"This article is analysing the legal perspective on whistleblowing, at European and national level, focusing on the scientific studies' results and theories, emphasizing nuances which worth discussing in order to a better understanding of the social phenomenon and of individual psychological decision process for reporting a wrongdoing or the suspicion of a possible breach. We are also arguing that current whistleblower regulations must take into account both the European directive and recent research in this field, pointing out some question which are raising from the lack of the ethical and cultural focused research of Romanian society perspective on whistleblowing, considering also the recent past experiences of Romanians with 'political police' actions in years of communism. We are establishing a few research direction which we conclude that could bring the knowledge to drawing a more relevant and applicable whistleblowing law. Keywords: whistleblower, EU directive, Romanian law, whistleblower protection, normative conduct theories. "
This article analyzes, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the legal and illegal aspects of the so-called "Operation Phoenix", which was realized by the Colombian armed forces on Ecuadorian territory on 1 March 2008. First, the text will deal with the importance of principles and norms of the international public law, where the principle of prohibition of use of force – Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations – as regulatory mechanism of peaceful coexistence of the members of the international community stands out. Second, the importance of the claims and concepts of constructivism will be emphasized to understand how States are guided by norms and values with regard to their actions in international relations. Third, a comparative analysis between the concept of legitimate defense as an exceptional use of force, and the doctrine of preventive defense will be made. Finally, an interpretative and reconstructive process of the issue at stake will be carried out, qualifying "Operation Phoenix" as illegal and illegitimate – as a typical case of preventive defense – by which the basic principle of international public law, which prohibits use of force, was violated. ; El artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, el carácter de legalidad e ilegalidad de la de la denominada "Operación Fénix", que fue llevada a cabo por las fuerzas militares colombianas en territorio ecuatoriano el 1º de marzo de 2008. Primero, se aborda la importancia de los principios y normas de derecho internacional público, en donde se destaca el principio de la prohibición del uso de la fuerza -art. 2 (4) de la Carta de la ONU-, como mecanismos reguladores de la convivencia pacífica de los miembros de la sociedad internacional.Segundo, se resalta la importancia de los enunciados y conceptos del constructivismo para comprender como los Estados orientan también sus acciones por normas y valores en sus relaciones en el sistema internacional. Tercero, se lleva a cabo un análisis comparativo entre el concepto de legítima defensa, como excepción del uso de la fuerza, y la doctrina de la defensa preventiva. Finalmente, se desarrolla un proceso interpretativo y reconstructivo del problema planteado y se califica de ilegal e ilegítima la "Operación Fénix -como un caso típico de defensa preventiva-, a través de la cual se violó el principio fundamental del derecho internacional público que prohíbe el uso de la fuerza.
This article looks at some relationships between economic and political views and legal proposals on global value chains and climate change conceived a world wide phenomenon. To see this linkage it should be noted that in the current literature are frequent misdiagnosis about technological innovations and the operation of the international economic system. If carried into practice, rules based on those mistakes in diagnosis would be entirely unfeasible. At the starting point, the concepts of globalization and free trade usually are treated as if they were synonyms. Therefore it is unknown the role of national states to reduce the undesirable residents operates as a feed back because it favors the global economy itself in order to regulate the rate of depreciation of goods and services as they are forced out of the markets by successive waves of technological innovation.But what does "protect residents" means from the requirements imposed by this global economy? It means systematically negotiate under the umbrella of reciprocity. The contribution of so-called "free trade agreements" (FTA) is still not sufficiently appreciated. They have become the instrument to negotiate on the basis of reciprocity measures for a variety of for issues among which are the value chains and climate change mitigation.On one hand this paper analyzes trade policy proposals based on misdiagnosis and, on the other hand, trade policy regulations effectively applied by WTO, FTA and national law with regard to global value chains and against pollution and environmental degradation: customs duties, non-tariff restrictions, rules of origin, facilitation, transparency, subsidies, trade in services, investment and intellectual property.In short, the author attempts to recreate a more realistic legal approach and therefore more suited to the demands of sustainable development.Finally, the paper challenges the tendency of developing countries to subscribe to misdiagnosis and simply ask special and differential treatment that will deeper over time technological gaps with the developed world. In contrast, the author