This 1989 book is the sequel to Multinational Enterprise in Historical Perspective (1986), in which the same editorial team continues the historical exploration of a vital but often misconstrued commercial phenomenon. The contributory essays, each written by an authority in the field, raise further questions on the idea of the firm, on periodisation and on research and development, and examine the international financial operations of worldwide corporate business. With the aid of trans-industrial and transnational comparisons, the range of policies pursued by business and government is fully discussed. Above all, this discussion is extended to include the production of mass-consumer goods and the areas of China, Japan and Latin America. All the contributions are based on original historical research undertaken in national and private bank and business archives in Europe, the USA and Japan. In their critical assessments and interpretations the authors are also able to combine economic theory with history
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Im Gefolge des gescheiterten Putsches vom August 1991 sind in der UdSSR eine Reihe von Dokumenten publiziert worden, die Aufschluß geben über die Rolle der Internationalen Abteilung des ZK der KPdSU und die geheimen Transaktionen von Parteigeldern ins westliche Ausland. Die Dokumente belegen darüber hinaus, daß auch in der Ära von Glasnost und Perestrojka weiterhin eine finanzielle Unterstützung westlicher und östlicher kommunistischer Parteien durch die KPdSU stattfand. (BIOst-Srt)
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is seen primarily as an international human rights instrument. However, the Declaration also encompasses cultural, social and economic rights. Taken in the context of international trade and investment, the UN Declaration is a valuable tool to support economic self-determination of Indigenous peoples. This volume explores the emergence of Indigenous peoples' participation in international trade and investment, as well as how it is shaping legal instruments in environment and trade, intellectual property and traditional knowledge. One theme that is explored is agency. From amicus interventions at the World Trade Organization to developing a future precedent for a 'Trade and Indigenous Peoples Chapter', Indigenous peoples are asserting their right to patriciate in decision-making. The authors, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous experts on trade and investment legal, provide needed ideas and recommendations for governments, academia and policy thinkers to achieve economic reconciliation.
With the horrific incident on September 11 in the US, the US armed forces entered Afghanistan to shut the door to terrorism. Now, Afghanistan opens a new page for Afghanistan's internal and external political system. Afghanistan as a country that has pursued regional cooperation from neighboring countries, especially from India. India is the most promising country for Afghanistan's foreign policy and diplomatic relations in areas such as economic, cultural, technical, capacity building, military and other growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the development process of the two countries India and Pakistan in an effort to establish international relations. With a qualitative approach This research resulted in India being one of the countries which, after September 11, 2001, and the leadership of the Taliban, succeeded in gaining more opportunities for the people of Afghanistan. His non-hostile contributions to Middle Eastern and Middle Eastern countries have created a special place for the people of Afghanistan. India after independence in 1947, started friendly relations with Afghanistan two years later, until now, has enthusiastically and dedicably made their contribution to Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan in this case get many benefits from India's bilateral relations, namely the construction of the Salma Dam in Herat, Delaram Road Development, Allotment of 1000 Afghan Student Scholarships in Human Resource Development per year, the Repair of the Afghan Foreign Minister Complex, the establishment of the Afghan Parliament Building, the Opening of Chabahar Port, Strengthening the Equipment of the Afghan Military Forces, Air Corridors, and India's efforts to get Afghanistan to gain Membership in Regional Cooperation Bodies such as SAARC, BRICS, Asia Heart 'Istanbul Process'.
"Development analysts tend to give short shrift to the seemingly minor bureaucratic hitches faced by practitioners--those who design, manage, implement, and evaluate aid projects.? Often critical of foreign aid either for its apparent ineffectiveness at alleviating poverty or its purported neocolonial implications, the academic literature rarely acknowledges the experiences and pressures faced by practitioners themselves as they implement aid-funded development projects--the meetings, paperwork, negotiations, site visits, financial transactions, logistical arrangements, interviews, program activities, and beneficiary interactions--that keep projects running. And yet the impact of aid projects, and indeed the impact of development itself, often grows out of the daily activities and personal interactions of development practitioners. This unique book considers challenges from the perspective of development practitioners who confront technical, managerial, political, theoretical, and moral quandaries on a daily basis. With chapters written by expert practitioners on different aspects of design and management of international development activities, this book examines real issues and navigates the often contradictory demands of local development needs, including international donor imperatives; limited financial resources, time, information, and assurance of results; the competing pulls of administrative efficiency; and the desire to alleviate suffering. It also gives readers access to the crucial but little-heard voices of those who spend their professional lives designing and managing foreign aid projects, offering insight into what did or did not work on projects they have managed, implemented, or evaluated. These insights do not seek to identify universally right or wrong ways of doing development; instead, they highlight pros and cons associated with various approaches and decisions. This book provides valuable insights for students and others interested in a development career, encourages practitioners to engage in reflection, and persuades researchers to further consider the influence of practice on project success or failure.
Cover; Routledge Handbook of International Criminology; Copyright; Contents; Plates; Figures; Tables; Boxes; Notes on contributors; Foreword; Acknowledgments; 1. Progress of international criminology; Part I: Methods and theories; 2. Introduction to international research challenges; 3. Doing criminology in the "semi-periphery" and the "periphery": In search of a post-colonial criminology; 4. International criminology: Qualitative research on polluted actors; 5. Quantitative criminology: Crime and justice statistics across nations. - 6. The Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group: A decade of progress7. A question of good governance? Developments in crime prevention internationally; 8. Transferring Western theory: A comparative and culture-sensitive perspective of crime research in China; 9. The legacy of INTERPOL crime data to cross-national criminology; 10. Research methods overview: The missing pieces of rigorous research; Part II: Special topics; 11. Introduction to special topics in international criminology; 12. The impact of United Nations crime conventions on international cooperation. - 13. The United Nations and criminology14. International criminal courts; 15. International identity crime; 16. Cybercrime and online safety in cyberspace; 17. Immigration and criminology; 18. Trafficking in persons; 19. Trafficking in antiquities; 20. Trafficking of "conflict diamonds"; 21. Conceptualizing and studying organized crime in a global context: Possible? indispensable? superfluous?; 22. Hong Kong triads; 23. Ants moving houses - cross-border drug trafficking in the Golden Triangle; 24. The production of ecstasy in the Netherlands; 25. Drug violence in Colombia
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Physical distance appears to act as a restraint on interaction at all levels of social organization. However, there is one specific problem connected with high-speed in teraction over great distance in the international system - that of time differences. In international travel the 'jet lag' causes fatigue and related phenomena. (The problem of a sudden change of climate associated with rapid North-South movements has not been studied to the same degree, but appears to be less serious.) In attempting to cir cumvent these unpleasant effects by interacting through telecommunication (moving information rather than moving people), one runs into a related problem - that of non-overlapping office hours. Informal data from several organizations with interna tional activities are cited as examples of how these problems are dealt with. Technologi cal and social 'solutions' to the problem of time differences are discussed. Several of these raise new problems, among them the possibility of an emerging 'time imperialism'- with dominant nations, organizations, and individuals imposing their own time cycles on their dependent individuals and groups - seems particularly ominous.
The handbook on international trade policy is an insightful and comprehensive reference tool focusing on trade policy issues in the era of globalization. Each specially commissioned chapter deals with important international trade issues, discusses the current literature on the subject, and explores major controversies. The handbook also directs the interested reader to further sources of information
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