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ABSTRACT In the present investigation we sought to determine the determining factors for the disapproval of gay marriage in Peru. The study was descriptive. The population consisted of university students, parents of the departments of the Costa region, as well as the abundant national and international doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence. The sample consisted of a group of 350 students, parents of the Freedom, Lima, Piura and Arequipa, between 25 and 30 years of age, who belong or not to the LGBT community. The methods used were the hypothetical-deductive, the historical, dogmatic and systematic law, and the technique was the survey. To test the hypothesis formulated and fulfill the objectives of the investigation, it was used as a source that supports the Thesis, the analysis of the doctrine on Marriage between persons of the same sex and the legal norms applicable in national headquarters and comparative law. It was pointed out that there are substantial differences between the union of a man with a woman and the union of two people of the same sex. The main one of all is that the first union, being open by its own nature to procreation, has a public purpose that is the perpetuation of the species. The genital relationship between people of the same sex can never breed new human beings. Therefore, that there is a legal regulation called "marriage" for the first case and that said regulation cannot be applied to the second, in any way, means unfair discrimination in accordance with the doctrine and jurisprudence of the cited authors. The results show that in Peru, marriage is legally protected against same-sex unions, disagreeing that in the future, in Peru, the recognition of unions between people of the same must be legally and constitutionally protected. sex. The central conclusion is: the Constitution and the Civil Code do not incur discrimination in allowing marriage to only people of different sexes, because the principle of equality allows treating what is different, establishing that same-sex couples are different from those of different sex. Likewise, there is no discrimination because the principle of equality allows for justified differences to be instituted and, in the case of marriage, the difference is justified because it must be celebrated between a man and a woman. ; RESUMEN En la presente investigación se buscó determinar los factores determinantes para la desaprobación del matrimonio homosexual en Perú. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo. La población estuvo constituida por los estudiantes universitarios, padres de familia de las Regiones de la Costa, así como por la abundante doctrina nacional e internacional, legislación y Jurisprudencia. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un grupo de 350 estudiantes padres de familia de la Libertad, Lima, Piura y Arequipa, entre 25 y 30 años de edad, que pertenecen o no a las comunidades LGTB (sigla compuesta por las iniciales de las palabras Lesbianas, Gais, Bisexuales y Transgénero). Los métodos utilizados fueron el hipotético–deductivo, el histórico, dogmático y sistemático del derecho, y la técnica fue la encuesta. Para contrastar la Hipótesis formulada y cumplir los objetivos de la investigación, se tuvo como fuente que da sustento a la Tesis, el análisis de la doctrina sobre el Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y de las normas jurídicas aplicables en sede nacional y derecho comparado. Se dejó precisado que, existen diferencias sustanciales entre la unión de un hombre con una mujer y la unión de dos personas del mismo sexo. La principal de todas es que la primera unión, al estar abierta por su propia naturaleza a la procreación, tiene un fin público que es la perpetuación de la especie. La relación genital entre personas del mismo sexo jamás puede engendrar nuevos seres humanos. Por lo tanto, que exista una regulación legal llamada "matrimonio" para el primer caso y que dicha regulación no pueda ser aplicada al segundo, de ninguna manera, significa una injusta discriminación conforme a la doctrina y jurisprudencia de los autores citados. Los resultados evidencian de que en el Perú se protege jurídicamente el matrimonio frente a las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo, encontrándose en desacuerdo que, en el futuro, en el Perú se tenga que proteger legal y constitucionalmente el reconocimiento de las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo. La conclusión central es: la Constitución y el Código Civil no incurren en una discriminación al permitir contraer matrimonio únicamente a personas de sexo distinto, porque a través del principio de igualdad se permite tratar de manera distinta lo que se considera diferente, configurándose así que las parejas del mismo sexo son consideradas distintas a la de diferente sexo. Asimismo, no se produce una discriminación porque el principio de igualdad permite instituir diferencias justificadas y, en el caso del matrimonio, la diferencia está justificada porque éste debe celebrarse entre un hombre y una mujer. ; Tesis

The article deals with the basic directions of activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as a result of the implementation of the constitutional reform in Ukraine, amendments to the Basic Law, the adoption of a new law on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, year 2017, The rules of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, year 2018, corresponding personnel changes, etc. The positive dynamics and efficiency of the body of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine is marked, especially in the context of the review of constitutional complaints, protection of the rights of man and of the citizen, which were violated, by legal norms. Despite some problems, the activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in General demonstrates the formation of the system of constitutional justice in the European model. It also emphasized that the issues of improvement of its legal status, improving the efficiency of operation and trust, are designed to be the center of attention of the relevant government institutions, scholars and the public European model.Attention is paid to achieve the main goals that stand today before the Constitutional Court of Ukraine: the development of technology activities the great Chamber, Senate, boards and services of each judge to ensure the timely, fair, effective cases, optimization of acceptance and consideration of constitutional complaint, the establishment of the Court as an integral part of the judicial system, the structural element of the judiciary, a body that provides specific direction of litigation and is one of the most public authorities.The necessary prerequisites to achieve these goals are the permanent analysis and generalization of their own practice of the Constitutional Court, the regular holding of scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical conferences, symposia, round tables with domestic and foreign leading scientists. The question of constitutional proceedings are being discussed, the extension of the proceedings in the Court's activities are information and communication technologies, taking into account the practice and implementation of the positions and decisions of international courts, etc. ; В статье рассматриваются основные направления деятельности Конституционного суда Украины в результате осуществления конституционной реформы в Украине, внесения изменений в Основной Закон, принятие нового закона о Конституционном суде Украины 2017 года, Регламент Конституционного Суда Украины 2018 года соответствующие кадровые изменения, и т.д. Отмечена положительная динамика и эффективность органа конституционной юрисдикции в Украине, особенно в контексте рассмотрения конституционных жалоб, защиты прав человека и гражданина, которые были нарушены законодательными нормами. Несмотря на некоторые проблемы, деятельность Конституционного суда Украины в целом демонстрирует формирование системы конституционного правосудия европейской модели. Также подчеркнуто, что вопросы повышения его правового статуса, повышение эффективности работы и доверия должны быть в центре внимания соответствующих государственных учреждений, ученых и общественности.Обращено внимание на достижение основных целей, которые стоят сегодня перед Конституционным судом Украины: усовершенствование технологии деятельности Большой палаты, Сената, коллегий и службы каждого судьи для обеспечения своевременного, справедливого, эффективного рассмотрения дел, оптимизации принятия и рассмотрения конституционной жалобы становление Суда в качестве неотъемлемой части судебной системы, структурного элемента судебной власти, органа, который обеспечивает специфическое направление судебного процесса и является одним из важнейших органов публичной власти.Для достижения этих целей уже имеются необходимые предпосылки – постоянный анализ и обобщение собственной практики Конституционным судом, регулярное проведение научно-теоретических и научно-практических конференций, симпозиумов, круглых столов с отечественными и зарубежными ведущими учеными, на которых дискутируются вопросы конституционного производства, внедрение в деятельности суда информационно-коммуникационных технологий, учитывая практику и осуществление решений международных судов и т.д. ; У статті проаналізовано основні напрями діяльності Конституційного Суду України як результат реалізації конституційної реформи в Україні, внесення змін до Основного Закону України, прийняття нового Закону України «Про Конституційний Суд України» 2017 року, Регламенту Конституційного Суду України 2018 року, відповідних кадрових змін тощо. Відзначено позитивну динаміку та підвищення ефективності роботи органу конституційної юрисдикції України, особливо у контексті розгляду конституційних скарг, захисту прав людини і громадянина, які були порушені законодавчими нормами. Не дивлячись на певні проблеми, діяльність Конституційного Суду України загалом демонструє становлення системи конституційної юстиції європейського зразка. Також підкреслено, що питання удосконалення його правового статусу, підвищення ефективності функціонування та довіри населення покликані перебувати у центрі уваги відповідних владних інституцій, науковців та громадськості.Звертається увага на досягнення головних цілей, які стоять сьогодні перед Конституційним Судом України: вдосконалення технології діяльності Великої палати, Сенату, колегій та служби кожного судді з метою забезпечення своєчасного, справедливого, ефективного розгляду справ, оптимізації прийняття і розгляду конституційних скарг, становлення Суду як невід'ємної частини судової системи, структурного елементу судової влади, органом, який забезпечує специфічний напрям судочинства та є одним з найважливіших органів публічної влади.Для досягнення цих цілей вже сьогодні є необхідні передумови – це постійний аналіз та узагальнення власної практики Конституційним Судом, регулярне проведення науково-теоретичних та науково-практичних конференцій, симпозіумів, круглих столів з залученням вітчизняних і зарубіжних провідних вчених, на яких дискутуються питання конституційного судочинства, запровадження в діяльність Суду інформаційно-комунікативних технологій, врахування практики та імплементація рішень міжнародних судів тощо