suggests focusing efforts for assistance and linking technological and financial cooperation to trade and economic negotiations. ; Este artículo examina las implicaciones jurídicas de algunos enfoques actuales y muy difundidos, acerca de las cadenas globales de valor y el cambio climático entendido también como un evento de alcance mundial.En tal sentido, abundan los diagnósticos equivocados acerca de las innovaciones tecnológicas y el funcionamiento del sistema económico internacional. Estos errores llevan a la formulación de propuestas de cambios normativos que, si fueran llevados a la práctica resultarían inviables. En el punto de partida, los diagnósticos que se cuestionan asimilan el concepto de "globalización" al de "libre comercio". Por lo tanto desatienden al rol de los Estados nacionales en la reducción de los efectos indeseables de la globalización a fin de garantizar la subsistencia de sus propias poblaciones. Así se ignora que ese rol de protección tiene también un efecto de retroalimentación positiva para la propia economía global al regular el ritmo de amortización de bienes y servicios a medida que van siendo desplazados progresivamente de los mercados por las sucesivas oleadas de innovaciones tecnológicas.Pero ¿qué significa "proteger a los residentes" desde el punto de vista de los requerimientos impuestos por esta economía global? Significa: negociar sistemáticamente bajo el paraguas del criterio de reciprocidad. Al respecto todavía no se valora suficientemente la contribución de los mal denominados "tratados de libre comercio" (TLC). Se han convertido en el instrumento para negociar y de esa manera armonizar, sobre la base del criterio de reciprocidad, las soluciones normativas para una gran variedad de cuestiones entre las cuales están incluidas las cadenasde valor y la reducción del cambio climático.El trabajo compara propuestas normativas con disposiciones efectivamente aplicadas en la OMC, los TLC y los ordenamientos nacionales en relación a las cadenas globales de valor y a las políticas frente a la contaminación y degradación ambiental: aranceles, medidas restrictivas, reglas de origen, facilitación, transparencia, subsidios, comercio de servicios, inversiones y propiedad intelectual.En resumen, el autor aspira a recrear una perspectiva jurídica más realista y por lo tanto acorde a las demandas del desarrollo sustentable.Por último, es objetada la tendencia de los países en desarrollo al suscribir los diagnósticos equivocados y limitarse a pedir tratamientos especiales y diferenciados que van profundizando en el tiempo las brechas tecnológicas con el mundo desarrollado. En cambio se sugiere concentrar los esfuerzos para obtener asistencia y cooperación tecnológica y financiera vinculándola operativamente a las negociaciones comerciales y económicas.
Following recent feminist demonstrations and aspirations in Spain, as well as the controversial judgment in the case la Manada, the necessity to reform the Spanish criminal code insofar as it refers to sexual violence becomes increasingly evident. Legal feminist theories suggest that especially cases of sexual violence against women are strongly influenced by gender stereotypes. Such stereotypes do not only influence the institutions' mentalities and responses, they are embedded in laws and judicial principles. With the purpose of ensuring better protection of sexual violence survivors in Spain it is imperative, on the one hand, to harmonise the legislation and institutional practices with minimum standards established in international human rights law. This would allow for a definition of sexual violence based on consent. On the other hand, sexual violence should be considered as a form of gender-based violence, considering that it affects women disproportionately. Such assimilation would allow for a greater protection of survivors and guarantee that their cases would be treated from a gender perspective, in other words, taking into account the context of systemic violence against women and unequal power relations between genders in which they are inscribed. Otherwise, women's access to justice will still be obstructed. ; A raíz de las recientes movilizaciones y reivindicaciones feministas en España y la polémica sentencia del caso la Manada, vuelve a surgir la necesidad de reformar el código penal en lo relativo a la violencia sexual. De acuerdo con los desarrollos del Feminismo Legal, es precisamente en los casos de violencia sexual contra las mujeres donde más interfieren los estereotipos de género, que no sólo influyen en las mentalidades y respuestas de las instituciones, sino que se encuentran enraizados en las propias leyes y normas jurídicas. Con el fin de garantizar una mayor protección a las mujeres supervivientes de violencia sexual en España, urge, por un lado, armonizar la legislación y las prácticas institucionales con los estándares mínimos establecidos en derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Esto permitiría, de entrada, redactar una definición de violencia sexual basada en el consentimiento. Por otro lado, debería considerarse la violencia sexual como una forma de violencia de género, teniendo en cuenta que ésta afecta a las mujeres de forma desproporcionada. Dicha asimilación permitiría brindar mayor protección a las supervivientes y garantizar que sus casos sean tratados con perspectiva de género, es decir, apreciando el contexto de violencia sistémica y desequilibro en las relaciones de poder entre géneros en los que se enmarcan. De lo contrario, se seguirá obstruyendo el derecho de las mujeres a acceder a la justicia.
