allows to detect the typical lesions provoked by the hormonal treatments to their target organs. Such lesions persist for a time long enough to be revealed at the slaughterhouse. In such a way, it would be possible to highlight the illegal use of growth promoters, although such an approach does not permit an identification at the level of single molecule. The aim of this thesis was to perform a survey on the prevalence of beef cattle potentially treated with illegal hormonal substances, in a slaughterhouse operating on the national territory. To this aim, a multilevel study was carried out on 90 animals (50 males and 40 females, 11-18 months old), based on clinical and behavioral observations of each subject, on the possible detection of anatomo-pathological macroscopic lesions of some target organs (thymus, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland) and on the histological examination on samples of these organs, as method of screening. During the ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection, no relevant alterations were found. At the histological analysis, 6 cases (6.7%) of severe thymic atrophy were highlighted, characterized by a remarkable lymphocyte depletion with replacement of fat cells. This histopathological picture, in the absence of any allegation of therapeutic drug administration, represents a strong indication of treatments with corticosteroids. Therefore, the results of this survey suggest that, despite the existence of a strict legislation and the implementation of the PNR, the problem of illegal treatments with hormonal substances is still of topical concern. Keywords: illegal hormonal treatments, beef cattle, residues, histopathological screening

Many different security measures are suggested for ships under piracy threat by organisations such as the International Maritime Organisation. The effectiveness of the respective measures is discussed thru out the shipping industry, and different ship operators make different choices. It is important for the security of international shipping to further develop the anti-piracy measures. Research has been carried out to describe piracy structures and also to analyse the effects on shipping. It has been shown that piracy is not random and that factors such as seize, speed, cargo and ship vulnerability affect the probability of a pirate attack (Meija et. al. 2009). More research is however needed to further describe the causal relationship that governs the probability and the consequences of an attack. Results from research in risk-based ship design shows that rational risk-based analysis procedures can be used as a decision support tool to facilitate increased safety. The methods have been shown to be able to quantify safety risks as a result of failure of technical systems in their self, as well as incidents due to a combination of technical failure and human decisions. The merits of probabilistic risk assessment has however so far not been fully researched for security risks. The military practise regarding threat assessment and risk analysis for antagonistic threats (NATO RTO 2008) is nevertheless a indication of that it is likely that probabilistic risk assessment also can be very well suited for security risks such as piracy. The study The aim of this study is to evaluate how, based on probabilistic risk assessment procedures, the operation under piracy threat off the Horn of Africa can be analysed. This to support ship owners risk management, development of anti piracy measures and rule making. The purpose of introducing probabilistic risk assessment into the analysis of pirate attacks is to meet safety goals more effectively through a well-balanced combination of proactive and reactive measures whilst keeping focus on the intended overall purpose of the particular ship. Based on research on piracy structures this study collects and documents pirate capacity, intention and opportunity to perform attacks based on expert judgment. This information is used as an input to an influence diagram approach to model the network of influences on a pirate attack (IMO 2002). Tools from military security-risk analysis (NATO RTO 2008) and military operational research (Jaiswal 1997) are used in the influence analysis to structure the analysis and to capture and describe relevant aspects. The output of the influence analysis serves as system description for hazard identification and risk analysis. The risk analysis output follows requirements on safety scenarios for risk-based ship design (Vassalos 2009) and the IMO formal safety analysis (IMO 2002). It is therefore possible to use the analysis output in ship owners risk management and maritime safety work. The investigation also develops a test scheme for evaluating the output of the risk analysis against data from piracy reports. Based on statistical comparisons between analysis output and the piracy reports the reliability and sensitivity of the analysis is tested. The outcomes of the study are: a stringent documentation of the pirates' capacity, intention and opportunity to perform attacks, a better understanding of the casual relationships that governs the probability and consequences of an attack, a statistically tested risk analysis, and knowledge on the sensitivity of the risk analysis and the possibilities of the model to capture aspects of risks associated with piracy attacks. References ELLIS, J., FORSMAN, B., and Dausendschoen, K., Dangerous goods transport with open-top container vessels – risk analysis. SAFEDOR Deliverable D4.8.2., 2008. IMO, Guidelines for formal safety assessment (FSA) for use in the IMO rule-making process, International Maritime Organisation, United Nations, 2002. Jaiswal, N. K., Military Operations Research, Quantitative Decision Making, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. Mejia, M. Q. Jr, Carioub, P., and Wolff, F-C. Is maritime piracy random? Applied Economics Letters, 2009, 16, pp. 891–895. NATO RTO, Improving Common Security Risk Analysis, RTO Technical Report TR-IST-049, Research and Technology Organisation of NATO, 2008. VASSALOS, D. ed., Risk-Based Ship Design – Methods, Tools and Applications, Springer, 2009.

