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International organisations have recently come under pressure. Brexit, the election of Donald Trump, and the rise of China appear to all indicate the same thing: established international organisations are losing authority. In reality, however, the formal authority of international organisations has grown significantly in recent decades.
International organisations have become more authoritative over the past few decades – that is, they are now less dependent on control by individual member states. The growing authority of international organisations is reflected in the increasing extent to which national governments (a) set aside their vetoes by endorsing majoritarian forms of decision-making (pooling) and (b) empower independent institutions to act on their behalf (delegation).
This rise in international authority involves trade-offs, as pooling and delegation seldom go together. In task-specific organisations, pooling is widespread, whereas delegation is limited; in general-purpose organisations, the opposite is the case.
The reasons for the rise in international authority are threefold: (i) the functional quest for effective cooperation, (ii) increasing political demands for participation by non-governmental actors, and (iii) the diffusion of authoritative institutional templates amongst international organisations. These forces are likely to continue pushing towards greater international authority in the future.
Stronger international organisations also invite contestation, which induces certain governments to devise strategies to circumvent those organisations they perceive to be overly authoritative. These trends could potentially weaken existing international organisations.
For much of the post-war period, international organisations have largely operated out of the limelight; however, this is changing as their authority increases. Policymakers should realise that international organisations' growing authority may fuel a political backlash that could lead to stagnation or even backsliding. While there are compelling reasons for deeper international collaboration in an interdependent world, political contestation has the potential to override them.

Cover -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword – Robert O. Keohane -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction International Relations Theory: A European Perspective? -- 1 Origins of the International Relations Theories and the Emerging Realist Paradigm -- 2 Systemic Approaches in the United States -- 3 International Political Economy -- 4 The Influence of K. Marx on International Relations -- 5 Beyond Realism and Neo-realism -- 6 Institutionalist Theories -- 7 A Post-sovereign World? -- 8 Constructivist Approaches -- 9 Foreign Policy Analysis and the Impact of Domestic Factors -- 10 The Contribution of European Studies to the Renewal of International Relations Theory -- Conclusions -- Appendix – Regional, Interregional and Global Arrangements and Organizations -- Planisphères

Rape in war has reached epidemic proportions & the international community needs to take much more far-reaching action -- now. Adapted from the source document.