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Animal movement has a fundamental impact on population and community structure and dynamics. Biased correlated random walks (BCRW) and step selection functions (SSF) are commonly used to study movements. Because no studies have contrasted the parameters and the statistical properties of their estimators for models constructed under these two Lagrangian approaches, it remains unclear whether or not they allow for similar inference. First, we used the Weak Law of Large Numbers to demonstrate that the log-likelihood function for estimating the parameters of BCRW models can be approximated by the log-likelihood of SSFs. Second, we illustrated the link between the two approaches by fitting BCRW with maximum likelihood and with SSF to simulated movement data in virtual environments and to the trajectory of bison (Bison bison L.) trails in natural landscapes. Using simulated and empirical data, we found that the parameters of a BCRW estimated directly from maximum likelihood and by fitting an SSF were remarkably similar. Movement analysis is increasingly used as a tool for understanding the influence of landscape properties on animal distribution. In the rapidly developing field of movement ecology, management and conservation biologists must decide which method they should implement to accurately assess the determinants of animal movement. We showed that BCRW and SSF can provide similar insights into the environmental features influencing animal movements. Both techniques have advantages. BCRW has already been extended to allow for multi-state modeling. Unlike BCRW, however, SSF can be estimated using most statistical packages, it can simultaneously evaluate habitat selection and movement biases, and can easily integrate a large number of movement taxes at multiple scales. SSF thus offers a simple, yet effective, statistical technique to identify movement taxis.

Increasing concentrations of the anaesthetic agent propofol initially induces sedation before achieving full general anaesthesia. The characteristic changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms include increased activity in the δ− (1-4 Hz) and α− (8-12 Hz) frequency bands over the frontal region, but increased δ− and decreased α−activity over the occipital region. It is known that the cortex, the thalamus, and the thalamo-cortical feedback loop contribute to some degree to the propofol-induced changes in the EEG power spectrum. However the precise role of each structure to the dynamics of the EEG is unknown. In this paper we apply a neuronal population model of a single thalamo-cortical module to repro-duce the power spectrum changes in EEG during propofol-induced anaesthesia sedation. Based on recent experimental data, the effect of propofol is modelled as an increase in inhibitory synaptic response amplitude and decay time constant in thalamo-cortical relay cells while cortical inhibition is neglected. The model reproduces the power spectrum features observed experimentally both in frontal and occipital electrodes. Moreover a detailed analysis of the model indicates the importance of multiple resting states in brain activity. The work suggests that the α−activity originates from the cortico-thalamic relay interaction, whereas the emergence of δ−activity results from the full cortico-reticular-relay-cortical feedback loop with a prominent enforced thalamic reticular-relay interac-tion. This model suggests an essential role of synaptic GABAergic receptors at relay neurons and, more generally, for the thalamus in the generation of both the α− and the δ−EEG patterns that are seen during propofol anaesthesia sedation.

Since the 1960s, most Southeast Asian countries have managed to reach greater food security, largely by focusing on output increase. The postcolonial state was instrumental in improving agricultural production in Indonesia and Malaysia; however the state policies have been changing especially since the turn of the millennium. In order to address the transformations which have taken place in contemporary agricultural policies in those states, we ask the following question: What are the strategies deployed by Indonesian and Malaysian states to insure food security? To answer this question, policies pertaining to the two most important agricultural sectors in both countries, rice and palm oil, are analysed. Both states have pursued policies of self-sufficiency in regards with rice production. Despite the adoption of liberalization policies since the end of the 1990s in both countries, many mechanisms ensure the regulation of the rice economy. In parallel, Malaysian and Indonesian administrations have been aiming to significantly expand cash crop production, especially oil palm. In both cases, the state played a key role in the development of palm oil production while supporting smallholdings. However, as states have encouraged cash crop production for exports, earlier objectives of food self-sufficiency have been abandoned to a large extent. Relinquishing food self-sufficiency as a priority appears risky especially in Indonesia where a large part of the population in rural and urban remains food insecure. ; Depuis les années 1960, plusieurs pays d'Asie du Sud-Est ont réussi à atteindre, surtout grâce à l'augmentation de la production agricole, une plus grande sécurité alimentaire. L'État postcolonial a été au coeur de l'essor de l'agriculture en Indonésie et en Malaisie, mais son rôle tend à se modifier surtout depuis le tournant du millénaire. Pour cerner les transformations des politiques agricoles contemporaines en Indonésie et en Malaisie, nous abordons la question suivante : quelles sont les stratégies ...