Ever since its independence several reforms in agriculture of Uzbekistan have been taken as part of a gradual transition process towards a market-based economy. These processes include: market liberalization, reformation of land relations, structural changes, and creation of supporting market infrastructure. Furthermore, there has been considerable promotion of input market liberalization, abolishment of state procurement system, introduction of water charges and improvement of the livestock sector. The understanding of the effects of these reforms on the agricultural producers and consumers is very important for further decision making. This work is part of ZEF's project in development research on the 'Economic and ecological restructuring of land and water use in Khorezm, Uzbekistan'. In order to formalize the key aspects of sectoral decision making, the major task of this research is to develop a model for policy analysis which reflects the unique features of the agricultural sector of Khorezm. The developed model integrates linear supply and non-linear demand modules at the point of partial equilibrium under observed values from 2003. The supply module consist of the regional crop and animal production activities over three farm groups. The demand module is based on a Normalized Quadratic – Quadratic Expenditure System which specifies both an Engel curve and relative price effects consistent with microeconomic theory. The demand module consists of food and manufactured commodities including leisure time with endogenous prices over two consumer types. A large amount of aggregated and micro-economic data on the regional agriculture sector is used for providing the necessary information to understand the construction of the model and the results. To ensure that the base solution of the model fits the observed values of modeled activities and that the model simulations include the characteristics of regional demand and supply, the model parameters both for demand and supply modules are adjusted separately. This study contributes to the field of known calibration techniques for positive mathematical programming models. The developed method solves the overspecialization problem, maintains model flexibility, and allows the model exactly replicate the observed situation by recovering its original specification. The model results eventually show that, despite higher input prices and water pricing being introduced, positive effects of water use efficiency and market liberalization may dominate. Furthermore, it could be shown that the livestock sector serves as a security tool in rural households for maintaining their income level. Moreover, the improvement in livestock productivity shows the potential to decrease water consumption in the agricultural sector of the region. The market liberalization will not necessarily lead to an increase in the regional production of cotton. In general, the market liberalization has a positive effect on the regional rice sector which can be cultivated on land released from the procurement quotas in case the land is suitable for rice cultivation. ; Eine Mikroökonomische Analyse des Landwirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels in der Region Khorezm, Usbekistan Seit der Unabhängigkeit von der ehemaligen Sowjetunion fand in Usbekistan eine Vielzahl von wirtschaftspolitischen Reformen statt, die auf einen schrittweisen Umbau der Wirtschaftsordnung, einschließlich des Agrarsektors, in Richtung Marktwirtschaft abzielten. Diese Reformen betrafen Gütermarktordnungen, Eigentums- und Nutzungsrechte landwirtschaftlicher Flächen, sowie infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen. Darüber hinaus wurden insbesondere die Märkte für landwirtschaftliche Vorleistungen liberalisiert, die staatliche Intervention weitgehend abgeschafft, Gebühren für Wassernutzung eingeführt und Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Tierproduktion ergriffen. Ein tieferes Verständnis der Auswirkungen dieser Reformen auf die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe wie auch auf den gesamten Agrarsektor ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Formulierung weiterführender politischer Strategien. Die hier vorgelegte Studie wurde im Rahmen des Projekts 'Economic and ecological restructuring of land and water use in Khorezm, Uzbekistan' am Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung der Universität Bonn durchgeführt. Im Zentrum der durchgeführten Analysen stand die Entwicklung eines quantitativen Modells, das die relevanten politischen Maßnahmen und die Besonderheiten des regionalen Agrarsektors in formalisierter Weise darstellt. Das hierzu entwickelte Modell verbindet ein lineares Angebotsmodul mit einem nicht-linearen Nachfragemodul mit Hilfe eines partiellen Gleichgewichtsmodells. Das Angebotsmodul beinhaltet landwirtschaftliche Produktionsverfahren dreier standardisierter Betriebstypen auf regionaler Ebene. Das Nachfragemodul basiert auf einem normalisiert quadratisch-quadratischem Ausgabensystem (NQ-QES), welches Einkommenseffekte wie auch relative Preiseffekte konsistent mit mikroökonomischer Theorie abbildet. Das Nachfragemodul berücksichtigt als endogene Variablen den Konsum von Nahrungsmitteln und weiterverarbeiteten Gütern, wie auch die Nachfrage nach Freizeit und damit das Angebot und den Preis für landwirtschaftliche Arbeitskraft. Es werden zwei Haushaltstypen unterschieden. Der enorme Datenbedarf des Modells wird durch offizielle Statistiken für den Agrarsektor und eigene Erhebungen gedeckt. Die strukturellen Parameter des Nachfrage- und Angebotsmoduls wurden in einem zweistufigen Verfahren so kalibriert, dass die Beobachtungen des Basisjahrs 2003 vom Modell repliziert werden. Diese Studie leistet mit der hierzu angewendeten Methode einen Beitrag im Bereich der positiv-mathematischen Programmierung und der Anwendung von Kalibrierungstechniken für partielle Gleichgewichtsmodelle. Die Modellrechnungen zeigen, dass die Einführung von Gebühren für Wassernutzung, wie auch die Verringerung der staatlichen Beihilfen für landwirtschaftliche Vorleistungen, durch Steigerung der Wassereffizienz und weitere Marktliberalisierung kompensiert werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde deutlich, dass Tierhaltung einen großen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der ländlichen Einkommen leistet. Eine Verbesserung der Produktivität in diesem Bereich würde daher zu einer Verminderung der Abhängigkeit von pflanzlicher Produktion führen und potentiell den regionalen Bedarf nach Wasser verringern. Die regionale Produktion von Baumwolle würde durch eine Liberalisierung der Marktordnung eher sinken, so dass die frei werdenden Flächen zum Teil zum Anbau von Reis genutzt werden könnten.