In this article, the author investigates the politicization of international governmental organizations and their interaction with non-governmental actors in the global system. The first part briefly illustrates what contributed to the expansion of non-governmental organizations in the international arena. Today there are about 50 thousand international non-governmental organizations in the world, many of which have become world-wide. They have become an integral part of the international legal system and have been directly involved in global governance. Their number and degree of influence on world politics are constantly increasing, as the volume of their interaction with the states and other influential actors rises.The second part of the article highlights examples of the interaction of non-governmental organizations with leading governmental institutions. Focussed on the Security Council, which, to a certain extent, has adapted its institutional structure and provided access to non-state actors, limited to informal consultations and the wide discretionary power of permanent members. The United Nations institutions are interested in developing relations with international non-governmental organizations, as the work of the specialized agencies of the UN is multifaceted in resolving many issues. They should reflect on the views of the general public and competent experts from different countries, which are presented by the NGO's.International non-governmental organizations also actively cooperate with other major intergovernmental organizations, such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, NATO, the OSCE, the European Union and many others.In the final part of the article, the result of the institutionalization non-governmental organizations and politicization of governmental institutions is briefly expressed. The politicization is conceptualized extensively. It can range from public criticism to open resistance and can be stimulated both by actors of civil society and by states. The expansion of the scope and functioning of non-governmental organizations in the modern system of international relations have caused increasing scientific interest. Studies of the politicization of international governmental organizations and their interaction with non-governmental actors in the world system are topical issues that include theoretical and practical components. ; Досліджено процес політизації міжнародних урядових організацій та їх взаємодію з неурядовими учасниками глобальної системи. Описано передумови, які сприяли розширенню діяльності неурядових організацій на міжнародній арені. Висвітлено приклади взаємодії неурядових організацій з провідними урядовими інституціями. Зосереджена увага на Раді Безпеки, яка певною мірою адаптувала свою інституційну структуру та надала доступ недержавним суб'єктам, що водночас обмежується неформальними консультаціями та широкою дискреційною владою постійних членів. Досліджено посилення взаємодії між міжнародними інституціями та суб'єктами громадянського суспільства, що сприяло зміні міжнародних норм, принципів і процедур. Визначено вплив міжнародних неурядових організацій на прийняття рішень урядовими та відмінності у рівнях цього впливу на кожну окрему інституцію.