Acte du colloque The area of non-alignment in Rome between the Republic and the first Principality, shapes and figures of the political opposition CENTRO RICERCHE AND DOCUMENTATION ON THE CLASSICA ANTICHITY monographs COPIA AUTOR ; Acte du colloque Lo spazio del non allineamento a Roma fra Repubblica e primo Principato, forme e figure dell'opposizione politicaCENTRO RICERCHE E DOCUMENTAZIONE SULL'ANTICHITÀ CLASSICA MONOGRAFIE COPIA AUTORE ; Acte du colloque The area of non-alignment in Rome between the Republic and the first Principality, shapes and figures of the political opposition CENTRO RICERCHE AND DOCUMENTATION ON THE CLASSICA ANTICHITY monographs COPIA AUTOR ; On examine ici le rôle des femmes de la famille de Caligula en lien avec les manifestations d'opposition politique, comme moment d'émergence de nouvelles formes d'action pour ces dernières

Ce Working Paper fait l'objet d'une publication in Annals of Economics and Statistics, CNGP-INSEE, 2019, pp.25. 〈10.15609/annaeconstat2009.133.0025〉. 〈hal-02080574〉 Why do some OECD countries have high levels of procedural formalism (PF) in the housing market? We provide an explanation based upon complementarities between the strength of social networks and the stringency of procedural formalism. The interest of social networks is that conflict resolution is independent of the law. When local people belong to social networks whereas foreigners do not, PF may facilitate housing search for locals at the expense of foreigners. To illustrate this mechanism we build a search-theoretic model of the housing market. The model emphasizes that the support for PF increases with the size of social networks, the default probability on the rent, the proportion of foreigners, and market tightness.

At the end of this issue, the purpose of this contribution is to discuss the epistemological positions of the proposed articles. It contextualises the approach taken in some work (the analysis of the course of action) in relation to the main characteristics of the discipline (education sciences) and other approaches that have a common interest in analysing the activity. The first part brings together the contribution of this work with a specific structural feature of discipline, namely the close interrelationship between epistemic, praxeological and axiological dimensions, which are relevant to the human acquisition of knowledge. The premise put forward by some authors of a capacity for autonomy which is also distributed among all in the acquisition of knowledge is then questioned. In a second part, the work is based on the recent interest in discipline in the concept of 'activity' and the production of a variety of approaches which tend to coexist rather than to dialogue. The question then arises of the lack of interest in many studies for the increasingly decisive role and function of technical objects in the current forms of knowledge acquisition. The third part brings together the founding work in the field, theoretical frameworks, concepts and methods that can form a common corpus of the different approaches to the analysis of activity, referring to the structural characteristics of the discipline. ; International audience As a closing contribution, this paper intends to discuss some epistemological positions supported in different studies in this volume. The author first proposes to situate the analysis of human action course by relating the approach with characteristic features of research in the Educational Sciences and other Human and Social Sciences sharing an interest in the subject. The first part of the discussion highlights the contribution of various studies to distinctive a structural feature of educational sciences, the tight interrelationship between the three dimensions - epistemic, pragmatic, ...

Este trabajo obtuvo el 2o. Premio "Estudios Financieros" 2010 en la modalidad de Derecho Civil y Mercantil.

Although it is true that the Spanish Botanical Botanical in the middle of the 19th century was in a precarious situation, having gradually broken the ties with its bright past, especially in the highest-prestigious institution — Royal Botanical Gardens in Madrid, which, as Vernet has pointed out, had to cede the passage to the botanical chairs of universities and failed to reach the level of the illustrated Spanish botanics, there was an interesting attempt to restore the scientific tradition of the nineteenth century by sending the Pacific Scientific Commission to American lands in 1862. The formation of this committee, including the botanical Juan Isern, took place, from the Roman and nationalist budgets of Islamic science, at a historic time when the Spanish Burgueia, represented by the government of the Liberal Union, developed a foreign policy characterised by military interventionism which, following the events in Morocco, Mexico and Santo Domingo, would lead to a war with the Pacific republics. ; Peer reviewed ; Although it is true that the Spanish Botanical Botanical in the middle of the 19th century was in a precarious situation, having gradually broken the ties with its bright past, especially in the highest-prestigious institution — Royal Botanical Gardens in Madrid, which, as Vernet has pointed out, had to cede the passage to the botanical chairs of universities and failed to reach the level of the illustrated Spanish botanics, there was an interesting attempt to restore the scientific tradition of the nineteenth century by sending the Pacific Scientific Commission to American lands in 1862. The formation of this committee, including the botanical Juan Isern, took place, from the Roman and nationalist budgets of Islamic science, at a historic time when the Spanish Burgueia, represented by the government of the Liberal Union, developed a foreign policy characterised by military interventionism which, following the events in Morocco, Mexico and Santo Domingo, would lead to a war with the Pacific ...