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is the process of analyzing, monitoring and managing the social effects of planned or implemented development interventions. The primary purpose of SIA is to bring about a sustainable and equitable biophysical and social environment. SIA is a prerequisite in FAO and World Bank aided projects which cover sectors of mining, agriculture, fishery, dams and transportation. In forestry it has the great potential of enhancing sustainable forest management, taking into account rural development objectives and local needs. SIA can be applied before and after the implementation of projects and programs. In the context of recent policy changes in China, the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) has been implemented in a "top-down" process from 1998 to 2010. A large part of the forests on main river basins in Western regions are being conserved with severe restrictions for commercial use. The social effects of the NFPP are still debatable, indicating a need for conducting a SIA of the NFPP using a systematic conceptual approach. Objectives of the research are: (1) To understand how and to what extent the NFPP affected the local forest-dependent communities and their households; (2) To identify the local strategies currently used to cope up with the impacts; and (3) To develop the optimal strategies likely supported for a better harmonization between livelihood and the NFPP implementation in different regional contexts. The empirical research is approached through quantitative and qualitative social research methods for data collection and analysis. For the case studies, four villages with a total number of 175 respondents were selected for field surveys where questionnaires, interviews and group discussions were employed. The research findings indicate that, the NFPP has significant impacts on the population characteristics, institutional arrangements and infrastructure and public services at the community level and at household level, the income derivation, expenditure, labour time distribution, perceptions on public health/safety and changing values of forests perceived by individuals. The research reveals that, synthesizing de facto impacts of the NFPP makes potential negative social impacts predictable. The policy-makers and project teams implementing the NFPP should be aware that, the NFPP results in dynamic change processes which include the de facto and potential impacts as well as the influence factors; among these, contribution of strategies derived from local communities and households as the spontaneous reactions to cope with the NFPP impacts should be taken into consideration. Recommendations are given referring to a better implementation of the NFPP and the need for future researches concerning the SIA for sustainable forest management in different regional contexts.:TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES . vi LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF BOXES . ix LIST OF ACRONYMS . x ABSTRACT . xii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG . xiii 1 INTRODUCTION . xiii 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Problem statement and justification . 5 1.3 Research objectives . 6 1.3.1 General research objectives . 6 1.3.2 Specific research objectives . 7 1.4 Structure of the dissertation . 8 2 CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION . 10 2.1 General remark . 10 2.2 Forestry reforms in China . 10 2.2.1 China's forestry sector since the economic reform in 1978 . 10 2.2.2 Forest tenure and administration . 13 2.2.3 Chronology of sectional reforms in China and their consequences . 14 2.2.4 Policy reforms in the forestry sector . 18 2.3 The Natural Forest Protection Program . 21 2.3.1 Background and objective . 21 2.3.2 Scale and main contents . 21 2.3.3 Implementation process . 22 2.3.4 Budget . 23 2.3.5 Legal basis . 23 2.3.6 Current implementation status and main achievements . 23 2.3.7 Various impacts of the NFPP derived from previous researches . 23 2.4 Social Impact Assessment as a development tool . 25 2.4.1 Concepts of Social Impact Assessment . 25 2.4.2 A brief history of Social Impact Assessment . 27 2.4.3 Principles and guidelines for Social Impact Assessment . 29 2.4.4 Basic model of Social Impact Assessment . 29 2.4.5 Process of Social Impact Assessment . 31 2.4.6 SIA case study examples and matrix of common social indicators . 31 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES . 38 3.1 General remark . 38 3.2 Basic settings in the ―Function evaluation‖ approach . 40 3.3 Integration framework: indirect and direct human impacts . 42 3.4 Conceptual framework of SIA: focusing on changes in social setting . 46 3.5 Human ecosystem as an organizing concept for SIA . 47 3.5.1 Concept of human ecology and human ecosystem models . 47 3.5.2 Systems model of human ecology . 48 3.5.3 Concept model of human ecosystems . 50 3.5.4 Learning from the two conceptual models of human ecosystem . 51 3.5.5 A local forest-dependent community as a small scale human ecosystem . 53 3.6 Framework conceptualizing social impacts in the empirical context . 55 3.7 Research questions . 57 4 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY . 60 4.1 Defining and operationalizing the research indicators . 60 4.1.1 Foundation of the definition . 60 4.1.2 Defining and operationalizing the selected research indicators . 62 4.2 Selection of case study areas . 68 4.3 Methods for quantitative and qualitative data collection . 71 4.3.1 Introduction . 71 4.3.2 Field reconnaissance survey . 71 4.3.3 Secondary data collection . 71 4.3.4 Primary data collection . 72 4.4 Data processing and analysis . 75 4.5 Research procedure . 76 4.6 Discussion on the attribution gap . 76 4.7 Reliability and validity of the field research process . 76 5 SCOPING AND OBSERVATION OF THE STUDY AREAS . 79 5.1 General remark . 79 5.2 Case study area 1: Gansu Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area . 79 5.2.1 General information of Gansu Province . 79 5.2.2 Profile of Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area . 81 5.2.3 Profiles of the villages investigated . 84 5.2.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages . 86 5.3 Case Study Area 2: Chongqing collective-owned forest area . 87 5.3.1 General information of Chongqing Municipality . 87 5.3.2 Information on Dazu County and its collective forest area . 90 5.3.3 Profiles of the villages investigated . 92 5.3.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages . 93 6 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS . 96 6.1 Social impacts on the local community level . 96 6.1.1 Change in the community population characteristics . 