The state governance model is established by Constitution. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, there is a separate section dedicated to local self-governance and its management, that shows not only the state's recognition of local self-governance, but also the principles of local self-governance mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. There are sixty separate territorial administrative units in Lithuania, which are guaranteed the right of self-governance, which is implemented by municipal councils elected during secret elections. After the frst direct elections of mayors held on March 1, 2015, even in sixteen municipalities (Birštonas municipality, Druskininkai municipality, Ignalina district municipality, Jonava district municipality, Kaunas district municipality, Lazdijai district municipality, Marijampolė municipality, Neringa municipality, Pagėgiai municipality, Palanga municipality, Pasvalys district municipality, Rietavas municipality, Šakiai municipality, Šalčininkai municipality, Vilkaviškis district municipality, Vilnius district municipality) one of the political parties or political organizations (movements) in the municipalities and districts of Lithuania won an absolute majority, which further emphasizes the importance of securing the rights of the minority (opposition).The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania has also noted that taking into account the fact that the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania implies the defense of the parliamentary minority, the minimum requirements for the protection of the opposition of the Lithuanian parliament, as well as the fact that the recognition of parliamentary opposition is an essential element of pluralistic democracy. The Statute of the Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) may establish guarantees of opposition activities: certain places and positions in the committee, opposition leader status, initiation of work places and commissions, etc. The systematic appraisal of the provisions of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania shows that the obligation to form in each municipality the Control Committee, the Anti-Corruption and Ethics commissions, whose candidacy is delegated by the municipal council's opposition, is one of the ways provided by the legislator to ensure the minority rights recognized in pluralistic democracy in self-governance. As there are 60 separate territorial administrative units (municipalities) in the Republic of Lithuania, in which there is a different demographic and political situation, different regulation of municipal councils, composition of municipal councils, therefore different management traditions are formed in them. In the absence of a suffcient defnition of minority rights of municipal councils, which ensure the possibilities of opposition activities, the medium develops into oligarchic tendencies. The poor control of decisions taken by municipal councils and administrative actions as well as a flawed legislative framework make it possible to form situations in which the democratic values and the protection of individual rights and freedoms are threatened. The abundance of the problems of the legal regulation of municipalities is indicated by the fact that since 1994, the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania has been amended even 124 times. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25th October 1992), a separate section is devoted to local selfgovernance and its management. This is understood as the importance given by the state to self-governance, as an independent state of governance, which unconditionally depends on legal regulation. Therefore, this article overviews the gaps in the legal regulation and the political problems that affect the principles of democracy and the system of leverage and balance between the majority of municipal councils and minorities in the local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania. In each municipal council, the presence of an opposition (minority) is not only a normative phenomenon, but also a necessary expression of democracy. In essence, the opposition has two main functions: frstly, this does not allow one party to entrench and curtails government selfshness as well as helps to maintain the constitutional model of governance. Secondly, because the political decisions are not perfect, the opposition points out the mistakes and shortcomings of the governance. Opposition works as an instrument to restrict governance and cultivate social peace. Depending on the subject matter, the aim and objectives of the research paper, the document analysis method was used for data collection and analysis. Data sources are as follows: National legislation, European Union and international legal acts, rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, current Case law, related scientifc works, and offcial statistical indicators. The method of systematic analysis is applied in complex examination of legal norms and relevant jurisprudence in the aspect of ensuring the rights of minority municipal councils. The monitoring method was used in making proposals for the improvement of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania. The author of the article has accumulated practical experience in the area of legal regulation of local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania, starting from 2011 until now as a member of the municipal council. The method of summarizing was used to summarize the collected and analyzed research data and to formulate conclusions and suggestions.

La Ley 12/2009, de 30 de octubre, reguladora del derecho de asilo y de la protección subsidiaria introduce como motivo de persecución para el reconocimiento del derecho de asilo la persecución por motivos de género. En concreto, dicha norma incorpora en su artículo 7 el siguiente párrafo: «Asimismo, en función de las circunstancias imperantes en el país de origen, se incluye a las personas que huyen de sus países de origen debido a fundados temores de sufrir persecución por motivos de género y, o, edad, sin que estos aspectos por sí solos puedan dar lugar a la aplicación del presente artículo». Por su parte, el artículo 46 del mismo cuerpo legal reconoce a las víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual como beneficiarias de la protección internacional. Pues bien, en el marco del Convenio del Consejo de Europa sobre prevención y lucha contra la violencia contra la mujer y la violencia doméstica, hecho en Estambul el 11 de mayo de 2011 y, en concreto, en el marco de los artículos 3, 60 y 61 de dicho texto legal, el presente trabajo analiza los términos de la aplicación e interpretación normativa en materia de asilo a nivel jurisprudencial en casos de persecución por motivos de género y, específicamente, en supuestos de trata con fines de explotación sexual. En concreto, el análisis se centra en las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo (Sala Contencioso-administrativo) en recursos de casación ante resoluciones administrativas denegatorias de asilo en casos de trata con fines de explotación sexual. Se busca establecer (1) los términos en los que se interpreta y/o aplica la norma en materia de solicitud de asilo y/o protección subsidiaria en los casos delimitados anteriormente, (2) los motivos y/o razones de la denegación de asilo y/o justificación y (3) la posible evolución y/o cambio de criterio desde el punto de vista de una interpretación sensible al género por mor de lo preceptuado en el Convenio de Estambul. La finalidad última del presente estudio es reflexionar críticamente sobre propuestas de mejoras en el abordaje de este tipo de casos atendiendo al marco normativo vigente y/o, en su caso, la valoración de propuestas de cambios legislativos en aras de garantizar la eficacia normativa en materia de protección y tutela de los derechos de las mujeres víctimas de trata con fines de explotación sexual. ; Law 12/2009 of October 30, regulating the right to asylum and subsidiary protection introduces persecution on grounds of gender as a reason for persecution for the recognition of the right to asylum. In particular, this article incorporates the following paragraph in article 7: «Likewise, depending on the prevailing circumstances in the country of origin, people fleeing from their countries of origin are included due to well-founded fears of persecution for reasons of gender and, or, age, without these aspects alone can give rise to the application of this article». For its part, article 46 of the same legal body recognizes victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation as beneficiaries of international protection. Well, in the framework of the Council of Europe Convention on the prevention and fight against violence against women and domestic violence, made in Istanbul on May 11, 2011 and, specifically, within the framework of articles 3, 60 and 61 of said legal text, this work analyzes the terms of the application and normative interpretation in terms of asylum at the jurisprudential level in cases of persecution for reasons of gender and, specifically, in cases of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the judgments of the Supreme Court (Contentious-Administrative Chamber) in appeals of cassation before administrative decisions denying asylum in cases of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It seeks to determine (1) the terms in which the norm is interpreted and/or applied as regards asylum application and/or subsidiary protection in the cases outlined above, (2) the reasons and / or reasons for the denial of asylum and/or justification and (3) the possible evolution and/or change of criteria from the point of view of a gender-sensitive interpretation by virtue of the provisions of the Istanbul Convention. The ultimate purpose of this study is to reflect critically on proposals for improvements in the approach to this type of case, taking into account the current regulatory framework and/or, where appropriate, the evaluation of proposals for legislative changes in order to guarantee regulatory effectiveness in this area. of protection and protection of the rights of women victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