Este trabajo obtuvo el 2o. Premio "Estudios Financieros" 2010 en la modalidad de Derecho Civil y Mercantil.

This paper contributes to the debate about the ideological coherence of the Brazilian party system. Using discriminant function analysis of 20 years of surveys of Brazilian legislators, we find that the party system now exhibits relatively little coherence. Though the Worker's Party (PT) is clearly distinct, no clear ideological differences exist between the placement of the system's three other main parties. Moreover, the spatial distance between the PT and the other parties is diminishing over time. Given the importance of a coherent ideological map to any consolidated party system, we question the notion that the Brazilian party system has gradually consolidated. Indeed, our results suggest the opposite: in recent years the Brazilian party system has become relatively more "inchoate". (GIGA)

Although to begin with certification for forest management was advocated in response to the degradation of tropical forests, it has ended up by being more largely developed in industrialised countries under the combined pressure of environmentalist movements and the major retailers. After a trial period and the emergence of several national and international systems, many French institutions have jointly subscribed to the establishment of a scheme which, while suited to the structure of private forests, also lends itself to public forests. Clearly, the effects of ecocertification on forest management have yet to be assessed, but this type of process is now recognised by law and already contributes to promoting consultations between the various interested parties. ; Initialement érigée en opposition à la dégradation des forêts tropicales, la certification de la gestion forestière s'est finalement surtout développée dans les pays industrialisés sous la pression conjuguée des mouvements environnementalistes et des grandes chaînes de distribution. Après une période d'observation et l'émergence de plusieurs systèmes nationaux ou internationaux, de nombreuses institutions françaises se sont conjointement engagées dans la mise en place d'un dispositif qui soit adaptée à la structure de la forêt privée et convienne à la forêt publique. Les effets de l'écocertification sur la gestion forestière sont évidemment encore incertains ; mais ce type de processus est dorénavant reconnu par la loi et contribue largement à une meilleure concertation entre les différentes parties prenantes.

or when the local area, a country of banality by excellence, is confronted with all the democratic virtues in the name of proximity and decentralisation. The sum of his difference and exotism is to validate the path of autonomy, but the stratagem can turn against him, as a result of political-administrative arbitrations which refer to his banality: the balance of power and the issues which ultimately determine it. Oor how the elected representatives of a former industrial village are trying to do with a high level of precariousness, a gift poisoned from the past but also flowering from his exotism, unfortunately enkysté in a few H.L.M. buildings which they dream of demolishing, in order to find a better salvage in the period-urban development. This example calls for questions to be asked about the paradoxical order for the 'local' to have his own right at the same time, without giving up that part which he has been encouraged to put forward to sign up for this label; a label which justifies the advent of a local democracy, on behalf of which the State undertakes to disengage. ; International audience ; or when the local area, a country of banality by excellence, is confronted with all the democratic virtues in the name of proximity and decentralisation. The sum of his difference and exotism is to validate the path of autonomy, but the stratagem can turn against him, as a result of political-administrative arbitrations which refer to his banality: the balance of power and the issues which ultimately determine it. Oor how the elected representatives of a former industrial village are trying to do with a high level of precariousness, a gift poisoned from the past but also flowering from his exotism, unfortunately enkysté in a few H.L.M. buildings which they dream of demolishing, in order to find a better salvage in the period-urban development. This example calls for questions to be asked about the paradoxical order for the 'local' to have his own right at the same time, without giving up that part which he has ...