96 6.1.2 Change in the community institutional arrangements . 99 6.1.3 Change in the community infrastructure and public services . 111 6.2 Social impacts on the household level . 118 6.2.1 Impacts on households and families . 118 6.2.2 Impacts on individuals . 131 7 DIAGNOSIS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION . 145 7.1 General remark . 145 7.2 The de facto impacts of the NFPP on local communities and households . 145 7.2.1 The social change processes in the local community . 145 7.2.2 Human impacts on the local households . 149 7.3 External and internal factors influencing the extent of impact results. 152 7.3.1 Introduction . 152 7.3.2 The external factors at community level . 152 7.3.3 The internal factors at household and individual level . 154 7.4 Potential impacts of the NFPP on the local community and households. 154 7.5 Dynamics of de facto and potential impacts, local strategies and influence factors 155 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 157 8.1 General remarks . 157 8.2 Recapitulation of major findings and conclusions . 157 8.3 Scope and limitations of the empirical study . 158 8.4 Recommendation for future policy implementation . 160 8.5 Relationship between theory and findings . 163 8.6 A critical review of methodology and implications for SIA research . 165 REFERENCES . 168 APPENDICES . 179 Appendix 1: Some data and background information available in literature . 180 Appendix 2: Supplementary material and material information used in research . 195 Appendix 3: Questionnaires used in the field surveys . 203 Appendix 4: Part of the data collected in the field . 212 Appendix 5: Photos in the fields . 234 ; Social Impact Assessment (SIA) ist ein Prozess, der Analyse, Monitoring und Bewältigung der sozialen Effekte geplanter oder durchgeführter Entwicklungsinterventionen umfasst. Das Hauptanliegen von SIA ist, eine nachhaltige und gerechte biophysische und soziale Umwelt zu schaffen. SIA ist für Projekte der FAO und der Weltbank in den Sektoren Bergbau, Landwirtschaft, Fischerei, Talsperren und Transport eine Grundvoraussetzung. Für die Forstwirtschaft ergibt sich daraus das Potenzial, nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung zu stärken und dabei die Ziele ländlicher Entwicklung und lokale Erfordernisse zu berücksichtigen. SIA kann vor und nach der Durchführung von Projekten und Programmen angewendet werden. Im Zusammenhang mit den aktuellen politischen Veränderungen in China wird das Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) im Zeitraum von 1998-2010 nach dem top-down-Verfahren durchgeführt. Die sozialen Auswirkungen des NFPP sind noch immer umstritten. Das unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der SIA unter Anwendung einer systematischen konzeptionellen Herangehensweise. Ein besonders kritischer Faktor dabei ist, dass ein erheblicher Anteil der Wälder in den Wassereinzugsgebieten wichtiger Flussläufe in den westlichen Regionen durch strikte Einschränkungen der kommerziellen Nutzung geschützt wurden. Die Ziele der Forschung sind: (1) Aufzeigen wie und in welchem Ausmaß das NFPP die örtlichen waldabhängigen Gemeinden und ihre Haushalte beeinflusst hat; (2) Identifizieren lokal entwickelter und angewandter Strategien, um die Auswirkungen des NFPP zu bewältigen; und (3) Entwickeln optimaler Strategien für eine bessere Harmonisierung der Lebensgrundlagen mit der Umsetzung des NFPP in unterschiedlichen regionalen Kontexten. Die empirische soziale Forschung bedient sich quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden zur Datensammlung und Datenanalyse. Für die Fallstudie wurden vier Dörfer mit insgesamt 175 Befragten ausgewählt. Bei der Primärdatenerhebung kamen Fragebögen, Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen zur Anwendung. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass das NFPP signifikanten Einfluss ausübt auf Größe und Anteil armer Bevölkerung, auf institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen, die Infrastruktur und den öffentlichen Dienstleistungssektor auf Gemeindeebene. Auf Haushaltsebene wurde signifikanter einfluss nachgewiesen für die Generierung von Einkommen, die Ausgaben, die Arbeitszeitverteilung, die Vorstellungen über Gesundheitswesen und Sicherheit als auch auf die Wahrnehmung der sich verändernden Werte des Waldes. Es wird ersichtlich, dass durch Zusammenführen der de facto-Auswirkungen des NFPP potenzielle negative soziale Einflüsse vorhersagbar werden. Entscheidungsträger und Projektteams sollten sich darüber bewusst werden, dass das NFPP zu dynamischen Veränderungsprozessen führt, welche die de facto- und potentiellen Auswirkungen sowie die Einflussfaktoren betreffen. Dies schließt den Beitrag der lokal entwickelten Strategien ein. Empfehlungen betreffen die bessere Umsetzung des NFPP sowie die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung hinsichtlich der SIA im Zusammenhang nachhaltiger Waldbewirtschaftung in verschiedenen regionalen Kontexten.:TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES . vi LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF BOXES . ix LIST OF ACRONYMS . x ABSTRACT . xii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG . xiii 1 INTRODUCTION . xiii 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Problem statement and justification . 5 1.3 Research objectives . 6 1.3.1 General research objectives . 6 1.3.2 Specific research objectives . 7 1.4 Structure of the dissertation . 8 2 CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION . 10 2.1 General remark . 10 2.2 Forestry reforms in China . 10 2.2.1 China's forestry sector since the economic reform in 1978 . 10 2.2.2 Forest tenure and administration . 13 2.2.3 Chronology of sectional reforms in China and their consequences . 14 2.2.4 Policy reforms in the forestry sector . 18 2.3 The Natural Forest Protection Program . 21 2.3.1 Background and objective . 21 2.3.2 Scale and main contents . 21 2.3.3 Implementation process . 22 2.3.4 Budget . 23 2.3.5 Legal basis . 23 2.3.6 Current implementation status and main achievements . 23 2.3.7 Various impacts of the NFPP derived from previous researches . 23 2.4 Social Impact Assessment as a development tool . 25 2.4.1 Concepts of Social Impact Assessment . 25 2.4.2 A brief history of Social Impact Assessment . 27 2.4.3 Principles and guidelines for Social Impact Assessment . 29 2.4.4 Basic model of Social Impact Assessment . 29 2.4.5 Process of Social Impact Assessment . 31 2.4.6 SIA case study examples and matrix of common social indicators . 31 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES . 38 3.1 General remark . 38 3.2 Basic settings in the ―Function evaluation‖ approach . 40 3.3 Integration framework: indirect and direct human impacts . 