The article deals with the basic directions of activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine as a result of the implementation of the constitutional reform in Ukraine, amendments to the Basic Law, the adoption of a new law on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, year 2017, The rules of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, year 2018, corresponding personnel changes, etc. The positive dynamics and efficiency of the body of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine is marked, especially in the context of the review of constitutional complaints, protection of the rights of man and of the citizen, which were violated, by legal norms. Despite some problems, the activity of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in General demonstrates the formation of the system of constitutional justice in the European model. It also emphasized that the issues of improvement of its legal status, improving the efficiency of operation and trust, are designed to be the center of attention of the relevant government institutions, scholars and the public European model.Attention is paid to achieve the main goals that stand today before the Constitutional Court of Ukraine: the development of technology activities the great Chamber, Senate, boards and services of each judge to ensure the timely, fair, effective cases, optimization of acceptance and consideration of constitutional complaint, the establishment of the Court as an integral part of the judicial system, the structural element of the judiciary, a body that provides specific direction of litigation and is one of the most public authorities.The necessary prerequisites to achieve these goals are the permanent analysis and generalization of their own practice of the Constitutional Court, the regular holding of scientific-theoretical and scientific-practical conferences, symposia, round tables with domestic and foreign leading scientists. The question of constitutional proceedings are being discussed, the extension of the proceedings in the Court's activities are information and communication technologies, taking into account the practice and implementation of the positions and decisions of international courts, etc. ; В статье рассматриваются основные направления деятельности Конституционного суда Украины в результате осуществления конституционной реформы в Украине, внесения изменений в Основной Закон, принятие нового закона о Конституционном суде Украины 2017 года, Регламент Конституционного Суда Украины 2018 года соответствующие кадровые изменения, и т.д. Отмечена положительная динамика и эффективность органа конституционной юрисдикции в Украине, особенно в контексте рассмотрения конституционных жалоб, защиты прав человека и гражданина, которые были нарушены законодательными нормами. Несмотря на некоторые проблемы, деятельность Конституционного суда Украины в целом демонстрирует формирование системы конституционного правосудия европейской модели. Также подчеркнуто, что вопросы повышения его правового статуса, повышение эффективности работы и доверия должны быть в центре внимания соответствующих государственных учреждений, ученых и общественности.Обращено внимание на достижение основных целей, которые стоят сегодня перед Конституционным судом Украины: усовершенствование технологии деятельности Большой палаты, Сената, коллегий и службы каждого судьи для обеспечения своевременного, справедливого, эффективного рассмотрения дел, оптимизации принятия и рассмотрения конституционной жалобы становление Суда в качестве неотъемлемой части судебной системы, структурного элемента судебной власти, органа, который обеспечивает специфическое направление судебного процесса и является одним из важнейших органов публичной власти.Для достижения этих целей уже имеются необходимые предпосылки – постоянный анализ и обобщение собственной практики Конституционным судом, регулярное проведение научно-теоретических и научно-практических конференций, симпозиумов, круглых столов с отечественными и зарубежными ведущими учеными, на которых дискутируются вопросы конституционного производства, внедрение в деятельности суда информационно-коммуникационных технологий, учитывая практику и осуществление решений международных судов и т.д. ; У статті проаналізовано основні напрями діяльності Конституційного Суду України як результат реалізації конституційної реформи в Україні, внесення змін до Основного Закону України, прийняття нового Закону України «Про Конституційний Суд України» 2017 року, Регламенту Конституційного Суду України 2018 року, відповідних кадрових змін тощо. Відзначено позитивну динаміку та підвищення ефективності роботи органу конституційної юрисдикції України, особливо у контексті розгляду конституційних скарг, захисту прав людини і громадянина, які були порушені законодавчими нормами. Не дивлячись на певні проблеми, діяльність Конституційного Суду України загалом демонструє становлення системи конституційної юстиції європейського зразка. Також підкреслено, що питання удосконалення його правового статусу, підвищення ефективності функціонування та довіри населення покликані перебувати у центрі уваги відповідних владних інституцій, науковців та громадськості.Звертається увага на досягнення головних цілей, які стоять сьогодні перед Конституційним Судом України: вдосконалення технології діяльності Великої палати, Сенату, колегій та служби кожного судді з метою забезпечення своєчасного, справедливого, ефективного розгляду справ, оптимізації прийняття і розгляду конституційних скарг, становлення Суду як невід'ємної частини судової системи, структурного елементу судової влади, органом, який забезпечує специфічний напрям судочинства та є одним з найважливіших органів публічної влади.Для досягнення цих цілей вже сьогодні є необхідні передумови – це постійний аналіз та узагальнення власної практики Конституційним Судом, регулярне проведення науково-теоретичних та науково-практичних конференцій, симпозіумів, круглих столів з залученням вітчизняних і зарубіжних провідних вчених, на яких дискутуються питання конституційного судочинства, запровадження в діяльність Суду інформаційно-комунікативних технологій, врахування практики та імплементація рішень міжнародних судів тощо

Розглянуто норми законодавства України, що регулює діяльність, пов'язану з розроб­ленням озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійсненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, щодо відповідальності, передбаченої за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. Звернено увагу на важливість удоскона­лення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань відповідальності за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та розроблені пропозиції щодо його вдоско­налення. ; Рассмотрены положения законодательства Украины, регулирующие деятельность по разработке вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществление международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относительно ответственности, предусмотренной за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. Указано на важность усовершенствования законодательства касательно урегулирования вопросов от­ветственности за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере, а также разработаны предложения относительно его усовершенствования. ; The legis­lation of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the responsibility provided for violation of intellectual proper­ty rights in the sphere of defense is considered. The importance of improving the leg­islation on the settlement of issues of responsibility for violations of intellectual prop­erty in the defense sector and the proposals for improving it are elaborated.Ukraine as an independent state is undergoing a rather difficult stage of its forma­tion, overcoming many problems on its way. However, in general, they are associated with one problem — the lack of responsibility for their actions or inaction, the decisions taken or vice versa has not been taken, and at all levels - from a citizen to the president. This is what generates corruption and theft of the budget, even in the war, repairing roads in the rain or snow, and all our other disadvantages. Therefore, as long as we are not responsible for the violations committed, regardless of party affiliation or family and other ties, radical changes in the public life of our state will not occur. This also applies to violations of intellectual property rights.During the years of independence, Ukraine has not really formed a state policy on in­tellectual property, nor has developed strategies for the development of this important segment of public life. At the beginning, we laid the foundation and built our own struc­ture, and for more than 10 years we reformed what was not completed. There is no strategic vision of what we want to achieve, so all changes and reforms take place in a haphazard and chaotic way. And because of this, the number of violations only increas­es, so our state can never completely get rid of the stigma of one of the biggest violators of intellectual property rights.The problem of responsibility for violating intellectual property rights is particu­larly important in the defense sector, although not everyone understands it. Indeed, when developing of armaments and military equipment and its subsequent using, es­pecially when exported to other countries, significant financial losses for authors and producers, as well as image losses for the whole state are possible. And with the tran­sition of our military-industrial complex from the repair and modernization of arma­ments and military equipment of Soviet standards, to the development of the latest models of own samples of armaments and military equipment or in cooperation with foreign partners, the issue of responsibility for the violation of intellectual property rights has become even more acute.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all actors involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights created during the execution of the state de­fense order, including (especially) the implementation of the military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vi­olation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.The great amount of all violations can be prevented by state contractors with prop­er work on a contractual basis in the event of a responsible attitude towards ensuring national interests and proper performance of their functions by public officials. At the moment, possible actions or inaction of state-owned customers that directly violate the norms of intellectual property rights, or indirectly, the commission of which seems to have no direct relation, but leads in the future to serious violations of intellectual property rights.For solution of this problem is necessary to systematically and comprehensively ap­proach the improvement of intellectual property legislation, especially regarding the de­finition of liability for violations in this area in the development and use of armaments and military equipment.

