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Africa is on the rise. Enabled by natural resources, commodity trading and the recent discovery of Africa as the last frontier of capitalism by the global market, African entrepreneurs are now being empowered as economic change agents. How can this new economic elite engage in the sustainable development of the continent? 'Africapitalism', the term coined by Nigerian economist Tony O. Elumelu, describes an economic philosophy embodying the private sector's commitment to the economic transformation of Africa through investments generating economic prosperity and social wealth. The concept has attracted significant attention in both business and policy circles. Promoting a positive change in approach and outlook towards development in Africa, this book consolidates research and insights into the Africapitalism movement, and will appeal to scholars, researchers and graduate students of Africa studies, international business, business and society, corporate social responsibility, strategic management, economic thought, international political economy, leadership and development studies

AbstractOn the basis of four NGO case studies, this article considers how NGOs promote corporate social responsibility (CSR) from the angle of resource mobilization. NGOs' approaches to promoting CSR can be divided into three types: cooperative, independent, and oppositional. Within the cooperative approach, there are two types of relationships between NGOs and enterprises. In the first, "integrated" social enterprise approach, NGO and enterprises are highly codependent. In the second, the NGO cooperates as an entity external to the enterprise. The independent approach has the NGO acting as a third-party examiner, and, based on its cooperation with a famous international organization, performing CSR evaluation and training for Mainland processing enterprises. The oppositional approach consists of NGOs using social movements to cast light on whether or not enterprises are fulfilling their social responsibilities. NGOs' different levels of resources determine the power dynamics between them and enterprises. Those different power dynamics, in turn, determine the methods and strategies NGOs will use to try to compel enterprises to take on social responsibility and determine the kinds of relationships that form. These different approaches also reflect that NGOs lack institutional protections for their efforts to stimulate CSR. Currently, their efforts to advance CSR have not yet been able to develop into institutionally diverse models.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept, which states that Private Corporation or public organization has a responsibility to society. It minimizes the cost as well as risks thereby, increasing the brand value and reputation of the company. According to Bowen, "CSR refers to the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies to make those decisions or to follow those lines of relations which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society." The CSR activities need to be in tune with effective strategic policies so that the aim of sustainable environmental, social and economic progress may be achieved.
Methodology: This paper is based on qualitative research design consisting of review of literature through secondary sources of data collection. The data has been examined through content analysis process from various books, newspaper articles and journals.
This paper seeks to explain various initiatives taken in the field of CSR along with some key challenges.

To build a better and more profitable corporate image, Western firms have been investing in social responsibility. The Romanian consumer has fairly recently been exposed to this holistic marketing concept since the Revolution of 1989, and in this regard, in this article, the authors verify conventional corporate social responsibility principles of building customer loyalty as well as goodwill from stakeholders. The paper explores the competitive advantage and its various components in which companies make use of marketing instruments that influence CSR activities of retailers.

AbstractThe study shows how positive and negative information on corporate social and environmental responsibility influences purchase, employment, and investment intentions of various stakeholders. We manipulated the information on corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of a hypothetical firm in a between‐subjects experimental design. The design had two treatments. In the 'positive CSR' treatment, the company's social and environmental performance was described in a positive perspective (depicting a strong social performance), whereas in the 'negative CSR' treatment it was described in a negative perspective (depicting a weak social performance). In both treatments, information about other key characteristics of the focal company were kept constant. Respondents' intentions to purchase products from, seek employment with, and invest in the company were evaluated by multi‐item scales. The results demonstrate that positive CSR information about a firm enhances consumers' intentions to purchase products from, potential employees' intentions to seek employment with, and potential investors' intentions to invest in the company. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

AbstractWe apply the theory of corporate social responsibility to analyse social welfare investment undertaken by Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). We present a simple theoretical model to illustrate how the presence of social objectives in the firm's objective function changes its investment behaviour. Our theoretical model accommodates special features of Chinese SOEs, whose social welfare investment is driven by both social objectives and profit concerns. The model is then tested using a panel of Chinese enterprises during the period 1995–1999. The empirical analysis indicates that despite of the corporatization reform social welfare investment undertaken by Chinese SOEs is still inefficient due to the lack of profit concerns, suggesting that social objectives still dominate profit concerns in motivating the SOEs' social welfare investment. However, we do obtain clear‐cut evidence showing that social objectives become less important as time progresses.

Purpose
Although the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an inspiring catch all in the eyes of researchers and practitioners, little from its psychological and behavioural consequences has been focused. This study aims to examine the relationship between CSR and organizational citizenship behaviour and the underlying mechanism between this relation using organizational identification and organizational commitment as mediating variables.


Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire-based survey was given to 486 Malaysian employees of the hotel industry.