42 3.4 Conceptual framework of SIA: focusing on changes in social setting . 46 3.5 Human ecosystem as an organizing concept for SIA . 47 3.5.1 Concept of human ecology and human ecosystem models . 47 3.5.2 Systems model of human ecology . 48 3.5.3 Concept model of human ecosystems . 50 3.5.4 Learning from the two conceptual models of human ecosystem . 51 3.5.5 A local forest-dependent community as a small scale human ecosystem . 53 3.6 Framework conceptualizing social impacts in the empirical context . 55 3.7 Research questions . 57 4 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY . 60 4.1 Defining and operationalizing the research indicators . 60 4.1.1 Foundation of the definition . 60 4.1.2 Defining and operationalizing the selected research indicators . 62 4.2 Selection of case study areas . 68 4.3 Methods for quantitative and qualitative data collection . 71 4.3.1 Introduction . 71 4.3.2 Field reconnaissance survey . 71 4.3.3 Secondary data collection . 71 4.3.4 Primary data collection . 72 4.4 Data processing and analysis . 75 4.5 Research procedure . 76 4.6 Discussion on the attribution gap . 76 4.7 Reliability and validity of the field research process . 76 5 SCOPING AND OBSERVATION OF THE STUDY AREAS . 79 5.1 General remark . 79 5.2 Case study area 1: Gansu Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area . 79 5.2.1 General information of Gansu Province . 79 5.2.2 Profile of Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area . 81 5.2.3 Profiles of the villages investigated . 84 5.2.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages . 86 5.3 Case Study Area 2: Chongqing collective-owned forest area . 87 5.3.1 General information of Chongqing Municipality . 87 5.3.2 Information on Dazu County and its collective forest area . 90 5.3.3 Profiles of the villages investigated . 92 5.3.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages . 93 6 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS . 96 6.1 Social impacts on the local community level . 96 6.1.1 Change in the community population characteristics . 96 6.1.2 Change in the community institutional arrangements . 99 6.1.3 Change in the community infrastructure and public services . 111 6.2 Social impacts on the household level . 118 6.2.1 Impacts on households and families . 118 6.2.2 Impacts on individuals . 131 7 DIAGNOSIS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION . 145 7.1 General remark . 145 7.2 The de facto impacts of the NFPP on local communities and households . 145 7.2.1 The social change processes in the local community . 145 7.2.2 Human impacts on the local households . 149 7.3 External and internal factors influencing the extent of impact results. 152 7.3.1 Introduction . 152 7.3.2 The external factors at community level . 152 7.3.3 The internal factors at household and individual level . 154 7.4 Potential impacts of the NFPP on the local community and households. 154 7.5 Dynamics of de facto and potential impacts, local strategies and influence factors 155 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 157 8.1 General remarks . 157 8.2 Recapitulation of major findings and conclusions . 157 8.3 Scope and limitations of the empirical study . 158 8.4 Recommendation for future policy implementation . 160 8.5 Relationship between theory and findings . 163 8.6 A critical review of methodology and implications for SIA research . 165 REFERENCES . 168 APPENDICES . 179 Appendix 1: Some data and background information available in literature . 180 Appendix 2: Supplementary material and material information used in research . 195 Appendix 3: Questionnaires used in the field surveys . 203 Appendix 4: Part of the data collected in the field . 212 Appendix 5: Photos in the fields . 234

The TKIT and SDIT environment which is so strong the nuances of Islam are indicative of spiritual motivation, spiritual leadership and religious performance and the school management has not interpreted the importance of OCB. This study aims to examine and analyze the mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on the influence of spiritual motivation, spiritual leadership on religious performance in kindergarten and integrated Islamic elementary school teachers in Pontianak City and Kubu Raya District. This research uses the quantitative method (survey). The population in this study is the number of teaching staff or teachers in Al-Karimah TKIT-SDIT, Al-Mumtaz TKIT-SDIT, and Al-Fityan TKIT-SDIT. The number of samples of 57 respondents was selected by means of Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling, then data processing using path analysis. The results of the first model showed that spiritual motivation had a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and spiritual leadership had a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The ability of these variables in explaining their influence on religious performance was 31.5% while the remaining 68.5% was explained by other factors outside the research model. The results of the study for the second model showed that the variable of spiritual motivation had a positive and significant effect on religious performance, while spiritual leadership had a negative and not significant effect on religious performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) had a positive and significant effect on religious performance. The ability of this variable in explaining its effect on organizational commitment is 20.7% while the remaining 84.9% is explained by other factors outside the research modelKeywords: Spiritual, Motivation, Leadership, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), and Religious PerformanceDaftar PustakaAbas, J.A. 2009. Level of Existence and Motivation in Islam, Journal of Management History Vol. 15 No. 1, 2009 pp. 50–65.Adam, L.O.B., 2012. Peran Motivasi Spiritual Agamis terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dan Kinerja Dosen (Studi pada Dosen Universitas Haluoleo Kendari). Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, Vol.3 N0. 4Agustin, E., 2015, Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru Sekolah Dasar Dabin Iv Kecamatan Kajen Kabupaten Pekalongan, Skripsi Dipublikasi, Universitas Negeri SemarangAnshari, 1993. Wawasan Islam. Pokok-Pokok Fikiran Tentang Islam dan Ummatnya. Jakarta. Raja Grafindo PersadaArinnandya, Quisty & Hukama, La Diadhan., 2018. Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja, Persepsi Dukungan Organisasi Dan Kepemimpinan Spiritual Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior Pada PT MNC Sky Vision Tbk. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen UPB Vol 6 No.2, 55-63Ancok, Jamaludin (1994), Psikologi Islam, Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.Bolino, M.C., Turnley, W.H., and Bloodgood, J.M. ( 2002). Citizenship Behavior and the Creation of Social Capital in Organization. Academy of Management Journal,Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 502 – 522Cahyono, Ari, 2012. Analisa Pengaruh Kepemimpinan, Motivasi dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Dosen Dan Karyawan Di Universitas Pawyatan Daha Kediri. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, Revitalisasi, Vol. 1, No. 1Cushway, Barry. 2007. Human Resource Management. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.Djati, S. Pantja. 2009. "Pengaruh Moral dan Komitmen Staf Administrasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behaviour dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja Service Quality di Universitas Swasta Surabaya – Indonesia." Jurnal Aplikasi Manaemen. Vol 7. No 3. 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Academy of Management Journal 47 (3), 368-384.Kian et al., 2013. Relationship between Motivationss and Citizenship Performance among Generation X and Generation Y. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol.3 No.11:53-63.Kuncoro Mudrajad, 2003. Metode Riset untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta.Muafi,. 2003 Pengaruh Motivasi Spiritual Karyawan Terhadap Kinerja Religius: Studi Empiris Di Kawasan Industri Rungkut Surabaya (SIER), Yogyakarta. Jurnal JSB Nomor 8 Vol. 3.Muhdar et al., 2013. The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employees Performance (A Study on Islamic Banks in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia). The International Journal Of Business & Management, Vol 3 Issue 1Mursi, MU, 1997 Sumber Daya Manusia yang Produktif, Jakarta Gema Insani Pers.Neuman, George A. dan Kickul, Jill R. (1998). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Achievement Orientation And Personality. Journal Of Business and Psychology 13( 2), pp. 263-279.Organ, D. P., & MacKenzie, S. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It's Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences.Rahmawaty, Anita., 2016. Model Kepemimpinan Spiritual Dalam Meningkatkan Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Karyawan di BMT se-Kabupaten Pati. Iqtishadia Vol. 9, No. 2Rivai, Veithzal. 2010. Kepemimpinan dan Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.Roziqin, M., 2010. Kepuasan Kerja. Malang : Averroes Press.Robbins, Stephen P. dan Timothy A. Judge. 2015. Perilaku Organisasi Edisi 16. Diterjemahkan oleh Ratna Saraswati dan Febriella Sirait. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Robert Bacal. 2005. Performance Management. Dalam As'Ad. 1995(Ed.), Definisi Motivasi. Jakarta : GMSantoso S, 2003, Buku Latihan SPSS, Strategi Parametrik. PT. ElekSarwono. 2013. Analisis Jalur untuk Riset Bisnis dengan SPSS. Yogyakarta. Andi OffsetShofwa, Yoiz., 2013. 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Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media.Waspodo, A., & Minadaniati, L. 2012. Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Iklim Organisasi terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Karyawan pada PT. Trubus Swadaya. Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sains Indonesia (JRMSI), 3(1), 1-16.Wibisono, C., 2002, Pengaruh Motivasi Spiritual Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Sub Sektor Industri Manufaktur di Batamindo Batam. Disertasi doktoral dipublikasi, Universitas AirlanggaWibisono, C. 2017 Determination of Leadership and Spiritual Motivation on The Performance of Employees through the Satisfaction of City Government Employees Batam, Indonesia. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, vol. 36. 448-458Wibowo. 2012. Perilaku dalam Organisasi. Jakarta: PT. ErlanggaWidyastuti, N & Palupiningdyah, 2015, Pengaruh Kepuasan Dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Management Analysis Journal, Vol. 4 No 1 , 76-78Yusanto, I. 2006. Manajemen Strategis Perspektif Islam, Jakarta, Khairul BayaanZohar, D., dan Marshall, I. 2005. Spiritual Capital: Memberdayakan SQ di Dunia Bisnis. Terjemahan Helmi Mustofa. Jakarta: Mizan Pustaka.Zudjuli SI, 1999. Membentuk Manusia Menjadi Khalifah Di Bumi Yang Mukdaniyah, Surabaya. Pusat Studi Kebijakan AlternatifShofwa, Yoiz., 2013. Pengaruh Motivasi Spiritual Dan Kepemimpinan Spiritual Terhadap Kinerja Religius Dosen Dan Karyawan Stain Purwokerto. Jurnal Pro Bisnis Vol. 6 No.1

A new phenomenon in Ukrainian political science was the cycle of studies of the Institute of World Policy (Kyiv) «Foreign Policy Audit of Ukraine». The work is supported by several international foundations and organizations using the methodology of the political index (BISS), previously tested by the Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies. Noting the positive results of the application of this methodology by an international research team — a clearly indicated value for practical policy, the author pointed to a number of specific limitations. In particular, the widespread use of quantitative methods of political sociology is not provided with sufficient protection against the possibility of subjective interpretation of data. The main role in the article play issues of the Ukrainian-French discourse presented in the article «Foreign Policy Audit: Ukraine-France. Discussion Note» created by a group of specialists from France and Ukraine. It is a meaningful system of political science analysis. After presentation of this material by the Institute with the participation of the French ambassador to Ukraine Isabel Dumont, the latter told the press that Ukraine is now included in the top 5 of foreign policy priorities of her country. Such an optimistic statement gives a hope for a more favorable climate for the restoration of full-scale cooperation and attraction of new scientific forces for the study of this issue. The discussion note on the basis of reach factual material shows the condition of interstate cooperation and public opinion, as well as the inconsistency of the positions of both sides in assessing the Ukrainian political crisis that has become one of the central themes of European politics since 2013. The dual nature of French policy varies between the desire to support Ukraine and the unwillingness to complicate relations with Russia. Participation of France in resolving of the Ukrainian crisis within the Normandy Format is criticized by authors of the Note for its inertia and orientation on German policy. On their opinion the position of Ukraine is declarative and is not convincing enough for French public opinion. Accepting the invitation to the discussion the author critically evaluates the final recommendations of the Note