Las empresas industriales y comerciales del Estado cuando estén competencia con el sector privado y/o público, nacional o internacional o en mercados regulados, constituyen una excepción a la aplicación del Estatuto General de Contratación y en tal evento, deben dar aplicación a sus normas internas y a los principios que orientan la función administrativa, la gestión fiscal, al deber de selección objetiva. Aun cuando no se indica explícitamente en las normas contractuales, el principio de Planeación es el eje fundamental de la gestión institucional para llevar a cabo sin contratiempos los objetivos institucionales encomendados a las entidades del Estado, las cuales habitualmente los realizan con el apoyo de contratistas públicos o privados. Se ha evidenciado que cuando falla la planeación por lo general fracasan los proyectos y ello tiene una afectación directa en el cumplimiento de los fines esenciales del Estado. En este contexto, a través de un estudio documental normativo y jurisprudencial con enfoque cualitativo, se pretende establecer si las empresas industriales y comerciales del Estado (en adelante EICE) cumplen el principio de Planeación, así como los fines del Estado. ; TABLA DE CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN TITULO I. DE LAS EMPRESAS INDUSTRIALES Y COMERCIALES DEL ESTADO - EICE. CAPITULO I Régimen normativo y contractual de las empresas industriales y comerciales del Estado - EICE. 1.1. Definición 1.2. Creación 1.3. Regulación CAPITULO II 1. Razón de ser de las empresas industriales y comerciales del Estado objeto de estudio 1.1. Servicios Postales Nacionales S.A. SPN-472 1.2. INDUMIL 1.3. RTVC 1.4. TELECARIBE 1.5. TV ANDINA 1.6. COLJUEGOS 1.7. FONADE 1.8. Fondo Nacional del Ahorro FNA. 1.9. Caja Promotora de Vivienda Militar y de Policía 1.10. Administradora Colombiana de Pensiones – COLPENSIONES. 1.11. Imprenta Nacional de Colombia TITULO II PRINCIPIOS DE LA CONTRATACIÓN ESTATAL EN GENERAL Y PRINCIPIOS APLICALES A LAS EICE CAPITULO I 1. Identificación de los principios aplicables a la contratación estatal en general 1.1 Definición. 1.2 Función de los principios. 1.3 Principios aplicables a la contratación estatal en general y aplicables a las EICE. CAPÍTULO II 1. Aplicación de los principios de la Función Administrativa por parte de las EICE. 2. Aplicación de los principios de la Gestión Fiscal por parte de las EICE. 3. Aplicación otros principios por parte de las EICE, adicionales a los previstos en los art. 209 y 267 de la Constitución Política. a. Principios generales del derecho. b. Principios del derecho administrativo. c. Selección objetiva. d. Ecuación Contractual. e. Principios de la interpretación de las reglas contractuales. f. Aplicación de las reglas que orientan la conducta de los servidores públicos. TITULO III EL PRINCIPIO DE PLANEACIÓN EN LAS EICE Y RELACIÓN ENTRE ÉSTE Y LOS FINES DEL ESTADO. CAPITULO I 1. El principio de planeación en las EICE. a. Concepto de Planeación. b. La Planeación como proceso. c. La Planeación en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. i. La Planeación contractual ii. La Planeación presupuestal en aspectos contractuales. d. Medios de planeación en las EICE. e. Relación entre la planeación y los principios de la función administrativa. 2. Documentos que sirven de sustento para afirmar que las EICE en competencia, posiblemente no estén cumpliendo con el principio de Planeación en su doble dimensión, formal y material. 2.1 Industrias Militares – INDUMIL 2.2 Fondo Financiero de Proyectos de Desarrollo - FONADE CAPITULO II 1. Efectos de la mala planeación o falta de planeación en las EICE. 2. Relación existente entre la falta de planeación y la afectación de los fines del Estado. CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS ; The industrial and commercial enterprises of the State when they are in competition with the private sector and / or public, national or international or in regulated markets, constitute an exception to the application of the General Contracting Statute and in such event, they must be applied to its norms internal and the principles that guide the administrative function, fiscal management, the duty of objective selection. Even when not explicitly stated in the contractual regulations, the planning principle is the fundamental axis of institutional management to carry out setbacks to the institutional purposes entrusted to State entities, which are usually carried out with the support of contractors public or private. It has been shown that at the time of planning, in general, failed projects have a direct infraction in compliance with the essential fines of the State. In this context, through a normative and jurisprudential documentary study with a qualitative approach, we want to establish whether the State's industrial and commercial companies (hereinafter EICE) comply with the Planning principle, as well the State's objectives.

Розглянуто норми законодавства України, що регулює діяльність, пов'язану з розроб­ленням озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійсненням міжнародного військово-технічного співробітництва, щодо відповідальності, передбаченої за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. Звернено увагу на важливість удоскона­лення законодавства щодо врегулювання питань відповідальності за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та розроблені пропозиції щодо його вдоско­налення. ; Рассмотрены положения законодательства Украины, регулирующие деятельность по разработке вооружения и военной техники, а также осуществление международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относительно ответственности, предусмотренной за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. Указано на важность усовершенствования законодательства касательно урегулирования вопросов от­ветственности за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере, а также разработаны предложения относительно его усовершенствования. ; The legis­lation of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the responsibility provided for violation of intellectual proper­ty rights in the sphere of defense is considered. The importance of improving the leg­islation on the settlement of issues of responsibility for violations of intellectual prop­erty in the defense sector and the proposals for improving it are elaborated.Ukraine as an independent state is undergoing a rather difficult stage of its forma­tion, overcoming many problems on its way. However, in general, they are associated with one problem — the lack of responsibility for their actions or inaction, the decisions taken or vice versa has not been taken, and at all levels - from a citizen to the president. This is what generates corruption and theft of the budget, even in the war, repairing roads in the rain or snow, and all our other disadvantages. Therefore, as long as we are not responsible for the violations committed, regardless of party affiliation or family and other ties, radical changes in the public life of our state will not occur. This also applies to violations of intellectual property rights.During the years of independence, Ukraine has not really formed a state policy on in­tellectual property, nor has developed strategies for the development of this important segment of public life. At the beginning, we laid the foundation and built our own struc­ture, and for more than 10 years we reformed what was not completed. There is no strategic vision of what we want to achieve, so all changes and reforms take place in a haphazard and chaotic way. And because of this, the number of violations only increas­es, so our state can never completely get rid of the stigma of one of the biggest violators of intellectual property rights.The problem of responsibility for violating intellectual property rights is particu­larly important in the defense sector, although not everyone understands it. Indeed, when developing of armaments and military equipment and its subsequent using, es­pecially when exported to other countries, significant financial losses for authors and producers, as well as image losses for the whole state are possible. And with the tran­sition of our military-industrial complex from the repair and modernization of arma­ments and military equipment of Soviet standards, to the development of the latest models of own samples of armaments and military equipment or in cooperation with foreign partners, the issue of responsibility for the violation of intellectual property rights has become even more acute.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all actors involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights created during the execution of the state de­fense order, including (especially) the implementation of the military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vi­olation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.The great amount of all violations can be prevented by state contractors with prop­er work on a contractual basis in the event of a responsible attitude towards ensuring national interests and proper performance of their functions by public officials. At the moment, possible actions or inaction of state-owned customers that directly violate the norms of intellectual property rights, or indirectly, the commission of which seems to have no direct relation, but leads in the future to serious violations of intellectual property rights.For solution of this problem is necessary to systematically and comprehensively ap­proach the improvement of intellectual property legislation, especially regarding the de­finition of liability for violations in this area in the development and use of armaments and military equipment.