Findings
First, instruments were checked regarding its unidimensionality by applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and then, structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to test the model. SEM confirms that organizational commitment (OC) mediate the relationship between CSR and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), while organizational identification (OI) mediate the relationship between CSR and OC.


Research limitations/implications
The study selected sample from Malaysia hotel industry, the results might be different if samples are taken from a geographically different area.


Practical implications
The study has theoretical and practical implications for hotel managers to enhance employees' identification, commitment and extra-role behaviour.


Originality/value
The study revealed underlying mechanism between CSR and OCB by incorporating OC and OI as mediating variables.

The integration of the social, economic, and environmental dimension of business into day-to-day business operations is a basic feature of corporate social responsibility. The new millennium saw the concept of social responsibility introduced in the Serbian banking sector. Originally perceived as a risky and intriguing phenomenon, today it is an indispensable part of many Serbian banks' business. For this reason, the aim of the research is to assess the level of implementation of corporate social responsibility in the Serbian banking sector. The sample consisted of a number of active and systemically important banks in the Republic of Serbia. We examined the propensity of Serbian banking entities to behave responsibly towards the community, the environment, their employees, investors, clients, and suppliers. For the purpose of this research, descriptive statistics, analysis and synthesis techniques, and a detailed analysis of scientific publications by Serbian and foreign authors from the relevant field were used. The results supported the premise that the Serbian banking sector exhibits a high level of implementation of socially responsible behavior, with a tendency towards further growth. This business behavior, generally speaking, indirectly affects corporate performance, stakeholder loyalty, and the reputation of the financial institutions.

Stakeholder-Dialoge, Multistakeholder-Foren, deliberative Diskurse, Stakeholder-Netzwerke - um nur einige Varianten der etablierten Begrifflichkeiten des politischen Diskurses anzuführen - sind Steuerungsmedien moderner Gesellschaften. Mit ihnen verbindet sich der Versuch, auf die wachsende Komplexität und Unsicherheit einer globalisierten Welt durch eine Steigerung der Adaptivität ihrer Governancestrukturen zu reagieren. Diese Komplexität und Unsicherheit der Entscheidungen speist sich im Wesentlichen aus der nicht abreißenden Zunahme neuartiger Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen für alle Subsysteme der Gesellschaften. Dialoge und Diskurse sind in dieser Situation Medien dezentraler Steuerung, mit denen versucht wird, mehr Alternativen und damit auch Wettbewerb in der institutionellen und organisatorischen Struktur einer Gesellschaft zu schaffen. Die dadurch entstehende institutionelle Diversifität vergrößert die adaptive Effizienz einer Gesellschaft, mit ihren Herausforderungen erfolgreich umzugehen. Stakeholder-Netzwerke erlauben die Integration und Organisation verstreuten Wissens, neuer Ideen, und eine ihrer Erfolgsbedingungen ist es, dass sie dies zu niedrigen Transaktionskosten tun. Hier liegt die Triebkraft für die allgemein anerkannte Tatsache, dass Unternehmen in den gesellschaftlichen Diskursen der letzten Jahre eine prominente Rolle gespielt haben und wohl auch noch künftig spielen werden. Unternehmen sind wissensbasierte Organisationen, die über ein vielfältiges Wissen (aus Management, Kultur, Ökonomik, Politik etc.) verfügen und Ressourcen zur Realisierung sich daraus ergebender Handlungsoptionen mobilisieren können. Damit sind sie Ressourcenbündel, die auch für die Entscheidung politischer oder gesellschaftlicher Fragen mit Nutzen zugänglich gemacht werden können. Ökonomisch gesehen stellt sich hier zunächst die Frage nach den Transaktionskosten und der Verteilung der Erträge aus diesen materiellen und immateriellen Ressourcen. Damit zusammenhängend stellt sich die Frage nach der angemessenen Governancestruktur zur Mobilisierung und Einspeisung dieser Ressourcen in die Gesellschaft und umgekehrt, sowohl aus Sicht der Unternehmen als auch aus Sicht der Gesellschaft. In diesem Bericht wird aufgezeigt, welche Konsequenzen sich aus der Diskussion über CSR und Netzwerke für die Betrachtung des Wesens der Firma ergeben. Dazu wird zuerst die neu entwickelte Stakeholder- Governance-Theorie vorgestellt, in der die Firma als eine gesellschaftliche Governanceform für bilaterale und multilaterale, vertraglich organisierte Stakeholder-Beziehungen verstanden wird (vgl. Kapitel II). Anschließend werden die empirischen Ergebnisse der komparativen Analyse erörtert, in der untersucht wurde, ob und inwieweit bestimmte Governanceformen von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) im Vergleich zu Großunternehmen signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich Effektivität, Effizienz und Legitimität von CSR aufweisen (vgl. Kapitel III).