which shows an obvious tendency towards French interests the value of some of them is highly questionable for the Ukrainian side (for example, participation in French foreign military operations, like Georgia). The author also disagrees with the statements that before the creation of the group in the Normandy Format France did not have a specific policy towards Ukraine. This also shows a shortage of the chosen methodology which needs additions from the field of historical experience. The author gives a short outline of the historical retrospective of Ukrainian-French relations emphasizing their steady nature and constant growth in both the political and economic spheres up to 2013. At the same time, an unprecedented leap was made between 2005 and 2012 in the sphere of economic cooperation. A factor analysis of this phenomenon shows that French investments in Ukraine just for the «seven-year plan» soared by 30 (!) Times, but in 2012 this growth suddenly stopped. There are known demarches of French ambassadors to the Ukrainian government, but the genuine reasons for this question still require research. Since 2014, the intensity of political contacts at the highest level between the two countries has also rocketed to an unprecedented level, but this has not affected the stabilization of economic relations which have been rolled back for more than a decade. In conclusion, the author notes that the «Foreign Policy Audit of Ukraine» will make a positive contribution to the development of domestic political science and to increase the effectiveness of the state's activities in the international arena. In the context of the Ukrainian-French discourse of the actual problem the creation of an updated model of cooperation is seen as the previous model built according to the «Road Map» programs, despite being effective it does not work in modern conditions and there is still no other program of this level. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню сучасних досягнень української політології у сфері міжнародних відносин, а саме нових методологічних підходів (методологія BISS) з метою визначення «Українського зовнішньополітичного індексу». Основна увага приділена проблемі українсько-французского дискурсу цих політологічних досліджень. За деякими позіціями аналізу і рекомендацій французько-української дослідницької групи проекту « Аудит зовнішньої політики України» автор дискутує й надає свій погляд на про-блему, який доповнюється коротким історичним нарисом двосторонніх стосунків Україна — Франція з використанням архівних джерел МЗС України. На цій основі автор формулює свої висновки і рекомендації. ; Новым явлением в украинской политологии стал цикл исследований Киевского института мировой политики «Аудит внешней политики Украины». Работа ведется при поддержке нескольких международных фондов и организаций с использованием методологии политического индекса (BISS), апробированной ранее Белорусским институтом стратегических исследований.Отмечая позитивные результаты применения данной методологии интернациональным исследовательским коллективом, четко очерченное прикладное значение для практической политики, автор указал на ряд конкретных недостатков. В частности, широкое использование количественных методов политической социологии не обеспечено достаточной защитой от возможности субъективных интерпретаций данных.Центральное место в статье занимает рассмотрение вопросов украинско-французского дискурса, представленого в статье «Аудит зовнішньої політики: Україна — Франція. Дискусійна записка», подготовленной группой специалистов из Франции и Украины. Это содержательный системный политологический анализ. После презентации институтом данного и других материалов по состоянию двусторонних отношений с участием посла Франции в Украине Изабель Дюмон последняя заявила прессе, что Украина теперь входит в ТОП-5 внешнеполитических приоритетов ее страны. Такое оптимистическое заявление дает надежду на создание более благоприятного климата для восстановления полномасштабного сотрудничества и привлечения новых научных сил для исследования проблемы.В Дискуссионной записке конкретно, на широком фактическом материале показано состояние межгосударственного сотрудничества и общественного мнения, противоречивость позиций обеих сторон в оценках украинского политического кризиса, ставшего одной из центральных тем европейской политики с 2013 г. Двойственный характер политики Франции колеблется между стремлением поддержать Украину и нежеланием осложнять отношения с Россией. Участие Франции в разрешении украинского кризиса в рамках Нормандского формата оценивается авторами Записки критически за ее инертность и следование в фарватере политики Германии. Позиция Украины, на их взгляд, декларативна и для французского общественного мнения мало убедительна.Принимая приглашение к дискуссии, автор критически оценивает итоговые рекомендации Записки, где виден явный крен в сторону французских интересов и ценность некоторых из них весьма сомнительна для украинской стороны (например, участие во французских заграничных военных операциях по примеру Грузии). Не согласен автор также с утверждениями о том, что до создания группы в Нормандском формате у Франции не было определенной политики в отношении Украины. В этом также усматривается недостаток избранной методологии, которая нуждается в дополнениях из области исторического опыта.Автор дает краткий очерк исторической ретроспективы украинско-французских отношений, подчеркивая их устойчивый характер и постоянный рост как в политической, так и в экономической сферах вплоть до 2013 года. При этом с 2005 по 2012 год был совершен беспрецедентный рывок в сфере экономического сотрудничества. Факторный анализ этого явления показывает, что французские инвестиции в Украину всего лишь за «семилетку» взлетели в 30 (!) раз, но в 2012 году этот рост внезапно остановился. Известны демарши французских послов украинскому правительству, но подлинные причины данного поворота еще требуют своего ис- следования.С 2014 года интенсивность политических контактов на высшем уровне между двумя странами также взлетела до небывалого уровня, однако это никак не отразилось на стабилизации экономических отношений, которые откатились назад более чем на десятилетие.В заключение автор отмечает, что «Аудит внешней политики Украины» внесет позитивный вклад в развитие отечественной политологии и в повышение эффективности деятельности государства на международной арене. В контексте украинско-французского дискурса актуальной задачей видится создание обновленной модели сотрудничества, поскольку прежняя модель, выстроенная по программам «Дорожных карт», несмотря на свою эффективность, в современных условиях не работает, а другой полноценной программы подобного класса еще нет.