The legis­lation of Ukraine regulating activities related to the development of armaments and military equipment, as well as the implementation of international military-technical cooperation, concerning the responsibility provided for violation of intellectual proper­ty rights in the sphere of defense is considered. The importance of improving the leg­islation on the settlement of issues of responsibility for violations of intellectual prop­erty in the defense sector and the proposals for improving it are elaborated.Ukraine as an independent state is undergoing a rather difficult stage of its forma­tion, overcoming many problems on its way. However, in general, they are associated with one problem — the lack of responsibility for their actions or inaction, the decisions taken or vice versa has not been taken, and at all levels — from a citizen to the presi­dent. This is what generates corruption and theft of the budget, even in the war, repair­ing roads in the rain or snow, and all our other disadvantages. Therefore, as long as we are not responsible for the violations committed, regardless of party affiliation or family and other ties, radical changes in the public life of our state will not occur. This also ap­plies to violations of intellectual property rights.During the years of independence, Ukraine has not really formed a state policy on in­tellectual property, nor has developed strategies for the development of this important segment of public life. At the beginning, we laid the foundation and built our own struc­ture, and for more than 10 years we reformed what was not completed. There is no strategic vision of what we want to achieve, so all changes and reforms take place in a haphazard and chaotic way. And because of this, the number of violations only increas­es, so our state can never completely get rid of the stigma of one of the biggest violators of intellectual property rights.The problem of responsibility for violating intellectual property rights is particu­larly important in the defense sector, although not everyone understands it. Indeed, when developing of armaments and military equipment and its subsequent using, es­pecially when exported to other countries, significant financial losses for authors and producers, as well as image losses for the whole state are possible. And with the tran­sition of our military-industrial complex from the repair and modernization of arma­ments and military equipment of Soviet standards, to the development of the latest models of own samples of armaments and military equipment or in cooperation with foreign partners, the issue of responsibility for the violation of intellectual property rights has become even more acute.The current state of intellectual property protection in the defense sector indicates the need to improve the regulation of issues of the formation and implementation of state policy, the principles of state control in this area, as well as the powers and re­sponsibilities of all actors involved in the defense sector.The imperfection of the legal framework gives the legal possibility of unauthorized use of objects of intellectual property rights created during the execution of the state de­fense order, including (especially) the implementation of the military-technical coopera­tion. This is facilitated by the lack of responsibility for actions that create a threat of vi­olation of intellectual property rights or contribute to the violation.The great amount of all violations can be prevented by state contractors with prop­er work on a contractual basis in the event of a responsible attitude towards ensuring national interests and proper performance of their functions by public officials. At the moment, possible actions or inaction of state-owned customers that directly violate the norms of intellectual property rights, or indirectly, the commission of which seems to have no direct relation, but leads in the future to serious violations of intellectual property rights.For solution of this problem is necessary to systematically and comprehensively ap­proach the improvement of intellectual property legislation, especially regarding the de­finition of liability for violations in this area in the development and use of armaments and military equipment. ; Рассмотрены положения законода­тельства Украины, регулирующие деятельность по разработке воружения и воен­ной техники, а также осуществление международного военно-технического сотрудничества, относительно ответственности, предусмотреной за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере. Указано на важность усовершенствования законодательства касательно урегулирования вопросов от­ветственности за нарушения прав интеллектуальной собственности в оборонной сфере, а также разработаны предложения относительно его усовершенствования. ; Розглянуто норми законодавства України, що регулює діяльність, пов'язану з розроб­кою озброєння та військової техніки, а також здійсненням міжнародного військово-тех­нічного співробітництва, щодо відповідальності, передбаченої за порушення прав інте­лектуальної власності в оборонній сфері. Зазначено важливість удосконалення законо­давства щодо врегулювання питань відповідальності за порушення прав інтелектуальної власності в оборонній сфері та розроблені пропозиції щодо його вдосконалення.

Dear Bulgarian friends and colleagues! By joining the international project organized by "IDEE: a philosophical magazine", the team of the National Medical University "O.Bogomolets" expresses its solidarity with the ideals of humanism, spirituality, democracy, universal human norms and values, which are propagated on the pages of this edition.The National Medical University "O. Bogomolets "- a leading medical university in Ukraine - celebrates this year's 175th anniversary. The history of our university is related not only to prominent and prominent medical scientists VO professors. Karavaev, O.P. Walter, V.O. Bets, LV Gromashevski, O. Bogomolets, M.M. Amosov, but also with the daily selfless work of Ukrainian healers on saving lives and people's health. The profession of physician will never lose its value, humanistic dimension. It is about the individual approach to man, not only with regard to his somatic, psychological, but also spiritual characteristics related to the concept of freedom and freedom. This creates a special humanitarian aura of the medical profession. It is the philosopher physician, as Hippocrates said, to be like God.At the National Medical University "O. Bogomolets ", considerable attention is paid to the development of humanitarian knowledge, philosophical and socio-humanitarian education, the spiritual education of medical students. We hope that our cooperation will help to find new moments in the relationship between philosophy and medicine, the development of integrative approaches in philosophy and science, the strengthening of the friendship and cooperation of our peoples. Katerina Amosova,Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academyof the medical sciences of Ukraine,Rector of the Bogomolets National Medical University ; Дълбокоуважаеми наши български приятели и колеги! Присъединявайки се към международния проект, организиран от "ИДЕИ: философско списание", колективът на Националния медицински университет "О.О.Богомолец" изразява солидарността си с идеалите на хуманизма, духовността, демокрацията, общочовешките норми и ценности, които се пропагандират на страниците на това издание.Националният медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец" – водещ медицински университет в Украйна – отбелязва през тази година 175-годишнината от основаването си. Историята на нашия университет е свързана не само с изтъкнатите и знаменити учени-медици професорите В.О. Караваев, О. П. Валтер, В.О. Бец, Л. В. Громашевски, О. О. Богомолец, М. М. Амосов, но и с всекидневния самоотвержен труд на украинските лечители по спасяването на живота и здравето на хората. Професията на лекаря никога няма да загуби своето ценностно, хуманистично измерение. Става дума за индивидуалния подход към човека с отчитане не само на неговите соматически, психически, но и на духовните му особености, свързани със смислотворчеството и свободата. Това създава особена хуманитарна аура на лекарската професия. Именно лекарят-философ, както е казвал Хипократ, се явява подобен на Бога.