Should the existence of cultural diversity, based on ethnic or geographical origin, be admitted or even encouraged within the same population? 'Integrationists' answer no, in order to preserve the unity of the nation; 'communitarians' answer yes, because they refuse to deny the diversity of identities and to obscure history. Colombian politicians chose the second answer. In order to implement policies adapted to the existing segregation and discrimination mechanisms in society, reliable information on the various groups involved is still needed. Olivier Barbary shows here the difficulties in estimating the population of African origin in the agglomeration of Cali (two million inhabitants). He first questioned the relevance — both scientific and political — of such categorisation, and stressed the importance of cross-referencing it with socio-economic and migration data. ; Faut-il admettre, ou même encourager, l'existence d'une diversité culturelle, fondée sur des origines ethniques ou géographiques, au sein d'une même population ? Les « intégrationnistes » répondent non, pour préserver l'unité de la nation ; les « communautaristes » répondent oui, parce qu'ils se refusent à nier la diversité des identités et à occulter l'Histoire. Les responsables politiques de la Colombie ont choisi la seconde réponse. Encore faut-il, si l'on veut mettre en œuvre des politiques adaptées aux mécanismes de ségrégation et de discrimination existant dans la société, disposer d'informations fiables sur les divers groupes concernés. Olivier BARBARY montre ici les difficultés de l'estimation de la population d'origine africaine dans l'agglomération de Cali (deux millions d'habitants). Il s'interroge au préalable sur la pertinence - scientifique comme politique – d'une telle catégorisation, et souligne l'importance de croiser celle-ci avec des données socio-économiques et migratoires.

The Portel-West field is located in the department of Ariège at the foot of the Pyrenees at an altitude of 490 m. The deepest layers of the filling correspond to the Eemian interglacial and the last to the würmian interstadium; Néandertal man's occupation of the site is evidenced by a large number of faunique remains with traces of cutting, a very abundant quartz industry, and 45 remaining humains.The comparative study of the faunique associations of rodents and large herbivore fauna allows us to assess the climatic and environmental variations of the old Würm: Eemien, the climate instability of the beginning of the old Würm, a cold period (relatively humid at the foot of the Pyrenees), a more humid phase with variations, and a return from cold to the top. We also noticed connections between the rodents of boreal marshous areas and the reindeer; the bison is progressing rather with the rodents of water edges in opposition to the boreal rodents and reindeer. In addition, these data contribute to the understanding of the site's chronology because we propose to place the K layer in the beginning of the old Würm instead of the end of isotopic stadium 6 as had been advanced before. ; International audience ; The Portel-West field is located in the department of Ariège at the foot of the Pyrenees at an altitude of 490 m. The deepest layers of the filling correspond to the Eemian interglacial and the last to the würmian interstadium; Néandertal man's occupation of the site is evidenced by a large number of faunique remains with traces of cutting, a very abundant quartz industry, and 45 remaining humains.The comparative study of the faunique associations of rodents and large herbivore fauna allows us to assess the climatic and environmental variations of the old Würm: Eemien, the climate instability of the beginning of the old Würm, a cold period (relatively humid at the foot of the Pyrenees), a more humid phase with variations, and a return from cold to the top. We also noticed connections between the rodents of boreal ...

Expert report without a draft publication It may seem a priori shocking or at least paradoxical to interact with the relationship between the economic criteria on the one hand and the improvement of working conditions on the one hand. Indeed, it seems clear that improving working conditions is a proactive action, the criteria of which lie outside the economic world. This is particularly true for overall policies to improve working conditions as they can be implemented by States or at the level of international cooperation. But this is also an accurate micro-economic part, that of enterprises, whose actions in this area are primarily part of a social strategy, even if it is deeply intertwined with economic objectives. Does it mean that the economy only intervenes in this area as a constraint, not as a decision criterion? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to consider the criteria that can be used in an action to improve working conditions. [.] ; Rapport d'expert sans projet de publication Il peut sembler a priori choquant ou tout au moins paradoxal de s'interoger sur les rapports existants entre les critères économiques d'une part et l'amélioration des conditions de travail. Il semble en effet acquis que l'amélioration des conditions de travail est une action volontariste dont les critères se trouvent à l'extérieur du monde économique. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les politiques globales d'amélioration des conditions de travail telles qu'elles peuvent être mises en oeuvre par les Etats ou au plan de la coopération internationale. Mais ceci est aussi une grande partie exact sur le plan micro-économique, celui des entreprises, dont les actions dans ce domaine relèvent d'abord d'une stratégie sociale, même si elle est profondément imbriquée aux objectifs économiques. Est-ce à dire que l'économie n'intervient dans ce domaine qu'en tant que contrainte, et non en tant que critère de décision ? Pour répondre à cette question, il faut s'interroger sur les critères utilisables dans une action ...