The research aims at contributing to a better understanding of the adoption of eco-friendly innovations. It analyses representations of environment and practices associated with sustainable management of cotton farming systems in order to deepen understanding of logics and strategies underlining farmers' practices, and motivations that determine their sustainable farming system adoption behaviors. Organic cotton (SCBIO) and cotton made in Africa (SCMIA) systems were used as case study. Field research was carried out in Kandi and Pehunco in the largest area of cotton production in the North of Benin. The theoretical framework is based on the theories of technical change analysis, the actor-oriented approach and the theories of social representations. Data were collected from a sample of 90 organic cotton farmers and 100 CmiA farmers selected from a typology based on endogenous criteria of prosperity. 39 field agents from organizations promoting sustainable cotton farming system were surveyed. Individuals and groups interviews were used to collect data. The data were analyzed with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods including normative and relative comparison analysis, perception analysis, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, chi square test, etc. Results show a marginal contribution of organic cotton and cotton made in Africa to national economy in comparison to the conventional system. At farmer's level farming system analysis reveals that both organic cotton and cotton made in Africa systems are not intensively sustainable. Their implementation is characterized by a large gap between recommendations and farmers' practices, especially in soils' fertility and pests' management. The use of organic matters in combination with crops rotation including leguminous plants is the main approach of soils fertility management in organic cotton system. However, quantities of organic matters used, especially cow dung, are not sufficient due to its low availability and the lack of transportation means. The management of pests and diseases faces enormous constraints ranging from biopesticides production difficulties, weak efficiency of biopesticides, to observation of the evolution of parasitic complex, etc. Although the use of organo-chemical fertilizer is recommended in SCMIA system, more than 50% of SCMIA farmers apply only chemical fertilizer. Globally, the quantities of chemical fertilizer applied are under the requirements while the quantities of organic fertilizers are too small. Application of staged and targeted pest control (lutte étagée ciblée) is limited by constraints coming from the late implementation and the ineffectiveness of pesticides, the high number of observations needed, etc. Therefore, pesticides are used in overdose and prohibited pesticides such as endosulfan are also used. Consequently yields are very low and decrease. In addition, some farmers, especially from organic system, considering necessity of chemical fertilizers use for maize production develop diverse strategic logics such as misappropriation, craftiness, etc. to obtain these fertilizers. It appears from analysis that strategic logics carried out by farmers in farming systems' adoption are the result of a combination of explanatory factors. These factors contribute to deepen the understanding of the weaknesses of organic and CmiA values chains in Benin and the bottlenecks in their development. Far from being static, farmers' logics area temporary equilibrium resulting from different explanatory categories relative to social representations of environment, perceptions of projects and production and social reproduction objectives of farmers, the demand of sustainable cotton on international market, etc. Consequently, all actions aimed at promoting the sustainability of cotton farming system may facilitate access of farmers to inputs through the improvement of their existence means for a better soil fertility and pests management. Sensitization and training programs on the importance of leguminous plants integration to crops rotation, staged and targeted pest control, etc., may be carried out. At policy level it would be desirable that policies decisions don't negatively affect the development of alternative cotton value chains. In addition, measures may be taken to facilitate farmers' access to chemical fertilizers for food crops, especially maize, to avoid their selling off. ; La présente recherche vise à contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d'adoption des innovations environnementales. Elle part de l'analyse des représentations de l'environnement et des pratiques culturales associées à la gestion durable des exploitations cotonnières afin de mieux saisir les logiques et stratégies qui les fondent d'une part ainsi que les raisons qui expliquent les comportements paysans dans l'adoption des systèmes alternatifs de production de coton (SAPC) au Bénin d'autre part. Les théories d'analyse du changement technique, plus particulièrement la théorie de l'appropriation des innovations, renforcée par la théorie orientée vers les acteurs et les considérations théoriques sur les logiques et stratégies d'acteurs et les représentations sociales, ont servi de fil conducteur. Les systèmes de production de coton biologique (SCBIO) et du Cotton made in Africa (SCMIA) ont servi de cas d'étude. La phase empirique de la recherche s'est déroulée dans les communes de Kandi et de Péhunco, situées dans le bassin cotonnier du Nord Bénin. Un échantillon de 90 exploitants SCBIO, de 100 exploitants SCMIA et de 39 agents des structures promotrices de ces systèmes, a été constitué à partir d'une typologie à dires d'acteurs, conçue sur la base de critères endogènes de prospérité. Vu le caractère empirique de la recherche, une attention particulière a été accordée aux données primaires. Des outils qualitatifs et quantitatifs ont été combinés pour l'analyse des données collectées grâce à des entretiens individuels et de groupes. Il ressort de l'étude que la contribution du SCBIO et du SCMIA à l'économie nationale reste marginale en comparaison au mode conventionnel, système pourtant décrié. Au niveau paysan, l'analyse de ces systèmes de production montre qu'ils ne sont pas durablement intensifs et leur appropriation est caractérisée par des divergences entre les exigences et pratiques recommandées et les pratiques paysannes. En particulier, la gestion de la fertilité des sols et des ravageurs reste problématique. En clair, l'utilisation de la matière organique et la pratique de la rotation intégrant des légumineuses constituent les principales formes de gestion de la fertilité des sols au sein des exploitations SCBIO. Cependant, les apports de la matière organique en quantité et en qualité restent limités par la faible disponibilité de la matière organique, le manque crucial de matériel de transport, les conditions de production de la fumure, etc. Par ailleurs, la difficulté liée à la préparation des biopesticides et leur efficacité réduite, les contraintes liées à l'observation du complexe parasitaire, etc. constituent d'énormes contraintes à une gestion efficace des ravageurs. Au niveau des exploitations SCMIA, la pratique de la fertilisation organo-minérale reste peu répandue ; les apports de fumure organique sont très infimes et ceux des engrais minéraux insuffisants. L'application de la lutte étagée ciblée (LEC), principale méthode de gestion des ravageurs, est limitée par des contraintes de mise en place tardive des insecticides, leur faible efficacité, la pénibilité de la méthode, etc. ; ce qui contraint les exploitants à l'usage de pesticides en surdose ou au recours aux pesticides prohibés tels que l'endosulfan. Jugeant de la nécessité de recourir aux engrais minéraux pour les vivriers, notamment le maïs, certains producteurs développent diverses logiques stratégiques pouvant revêtir la forme de ruse, de contournement, de non-respect des cahiers de charges, d'abandon, etc. en vue d'y accéder. L'analyse de ces logiques stratégiques a montré qu'elles constituent un équilibre provisoire, une résultante de différents registres explicatifs relatifs aux représentations sociales de l'environnement, à la perception des dispositifs de développement, aux objectifs de production et de reproduction sociale, à la particularité de la demande de coton « durable », etc. Dès lors, toute action visant la durabilité des systèmes de production de coton doit permettre l'amélioration des moyens d'existence des producteurs afin de favoriser leur accès aux intrants en quantité et en qualité suffisantes pour une meilleure gestion de la fertilité des sols et des ravageurs. Des actions de sensibilisation et de renforcement des capacités sur l'importance de l'intégration des légumineuses au système de rotation, l'amélioration de la méthode de la lutte étagée ciblée, etc. devront être envisagées. Au niveau politique, il serait souhaitable que les décisions politiques n'affectent pas négativement le développement de filières cotonnières alternatives. Il importe aussi que des mesures soient prises en vue de faciliter l'accès des exploitants aux engrais minéraux destinés aux cultures vivrières dont principalement le maïs afin d'éviter le bradage des vivriers.