В Националния медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец" значително внимание се отделя на развитието на хуманитарните знания, на философското и социално-хуманитарното образование, на духовното възпитание на студентите-медици. Ние се надяваме, че нашето сътрудничество ще спомага за търсенето на нови моменти на взаимовръзката на философия и медицина, за развитието на интегративните подходи във философията и науката, за укрепването на дружбата и сътрудничеството на нашите народи. Катерина Амосова,Професор, член-корреспондент на Националната академияна медицинските науки на Украйна,Ректор на Националния медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец" ; Дълбокоуважаеми наши български приятели и колеги! Присъединявайки се към международния проект, организиран от "ИДЕИ: философско списание", колективът на Националния медицински университет "О.О.Богомолец" изразява солидарността си с идеалите на хуманизма, духовността, демокрацията, общочовешките норми и ценности, които се пропагандират на страниците на това издание.Националният медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец" – водещ медицински университет в Украйна – отбелязва през тази година 175-годишнината от основаването си. Историята на нашия университет е свързана не само с изтъкнатите и знаменити учени-медици професорите В.О. Караваев, О. П. Валтер, В.О. Бец, Л. В. Громашевски, О. О. Богомолец, М. М. Амосов, но и с всекидневния самоотвержен труд на украинските лечители по спасяването на живота и здравето на хората. Професията на лекаря никога няма да загуби своето ценностно, хуманистично измерение. Става дума за индивидуалния подход към човека с отчитане не само на неговите соматически, психически, но и на духовните му особености, свързани със смислотворчеството и свободата. Това създава особена хуманитарна аура на лекарската професия. Именно лекарят-философ, както е казвал Хипократ, се явява подобен на Бога.В Националния медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец" значително внимание се отделя на развитието на хуманитарните знания, на философското и социално-хуманитарното образование, на духовното възпитание на студентите-медици. Ние се надяваме, че нашето сътрудничество ще спомага за търсенето на нови моменти на взаимовръзката на философия и медицина, за развитието на интегративните подходи във философията и науката, за укрепването на дружбата и сътрудничеството на нашите народи. Катерина Амосова,Професор, член-корреспондент на Националната академияна медицинските науки на Украйна,Ректор на Националния медицински университет "О.О. Богомолец"

It is shown that there is essence transformation of concept of freedom and responsibility in informative society. It is shown, that the modern stage of development of civilization is characterized by destruction of cultural traditions, devaluation of the national valued systems and lining up the new on a base values of the western world, and also by the global crisis of responsibility.It is shown that as the basic circulated models come forward: society of consumption, mass culture, freedom in the western understanding, modernisation of western type as vector only faithful development of any public system. These reference-points are translated and fastened through the channels of mass communication. Together with them new axiological reference-points, as that pluralism, nihilizm and relativism, come forward in relations, are translated, that, in turn, results in the innermost crisis of all types of responsibility. Thus, the modern stage of development of society is characterized deeply by contradictory tendencies in the field of politics, economy, culture, that shows up in the crisis of responsibility. Attention actualized on that all these processes require a serious scientific comprehension and analysis of the systems, sent to the exposure of specific features of this phenomenon for making of algorithm of actions, assisting a removal or even softening of existent contradictions.It is underlined that the virtualization of society can become reason of displacing of frames of society, that appeals to the crisis of political and ethic responsibility and requires the serious going near development of complex of measures, from one side, on informatively-psychological defense of personality, and, with other, on securing of all frames of society for an intergovernmental level.It is shown that on this stage of forming of culture of informative society of contradiction in a culture generated the system crisis of responsibility: ethic, political, economic, both on individual and on collective levels. In informative society, restructuring of cultural space caused transformation of cultural values. Now freedom becomes an attempt finally to break off with dependence on society, orientation on the extreme degree of individual desires and necessities, by absence of some responsibility before society. Humanity searches methods, how to attain all greater freedom, taking off traditional embargoes, renouncing an attempt to stick somebody's will and what that was not authorities. Freedom becomes an end in itself. She accepts different forms: from freedom of speech, allowing to use an unnormative vocabulary in the spoken and writing language to taking off an embargo on doing drug and legalization of same-sex marriages. Such display of freedom serves reason of serious social contradictions.It is underlined that freedom of choice is unthinkable without responsibility for the consequences of the accomplished elections: by individuals, groups of people, including, as nations, people, nationalities, operating by means of frames of society and social educations, the top of that are the states, their unions and international institutes, creating norms, rules, orders and limitations for any world legal subject. Complete freedom can not be: under no circumstances, and not under what circumstances and than higher level of knowledge of people about the place and role in the world, the possible limits of freedom and absence of freedom become more determined, their veritable sense is opened and a value is grasped. Collective freedom and complementary absence of freedom, I am not that another, as objective and that is why immutable knowledge of associations of people about the maximum borders of the safe existence, the following exposes infinite possibilities of common to all mankind development.It is shown that over globalization, as concomitant to informatively-technological revolution process, brings to globalization of irresponsible behavior, and also to globalization of consequences of such irresponsibility. At existent contradictions and conflicts becomes obvious, that global irresponsibility becomes not only a threat to the individuals or task forces, but to all frames of society, and also planet on the whole. Authorial position is grounded, that the degree of responsibility must be straight proportional to possibilities (first of all technical) of society, that society must revise the system of moral values, produce the mechanisms of defense, that principle of responsibility will be the basis of. This principle must imply maximization of all kinds and levels of responsibility, and also, taking into account interdependence of all elements of society and dependence of nature from the actions of man, making of intergovernmental ethic conception that would predetermine transformation of economic, political and legal relations. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе наблюдается сущностная трансформация понятия свободы и ответственности. Обосновывается, что благодаря специфическим виртуальным характеристикам информационного общества социальные субъекты получают уникальные возможности для реализации личной свободы, которые в определенной степени могут вступать в противоречие с ответственностью. ; Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві спостерігається сутнісна трансформація поняття свободи й відповідальності. Обґрунтовується, що завдяки специфічним віртуальним характеристикам інформаційного суспільства соціальні суб'єкти отримують унікальні можливості для реалізації особистої свободи, які певною мірою можуть заходити у суперечність із відповідальністю.

