Suchergebnisse

This paper defines the participants in the international foreign exchange market and the influence of natural, political, and economic factors on the movement of the exchange rate, and analysis of circumstances that may contribute to the change of the exchange rate. The paper aims to present the analysis of the exchange rate through macroeconomic phenomena and define the factors influencing the change in the exchange rate and the impact on the work of participants in that process. As risk management measures can prevent the influence of significant factors defined in the paper, measures, and types of risk exposure are determined.

A new estimation method is proposed founded upon a nonlinear conjugate gradient‐type algorithm having an efficient line search technique for cure rate models with competing risks, which are subject to elimination. An extensive simulation study is carried out to compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with some existing algorithms, including other conjugate gradient‐type algorithms and the expectation maximization algorithm. For this purpose, it is assumed that the initial competing risks follow an exponentially weighted Poisson distribution. In particular, it is shown that that the proposed algorithm produces estimates that are more accurate and efficient (i.e., the bias and root mean square errors are smaller), specifically with respect to the parameters related to the cure rate. Although for the purpose of simulation study an exponentially weighted Poisson competing risks distribution is assumed, the proposed algorithm incorporates a generic framework that can accommodate any competing risks distribution. Finally, a real data application is provided.

This study examines the association of the 150-hour education requirement with the number of CPA exam candidates, pass rates, and the number passing. Proponents of the 150-hour requirement argue that additional education produces higher quality students who are better prepared for the CPA exam and accounting careers. Opponents argue it imposes opportunity costs on students and costly barriers to entry into public accounting. On average we find a large drop (36 percent) in the number of candidates in each state taking each exam, a small increase in pass rates for first-time candidates only (3 percent), and a large drop (31.5 percent) in the number passing the CPA exam after the 150-hour requirement. Our results may be useful to accounting educators evaluating the success of their 150-hour programs, state boards considering revisions of their 150-hour requirements, and public accounting firms setting strategies to achieve audit quality.

Polazeći od pretpostavke da se hrvatska kazališta između dva svjetska rata u kreiranju dramskoga repertoara nisu vodila samo umjetničkim nego i
političkim obzirima, autor u članku analizira inozemne i srpske drame s
temom Prvoga svjetskog rata koje su se u međuraću izvodile u tri hrvatska kazališta (u Zagrebu, Osijeku i Splitu) da bi odgovorio na pitanja kako je taj rat u tom razdoblju predstavljan hrvatskoj javnosti te kako je hrvatska javnost posredovanjem kazališne kritike reagirala na
takvo njegovo predstavljanje.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the full distribution of children&rsquo ; s lead poisoning and identify &ldquo ; high risk&rdquo ; locations or areas in the neighborhood of the inner city of Syracuse (NY, USA), using quantile regression models. Methods: Global quantile regression (QR) and geographically weighted quantile regression (GWQR) were applied to model the relationships between children&rsquo ; s lead poisoning and three environmental factors at different quantiles (25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th). The response variable was the incident rate of children&rsquo ; s blood lead level &ge ; 5 µ ; g/dL in each census block, and the three predictor variables included building year, town taxable values, and soil lead concentration. Results: At each quantile, the regression coefficients of both global QR and GWQR models were (1) negative for both building year and town taxable values, indicating that the incident rate of children lead poisoning reduced with newer buildings and/or higher taxable values of the houses ; and (2) positive for the soil lead concentration, implying that higher soil lead concentration around the house may cause higher risks of children&rsquo ; s lead poisoning. Further, these negative or positive relationships between children&rsquo ; s lead poisoning and three environmental factors became stronger for larger quantiles (i.e., higher risks). Conclusions: The GWQR models enabled us to explore the full distribution of children&rsquo ; s lead poisoning and identify &ldquo ; high risk&rdquo ; locations or areas in the neighborhood of the inner city of Syracuse, which would provide useful information to assist the government agencies to make better decisions on where and what the lead hazard treatment should focus on.

Raymond G. Farmer, director of the South Carolina Insurance Department, concludes that some rates in the assigned risk plan are inadequate and corrective action should be taken to ensure that the plan is self-funded and self-sustaining.

The task of survey interviewers includes contacting target persons, gaining their cooperation, & using appropriate interview methods to obtain the most reliable data. However, interviewers are not equally successful in their task. Factors that might differentiate good & mediocre interviewers are examined in this article, focusing on the influence of the interviewers' contact methods on respondents' cooperation rate. Data from the German ALLBUS 2000 General Social Survey are used in multilevel analyses of both contact & cooperation rates to assess both interviewer & target person variables. Results support the hypothesis that interviewer contact methods do influence respondent cooperation, but that respondent variables play an important role in the selection of contact methods. Tables, Appendixes, References. J. Stanton

In the 1970s, Hample developed a successful model of intrapersonal argument. Loosely based on the law of total probability, the model used a normatively correct standard to predict people's adherence to persuasive claims. That original research used single-item measures that could not be assessed for internal consistency. The present study estimates the reliabilities of the appropriate measures so that corrections for attenuation can be made. In addition, the study exploits the base-rate fallacy to encourage formation of bad premises and perhaps bad reasoning. Results show that Hample's original model is indeed accurate and that his original results understated people's rationality in persuasive situations. The base-rate effect was confined to improper premises; given people's premises, they continued to reason rationally. The model was equally accurate for high experientials and high rationals, in Epstein's terminology.

In seinem Urteil in der Rs. C-161/20 (Kommission/Rat) legt der EuGH die Grundsätze für die völkerrechtliche Vertretung der EU in den Gremien der Internationalen Seeschifffahrtsorganisation (IMO) fest. Anders als von der Kommission vorgeschlagen, schließt die fehlende Beitrittsmöglichkeit der EU zur IMO ein Handeln der Mitgliedstaaten im Namen der EU (als deren Stellvertreter) aus; die Mitgliedstaaten müssen vielmehr in eigenem Namen handeln. Mit dieser Entscheidung konkretisiert der EuGH seine bisherige Rechtsprechung, aus der nicht mit abschließender Sicherheit erkennbar war, ob die Mitgliedstaaten im eigenen oder fremden Namen auftreten, wenn sie im Interesse der Union handeln. Ob die Entscheidung Präzedenzwirkung für das Handeln der Mitgliedstaaten im Unionsinteresse in anderen internationalen Organisationen hat, bleibt abzuwarten. Sie dürfte in jedem Fall die Ambitionen der Kommission bekräftigen, die Stellung der EU im Rahmen der IMO zu verbessern, und stellt die Praxis infrage, nicht der Union, sondern nur der Kommission einen Beobachterstatus innerhalb einer internationalen Organisation einzuräumen.

AbstractThe study of the antecedents of child maltreatment has advanced through ecological research, but there has been a limited focus on the role of community social capital. This study investigates the effects of community social capital on child maltreatment and how these associations differ by regional type, using data on child maltreatment rates in 226 localities in South Korea from 2014 to 2019. Surprisingly, our results show that social trust, networks, and engagement in community affairs are positively associated with child maltreatment rates. Additionally, the mechanisms of social capital effects on child maltreatment vary by place, being more pronounced in small‐ and medium‐sized cities and rural areas. Our findings suggest that a more nuanced understanding of social capital mechanisms across dimensions and locations is required to effectively address child maltreatment. This study contributes to both theory and practice by highlighting the importance of community social capital in preventing child maltreatment and demonstrating the contextual nature of these associations.