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Stiansen's work was supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223274 (PluriCourts). Financial support for Larsson's work was provided by the Swedish Research Council, project no. 2018-01693. ; This article summarizes insights from political science and empirical legal scholarship concerning selection and appointment of adjudicators to permanent international courts (ICs). This scholarship suggests that designers of ICs face challenging trade-offs in balancing judicial independence and accountability, as well as in promoting descriptive representation and necessary qualifications on the bench. The article considers different institutional design features related to appointment procedures: representation, reappointment, screening procedures and procedures for removing judges. Representation is discussed in a series of sections considering full or selective representation, voting rules and geographic and gender quotas and aspirational targets. Throughout, we draw on data on 24 ICs to illustrate the different appointment procedures and institutional features. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

La 4e de couverture indique : "Ce livre présente, de façon systématique, le renouveau qu'ont connu l'histoire et l'étude des sciences (les Science Studies) depuis trente ans. Mettant en garde contre les batailles faciles et de peu d'intérêt entre "rationalistes" et "relativistes", Dominique Pastre nous introduit à la complexité des problèmes qui ont soulevés et qui restent sans solutions simples. Montrant en quoi ce renouveau n'est pas propre à l'histoire et à l'étude des sciences, mais qu'il est vrai de l'ensemble des sciences sociales, il en étudie les conséquences. En termes épistémologiques, en revenant sur les grands classiques; en termes économiques et sociaux, en analysant les intrications profondes entre les sciences, les techniques et les pouvoirs; en termes historiques, en parlant de régime de production et de régulation des sciences en société; en termes politiques, enfin, en revenant sur les débats contemporains autour des technosciences et de leurs effets."

This paper explores the development of three pre-service science teacher educators' understandings of some critical incidents in their development of science teachers that has impacted on the manner in which they teach about teaching in a teacher preparation program. The study draws on self-study methodology by situating their reflection on practice within a critical discourse whereby reframing has been important in learning through a reconsideration from particular critical incidents in their high school science teaching experiences. The authors argue that through critical reflection on practice, as illustrated in this paper, that the beginnings of the articulation and documentation of a knowledge base of teaching about teaching might be initiated. They therefore offer some of their emerging views on what that knowledge base might encompass through some assertions of practice that they believe impact on their teaching about teaching.

Introduction -- Philosophical foundations -- The autonomy of science -- Government science advice -- Government funding of science -- Science and national security -- Protecting human subjects in research -- Science education -- Conclusion

The Eubank (2012, JDS) findings on taxation, political accountability and foreign aid has had an important influence in academic and policy-making debates. Eubank has warned that his findings should not be generalized across Africa until they are backed by robust empirical evidence. This paper puts some empirical structure to the celebrated literature. The empirical evidence which is based on data from 53 African countries for the period 1996-2010 broadly confirms the Somaliland-based Eubank (2012) hypothesis that in the absence of foreign aid, the dependence of government on local tax revenues provides the leverage for better political governance.

This paper reports a study of science graduates who are employed in positions outside their discipline specialisation. The research was designed to uncover the reasons for them choosing to study science at university, the competencies they utilise in their work and their lives, and how these relate to their undergraduate education in science. The study is seen as important in that already about half of science graduates are in such positions and it is argued that there is a need in scientific and technologically based societies to have a greater representation of such people in decision making positions in government and industry. The directions for the science degree which can be drawn from the data gathered are congruent with those arising from other relevant studies. That is, that attention be paid to widely used skills, such as communication and problem solving, and to developing an understanding of science within its social and ethical context. An argument is mounted for considering the way the science degree is presented to potential students and to the general public.

Probability and random variables -- Probability distributions -- Stochastic processes -- Queueing theory -- Queueing theory models of computer systems -- Estimation -- Hypothesis testing -- Appendix A. Statistical tables -- Appendix B. APL programs -- Appendix C. Queueing theory definitions and formulas.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to survey the existing literature on the causal relationship between bank-based financial development and economic growth, highlighting the theoretical and empirical evidence from recent work. Although some previous studies have attempted to conduct a survey of the existing research on the finance-growth nexus, the majority of these studies have failed to distinguish between bank-based and market-based financial developments. To our knowledge, this may be the first study of its kind to survey the existing research on the causal relationship between bank-based financial development and economic growth – in both developed and developing countries.


Design/methodology/approach
– Overall, our study shows that most of the literature reviewed in this paper either supports bidirectional causality between bank-based financial development and economic growth or reinforces the conventional supply-leading response phenomenon. Notwithstanding this outcome, the study also finds the literature in favour of a demand-following response to be increasing – in both number and substance – especially in recent years.


Findings
– The paper, therefore, concludes that the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is not clear-cut and that the notion that financial development automatically leads to economic growth is merely based on prima facie or superficial evidence.


Originality/value
– Although some previous studies have attempted to conduct a survey of the existing research on the finance-growth nexus, the majority of these studies have failed to distinguish between bank-based and market-based financial developments. To our knowledge, this may be the first study of its kind to survey the existing research on the causal relationship between bank-based financial development and economic growth – in both developed and developing countries.