It is shown that there is essence transformation of concept of freedom and responsibility in informative society. It is shown, that the modern stage of development of civilization is characterized by destruction of cultural traditions, devaluation of the national valued systems and lining up the new on a base values of the western world, and also by the global crisis of responsibility.It is shown that as the basic circulated models come forward: society of consumption, mass culture, freedom in the western understanding, modernisation of western type as vector only faithful development of any public system. These reference-points are translated and fastened through the channels of mass communication. Together with them new axiological reference-points, as that pluralism, nihilizm and relativism, come forward in relations, are translated, that, in turn, results in the innermost crisis of all types of responsibility. Thus, the modern stage of development of society is characterized deeply by contradictory tendencies in the field of politics, economy, culture, that shows up in the crisis of responsibility. Attention actualized on that all these processes require a serious scientific comprehension and analysis of the systems, sent to the exposure of specific features of this phenomenon for making of algorithm of actions, assisting a removal or even softening of existent contradictions.It is underlined that the virtualization of society can become reason of displacing of frames of society, that appeals to the crisis of political and ethic responsibility and requires the serious going near development of complex of measures, from one side, on informatively-psychological defense of personality, and, with other, on securing of all frames of society for an intergovernmental level.It is shown that on this stage of forming of culture of informative society of contradiction in a culture generated the system crisis of responsibility: ethic, political, economic, both on individual and on collective levels. In informative society, restructuring of cultural space caused transformation of cultural values. Now freedom becomes an attempt finally to break off with dependence on society, orientation on the extreme degree of individual desires and necessities, by absence of some responsibility before society. Humanity searches methods, how to attain all greater freedom, taking off traditional embargoes, renouncing an attempt to stick somebody's will and what that was not authorities. Freedom becomes an end in itself. She accepts different forms: from freedom of speech, allowing to use an unnormative vocabulary in the spoken and writing language to taking off an embargo on doing drug and legalization of same-sex marriages. Such display of freedom serves reason of serious social contradictions.It is underlined that freedom of choice is unthinkable without responsibility for the consequences of the accomplished elections: by individuals, groups of people, including, as nations, people, nationalities, operating by means of frames of society and social educations, the top of that are the states, their unions and international institutes, creating norms, rules, orders and limitations for any world legal subject. Complete freedom can not be: under no circumstances, and not under what circumstances and than higher level of knowledge of people about the place and role in the world, the possible limits of freedom and absence of freedom become more determined, their veritable sense is opened and a value is grasped. Collective freedom and complementary absence of freedom, I am not that another, as objective and that is why immutable knowledge of associations of people about the maximum borders of the safe existence, the following exposes infinite possibilities of common to all mankind development.It is shown that over globalization, as concomitant to informatively-technological revolution process, brings to globalization of irresponsible behavior, and also to globalization of consequences of such irresponsibility. At existent contradictions and conflicts becomes obvious, that global irresponsibility becomes not only a threat to the individuals or task forces, but to all frames of society, and also planet on the whole. Authorial position is grounded, that the degree of responsibility must be straight proportional to possibilities (first of all technical) of society, that society must revise the system of moral values, produce the mechanisms of defense, that principle of responsibility will be the basis of. This principle must imply maximization of all kinds and levels of responsibility, and also, taking into account interdependence of all elements of society and dependence of nature from the actions of man, making of intergovernmental ethic conception that would predetermine transformation of economic, political and legal relations. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе наблюдается сущностная трансформация понятия свободы и ответственности. Обосновывается, что благодаря специфическим виртуальным характеристикам информационного общества социальные субъекты получают уникальные возможности для реализации личной свободы, которые в определенной степени могут вступать в противоречие с ответственностью. ; Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві спостерігається сутнісна трансформація поняття свободи й відповідальності. Обґрунтовується, що завдяки специфічним віртуальним характеристикам інформаційного суспільства соціальні суб'єкти отримують унікальні можливості для реалізації особистої свободи, які певною мірою можуть заходити у суперечність із відповідальністю.

Zusammenfassung: Der Begriff der Emanzipation spielt in der neueren Erziehungswissenschaft nur mehr eine geringe Rolle. Mit dem Bildungsbegriff steht jedoch eine Alternative zur Verfügung, die das kritische Potential des Emanzipationsbegriffs bewahren lässt. Wie sehr eine kritische pädagogische Haltung auch heute notwendig ist, wird anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem schulischen und familiären Bereich aufgezeigt. Gegenüber der wachsenden Tendenz, Erziehung und Unterricht nach ihrem Output zu beurteilen und ihre Überwachung und Kontrolle zu intensivieren, wird daran erinnert, dass Bildung nicht machbar ist, sondern vom sich bildenden Subjekt selber geleistet werden muss.Schlüsselwörter: Bildung, Bildungspolitik, Emanzipation, Helikoptereltern, Kompetenz, PISA ; Summary: The concept of emancipation plays a limited role in the recent science of pedagogics. With the concept of education, all alternatives are available which preserve the critical potential of the emancipation concept. The extent to which a critical pedagogic attitude is also necessary today, will be illustrated by means of examples chosen from the schooling and familial domains. Countering the increasing tendency to judge education and teaching in terms of their output and so intensify surveillance and control, is a reminder that education is not doable but rather needs to be accomplished by the subject who is being educated.Key words: education, the politics of education, emancipation, helicopter parents, competence, PISA ; L'émancipation a largement perdu de sa signification en tant que notion normative dans le domaine des sciences de l'éducation. Ce terme continue toutefois d'être utilisé pour décrire la fonction critique des sciences de l'éducation. Comme en témoigne fortement la critique aujourd'hui, l'école et la famille sont en pleine évolution. Les réformes actuelles de l'enseignement en Suisse se distinguent de façon marquante par une tendance dominante à la standardisation et à la normalisation de l'école et des cours. La standardisation ne concerne pas seulement les conditions dans lesquelles ont lieu l'école et les cours, mais aussi les résultats, c'est-à-dire la performance attendue de la part des élèves. Au lieu de se former, les élèves doivent acquérir des compétences, précisées en détails et évaluées à l'aide de procédés psychométriques. Tandis que les processus de formation ciblent l'autonomisation de l'individu au sens de l'organisation de sa personnalité, les compétences se mesurent à l'aune de leur utilité dans les situations quotidiennes. La formation est redéfinie dans ses fonctions et évolue vers un capital humain, ce qui transparait dans les études PISA. Par ailleurs, les écoles et les cours sont désignés de plus en plus souvent par des métaphores technologiques qui laissent penser que l'apprentissage des élèves est la résultante directe de l'enseignement des professeurs. Les fantasmes de faisabilité, qui font la part plus belle à l'influence de la politique de l'enseignement qu'elle n'en a dans les faits, se propagent. Ainsi le monitorage suisse de la formation, projet porté conjointement par la Confédération et les cantons, exige que la recherche sur l'enseignement fournisse des savoirs permettant de mieux piloter le système de formation. Même si des voix critiques s'élèvent sur la scène internationale, l'assimilation entre formation et éducation ne cesse de progresser en suivant la logique des processus de fabrication industrielle en Suisse. L'introduction de normes de formation basées sur les résultats dans le cadre du concordat HarmoS et l'organisation du Lehrplan 21 (plan d'études) en fonction des compétences s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'un changement de cap politique, dont l'objectif est d'attirer l'attention sur les résultats des écoles et des cours. De façon comparable, il se développe dans les familles une mentalité de surveillance et de contrôle. Par souci justifié ou non, des parents dits hélicoptères s'occupent en permanence de leurs enfants, ne leur laissant quasiment aucun espace de liberté pour explorer leurs propres centres d'intérêt en autonomie, sans surveillance. Mus par une « panique de l'éducation » (Bude), les parents croient devoir toujours investir davantage dans leurs enfants pour que leur vie soit couronnée plus tard de succès. Mais cette mentalité du contrôle, dite hélicoptère, empêche les enfants de mener leurs propres expériences au sens strict du terme. Leur formation est également en jeu, car la formation ne peut pas être prise en charge par un tiers, c'est à la personne elle-même de s'y impliquer. « Émancipons-nous », d'un point de vue pédagogique, signifie que nous prenions nos distances avec les exigences de standardisation et de normalisation, telles que l'école et la famille en regorge dernièrement, et que nous renouions avec l'idée de formation qui recèle un potentiel d'émancipation indélébile.Mots clés: formation, politique de formation, émancipation, parents hélicoptères, compétence, PISA ; Riassunto: Il concetto dell'emancipazione ricopre un ruolo via e più minoritario nella nuova scienza dell'educazione. Il concetto di formazione offre tuttavia un'alternativa che consente di preservare il potenziale critico del concetto di emancipazione. Attraverso esempi selezionati del contesto scolastico e familiare, viene mostrato quanto anche oggi sia necessario un atteggiamento pedagogico critico. Di fronte alla crescente tendenza a valutare l'educazione e l'insegnamento in base al loro output e a intensificarne la sorveglianza e il controllo, si ricorda che la formazione non può essere creata, ma deve essere svolta dal soggetto in formazione.Parole chiave: formazione, politica della formazione, emancipazione, genitori elicottero, competenza, PISA