In this article, the author investigates the politicization of international governmental organizations and their interaction with non-governmental actors in the global system. The first part briefly illustrates what contributed to the expansion of non-governmental organizations in the international arena. Today there are about 50 thousand international non-governmental organizations in the world, many of which have become world-wide. They have become an integral part of the international legal system and have been directly involved in global governance. Their number and degree of influence on world politics are constantly increasing, as the volume of their interaction with the states and other influential actors rises.The second part of the article highlights examples of the interaction of non-governmental organizations with leading governmental institutions. Focussed on the Security Council, which, to a certain extent, has adapted its institutional structure and provided access to non-state actors, limited to informal consultations and the wide discretionary power of permanent members. The United Nations institutions are interested in developing relations with international non-governmental organizations, as the work of the specialized agencies of the UN is multifaceted in resolving many issues. They should reflect on the views of the general public and competent experts from different countries, which are presented by the NGO's.International non-governmental organizations also actively cooperate with other major intergovernmental organizations, such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, NATO, the OSCE, the European Union and many others.In the final part of the article, the result of the institutionalization non-governmental organizations and politicization of governmental institutions is briefly expressed. The politicization is conceptualized extensively. It can range from public criticism to open resistance and can be stimulated both by actors of civil society and by states. The expansion of the scope and functioning of non-governmental organizations in the modern system of international relations have caused increasing scientific interest. Studies of the politicization of international governmental organizations and their interaction with non-governmental actors in the world system are topical issues that include theoretical and practical components. ; Досліджено процес політизації міжнародних урядових організацій та їх взаємодію з неурядовими учасниками глобальної системи. Описано передумови, які сприяли розширенню діяльності неурядових організацій на міжнародній арені. Висвітлено приклади взаємодії неурядових організацій з провідними урядовими інституціями. Зосереджена увага на Раді Безпеки, яка певною мірою адаптувала свою інституційну структуру та надала доступ недержавним суб'єктам, що водночас обмежується неформальними консультаціями та широкою дискреційною владою постійних членів. Досліджено посилення взаємодії між міжнародними інституціями та суб'єктами громадянського суспільства, що сприяло зміні міжнародних норм, принципів і процедур. Визначено вплив міжнародних неурядових організацій на прийняття рішень урядовими та відмінності у рівнях цього впливу на кожну окрему інституцію.
"This study examines three historical maritime disputes to draw lessons and insights for the future of maritime governance in a rapidly transforming Arctic. The historical case studies--the 1920 Svalbard Treaty and the implementation of the fisheries protection zone in the Svalbard Archipelago; the 1936 Montreux Convention and the challenge of adapting this instrument to modern maritime requirements amid increased regional tensions in the Black and Eastern Mediterranean Seas; and the 1961 Antarctic Treaty and the efforts leading to the establishment of a marine protected area in the Ross Sea--are highly instructive cases for a region that also must balance a confluence of international economic development, environmental protection, and security concerns along with strategic and ecologically sensitive maritime spaces. While historically unique, important lessons for the Arctic and its future governing needs are gleaned that address challenging geography, the assertion of national sovereignty, and the pursuit of shared environmental goals. It is hoped that these lessons can inform the development of future Arctic governance structures and mechanisms"--Provided by publisher
International audience ; This article deals with a paradox: the spread of close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in numerous social and national spaces whereas its effects on crime, in terms of crime prevention and\or law enforcement and community reassurance are not demonstrated. Through a critical analysis of the international literature on CCTV, this article attempts to identify the various reasons advanced to explain the 'success' of this technology. Three kinds of approach, which embody three ways of defining the political and social impact of CCTV, can be distinguished: surveillance studies, impact analyses and use studies. This paper discusses these works and the answers they bring to the understanding of CCTV development. It claims that micro-level case study analysis allows grasping with sharpness the locally observable mechanisms by which new actors can be enrolled in the device and new legitimizations are made possible.
International audience ; This article deals with a paradox: the spread of close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in numerous social and national spaces whereas its effects on crime, in terms of crime prevention and\or law enforcement and community reassurance are not demonstrated. Through a critical analysis of the international literature on CCTV, this article attempts to identify the various reasons advanced to explain the 'success' of this technology. Three kinds of approach, which embody three ways of defining the political and social impact of CCTV, can be distinguished: surveillance studies, impact analyses and use studies. This paper discusses these works and the answers they bring to the understanding of CCTV development. It claims that micro-level case study analysis allows grasping with sharpness the locally observable mechanisms by which new actors can be enrolled in the device and new legitimizations are made possible.
International audience ; This article deals with a paradox: the spread of close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in numerous social and national spaces whereas its effects on crime, in terms of crime prevention and\or law enforcement and community reassurance are not demonstrated. Through a critical analysis of the international literature on CCTV, this article attempts to identify the various reasons advanced to explain the 'success' of this technology. Three kinds of approach, which embody three ways of defining the political and social impact of CCTV, can be distinguished: surveillance studies, impact analyses and use studies. This paper discusses these works and the answers they bring to the understanding of CCTV development. It claims that micro-level case study analysis allows grasping with sharpness the locally observable mechanisms by which new actors can be enrolled in the device and new legitimizations are made possible.