The topic of deviant behavior in religion is actual and still not much studied. The phenomenon of the deviation in religion, which appeared in the process of society formation, and also religious dogmas and moral instructions, which encourage their violation by the church itself and by some believers, are analyzed in the article. The introduction of Christianity had very noticeable deviant fundamentals in the social environment of the Middle Ages countries. The main deviant power, as history demonstrates us, was the Christian Church which stopped at nothing to spread its influence on the new territories and new countries. The division into the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) Church supported further development of religion and Christianization coverage of new countries, increasing the number of people who were Christianized. Religious intolerance concerning other beliefs led to the emergence of religious bigotry which facilitated deviant behavior characteristic of the Middle Ages period, though its signs are still observed in Christianity, Islam, and some new religious trends. Some massive deviations are promoted not only by the Church, but also by political power under the guise of churches, especially in the international conflicts. The domination of world religions in the modern society, and governmentalizing (fusion of politics and church) provoke excessive belief in the truth of ideas, dogmas, and believers' instructions of the religious majority, and make ignore the interests of the representatives of other religions, which then leads to deviant behavior, and extremes among believers. As modern church cannot keep harmonious relations between the representatives of different confessions, educative institutions have the task to develop such systems of education, which would allow helping people and society in solving difficult problems of social life in the multi-religious society, and to prevent deviant signs. There is an urgent need for the revision of the Ukrainian legislation on freedom of conscience and religion. The new law should contain modern form of removing or preventing such phenomena as religious bigotry, religious discrimination, and deviant behavior (e.g. preventing some religious rites); and increasing of the responsibility for the violation of existing norms. This would provide harmonious coexistence of people with different religious views and finally to the Ukrainian society consolidation. ; Тема девиантного поведения в религии остается малоисследованной и актуальной. В статье анализуютья явления девиации в религии, возникшие в процессе еѐ становления в обществе, а также религиозные догмы и моральные установки, побуждающие к нарушению этих норм самой церковью и отдельными верующими. Введение христианства имело ярко выраженную девиантную основу в социальной среде стран эпохи Средневековья. И главной девиантной силой, как показывает история, выступала христианская церковь, которая ни перед чем не останавливалась ради того, чтобы распространить свое влияние на новые земли и новые страны. Разделение церквей на Восточную (православную) и Западную (католическую) способствовало дальнейшему развитию религии, охвату новых стран христианизацией, росту числа людей, принявших христианство. Религиозная нетерпимость к людям других вероисповеданий стала причиной возникновения религиозного фанатизма, побудившей к девиантному поведению, который был присущ всем периода средневековья, однако, его проявления наблюдаются и в наше время как в христианстве, так и в исламе, как и в некоторых новых религиозных направлениях. Некоторые массовые девиации сейчас побуждаются не только самой церковью, но и политическими силами под прикрытием церквей, особенно в межгосударственных конфликтах. Доминирование мировых религий в современном социуме, огосударствление (сращение политики с церковью) провоцирует чрезмерное убеждение в истинности идей, догматов и положений вероучений религиозного большинства и игнорирует интересы представителей других религий, что, в свою очередь приводит к девиантному поведению и крайностей среди верующих. ; Тема девіантної поведінки в релігії залишається малодослідженою і є актуальною. У статті проаналізовано явища девіації в релігії, що виникли в процесі її становлення в суспільстві, а також релігійні догми та моральні настанови, що спонукають до порушення цих норм самою церквою і окремими вірянами. Запровадження християнства мало яскраво виражену девіантну основу в соціальному середовищі країн епохи Середньовіччя. І головною девіантною силою, як показує історія, виступала християнська церква, яка ні перед чим не зупинялася заради того, щоб поширити свій вплив на нові землі й нові країни. Поділ церков на Східну (православну) та Західну (католицьку) сприяв подальшому розвитку релігії, охопленню нових країн христия-нізацією, зростанню кількості людей, що прийняли християнство. Релігійна нетерпимість до людей інших віросповідань стала причиною виникнення релігійного фанатизму, що спонукала до девіантної поведінки, який був притаманний усьому періоду середньовіччя, проте, його прояви спостерігаються і в наш час як у християнстві, так і в ісламі, як і в деяких нових релігійних напрямках. Деякі масові девіації нині спонукаються не тільки самою церквою, а й політичними силами під прикриттям церков, особливо в міждержавних конфліктах. Домінування світових релігій у сучасному соціумі, одержавлення (зрощення політики з церквою) провокує надмірне переконання в істинності ідей, догматів і положень віровчень релігійної більшості та ігнорує інтереси представників інших релігій, що, у свою чергу, призводить до девіантної поведінки та крайнощів серед вірян.

Since the September 11th terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York the Australian perspective on tetTorism has significantly shifted, becoming a focal point which has largely dominated Australia's foreign policy and, more recently, Australia's domestic security policies. This change has seen amendments made to the Australian Security Intelligence Organis ation Act 1979 in 2002, as well as proposed changes in the form of the Anti-Terrorism Bill 2004. Whilst the introduction of these new laws has been touted as necessary to increase Australia's security, they are for many a frightening reduction of civil liberties. This report seeks to highlight the impact of the current Australian Security Intelligence Organisa tion Act 1979 and the proposed Anti-Te rrorism Bill 2005 on civil liberties in Australia. Due to limitations this report will focus only on the questioning and detention powers in the ASIO legislation , as well as the control orders and preventative detention orders in the proposed legislation. This report will conclude that the current and proposed anti-terror legislation infringe too greatly on civil liberties and as such will recommend that legislation is introduced entrenching civil liberties into the Australian legal system. Chapter 1 of this report will investigate the existence of civil liberties in an Australian legal context by examining the express and implied rights within the Australian Constitution and the Common Law. It will also briefly outline civil liberties in international law. Civil liberties in Australia are by no means expansive, and the few rights that are provided for in Australian law are not guaranteed in any one particular legal instrument. The majority of these rights have been implied into the constitution by the judiciary. This report deals with the express right to freedom of religion, the implied immunity against involuntary detention, the implied right to due process and the common law right to legal representation. Chapter 2 of this report outlines how the current questioning and detention orders reduce the implied right to due process, the implied immunity against involuntary detention and effectively removes the common law right to legal representation. In this section it is argued that detaining a non-suspect for questioning to gain information, and making them liable if they do not answer the questions is a clear breach of not only the aforementioned rights, but is also a repudiation of the criminal norm of 'no punishment without crime, no crime without law'. This chapter not only states that these orders reduce these rights, but seeks to clarify how the y breach these rights and questions the legality of the implementation of these laws . Chapter 3 examines the extent to which the control orders outlined in the Anti- Terrorism Bill 2005 impinge upon the right to due process, the right to liberty and the right to freedom of religion. This chapter argues that the placement of a control order on a person who not only is unaware that the control order is being requested but who is further given no opportunity to argue a case as to why such a control order is unnecessary is an outrageous breach of these rights. This chapter also discusses how these laws reject one of the fundamental principles of natural justice whereby a person is ' innocent until proven guilty'. Chapter 4 discusses the introduction of preventative detention orders in the proposed legislation. This chapter, whilst discussing the introduction of these laws on a federal level , focuses more on moves made by the federal government to have state governments implement their own preventative detention orders allowing the detention of a suspected person for up to 14 days. Such a move by the Government circumvents the constitutional rights owed to Australian citizens and gives the State governments a frightening level of arbitrary power. This chapter discusses the ramifications of such a move by the State governments. This report concludes that the new anti-terrorism legislation is overly restrictive and does not contain sufficient protections for civil liberties. It concludes that the legislation examined in the report is in breach of the constitutional rights owed to Australian citizens. As such it recommends that both the current and proposed legislation be reviewed and provisions made to protect the right to due process, the right to liberty, the right to freedom of religion and the right to legal representation. This report does not condemn the government for taking steps to reduce the very real threat of terrorism but rather seeks to highlight that the current protections for civil liberties in Australia are not sufficient to combat the implementation of overly restrictive legislation. It argues that if we are truly going to protect our way of life and freedoms from terrorism then we must first protect ourselves from our own reactionary laws.