Suchergebnisse

'In diesem zweiteiligen Bericht werden die Präsenz Rußlands in den wichtigsten Wirtschaftssektoren der GUS-Länder analysiert, die vorhandenen Probleme aufgezeigt und die Perspektiven einer Festigung der Position Rußlands in den Staaten der Gemeinschaft bewertet. Dabei werden der Platz Rußlands in den Außenhandelsbeziehungen der GUS-Länder, die Präsenz russischen Kapitals im Bereich der materiellen Produktion sowie im Finanzsektor dieser Länder eingehend untersucht. Besondere Beachtung wird der Verschuldung der GUS-Länder bei Rußland als einem Expansionsfaktor geschenkt. Die Formen russischer Präsenz in den wichtigsten Wirtschaftsbereichen der Staaten der Gemeinschaft sowie die zukünftige potentielle Ausrichtung dieser Präsenz werden beschrieben. Die Folgen der Finanzkrise in Rußland werden, soweit dies bereits möglich ist, unter dem Aspekt des Ausbaus der ökonomischen Position in der GUS betrachtet. Als Quellen dienten: Datenmaterial des Zwischenstaatlichen Statistischen Komitees der GUS, des Goskomstat der Rußländischen Föderation (RF), Informationen von Wirtschaftsbehörden (des GUS-Ministeriums, des Ministeriums für Wirtschaft u.a.) sowie wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und Periodika aus Rußland und anderen GUS-Ländern.' (Textauszug)

Der Bericht faßt die wesentlichen Ergebnisse einer deutsch- russischen Expertenkonferenz zum Thema "Sicherheit in Europa - die außen- und sicherheitspolitische Rolle der Russischen Föderation in einem veränderten Europa" nach inhaltlichen Schwerpunkten geordnet zusammen. Die Konferenz war am 21. und 22. April 1994 im Auftrag ds Planungsstabes des Bundesministeriums der Verteidigung gemeinsam vom BIOst und dem Amt für Sudien und Übungen der Bundeswehr durchgeführt worden. Themenschwerpunkte waren die militärischen und nichtmilitärischen Herausforderungen für die Sicherheit in Europa, die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Rußlands gegenüber den "neuen unabhängigen Staaten" und den Staaten Ostmitteleuropas und die Rolle der NATO und das Verhältnis Rußlands zu ihr. Abschließend werden die Anforderungen an ein zukünftiges europäisches Sicherheitssystem und die Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten künftiger deutscher und deutsch-russischer Sicherheitspolitik skizziert. (BIOst-Mrk)

APPROVED ; The Occupying State as Legislator in Occupied Territory: Challenges to the duty imposed by the international law of belligerent occupation to respect the existing law and institutions in occupied territory Author: David Kevin O Sullivan At a time when the rules-based international order , including occupation law, is under threat, this thesis looks at the challenges to the rules of occupation law which require an occupying state, subject to limited exceptions, to respect the existing law and institutions of the occupied territory. Three principal challenges to those rules can be identified in the literature: (i) the challenge posed by the idea that occupying states should be freed of their obligations to respect the existing law and institutions so as to be permitted to engage in transformative occupations; (ii) the challenge posed by the applicability of human rights treaties in occupied territory; and (iii) the challenge from the idea that the Security Council may authorise a departure from, or override, the rules which require respect for existing laws and institutions. This thesis explores these challenges by examining as a case study the occupation of Iraq by the US and UK in 2003-04. The case study is considered in a wider context and other practice is taken into account where relevant. This thesis makes use of new information and evidence which has been disclosed in the years since the occupation, including that contained in the Report of the Iraq Inquiry (the Chilcot Report) in the UK, which was published in July 2016. The rules of the law of occupation in question survive largely unscathed the challenges identified. The idea of transformative occupation is undermined by the case study of Iraq, including the damaging effects of the legislation enacted by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) on de-Ba athification and dissolution of the Iraqi Army; the evidence that large numbers of laws (including most of the commercial laws) were being enacted by the CPA and then not implemented; and the fact that, despite all the CPA legislation on human rights, the evidence examined suggests that serious and widespread human rights abuses, including torture, have continued to take place for years after the occupation. As regards the applicability in occupied territory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ), although state practice appears to embody an emerging consensus among most states parties, it does not establish the applicability of the ICCPR in occupied territory, because the fact that other states parties such as the US have made clear their disagreement prevents the agreement of the parties being established regarding the interpretation of the treaty, within the meaning of Article 31(3)(b) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The US stance on the non-applicability of the obligations of a state party under the ICCPR in territory which it occupies finds support in the travaux préparatoires, and that stance appears to have become entrenched given its inclusion in the US manual on the law of war issued in 2015. The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in the Wall case contains within the Court s interpretation of the travaux préparatoires a potentially important qualification to the extraterritorial application of the ICCPR, which is identified and discussed. As regards, the question whether the European Convention on Human Rights ( ECHR ) requires an occupying power which is a state party to it to change pre-occupation laws in occupied territory which are incompatible with the ECHR rights, in Al-Skeini v. The United Kingdom the European Court of Human Rights, through its approach of dividing and tailoring rights where the basis of jurisdiction is state agent authority and control (the basis which it employed in that case in relation to Iraq) has found a way of protecting and vindicating the rights of individuals who come into direct contact with soldiers or other agents of the occupying power, whilst at the same time avoiding the imposition of ECHR standards on non-European societies and any requirement to change pre-occupation laws there. There is uncertainty as to whether a Security Council Resolution provides a sound legal basis for an occupying state to enact legislation which would otherwise be outside the constraints of the law of occupation. Furthermore, the UK Attorney General s advice, disclosed by the Chilcot Inquiry, was that the legal basis for actions going beyond occupation law in Iraq required coordination with the UN Secretary-General s Special Representative for Iraq pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1483. It is apparent from the Chilcot Report that after a certain point the CPA stopped sending proposed legislation to the Special Representative for coordination, after the US was informed by a reliable source that the UN would veto proposed laws. Accordingly Resolution 1483 did not provide a legal basis for legislation in that period which went beyond occupation law. If in the future the Security Council should be called upon to adopt a resolution in the context of an occupation, the lessons of what happened in Iraq need to be learned. Guidelines are proposed for such resolutions, in order to reduce the scope for abuse.

The tasks of developing international cooperation in the agrarian sphere between Ukraine and the international community, including the European Union, were determined. The existing reasons for the development of small and medium business representatives are analyzed. The updated structure of the object and the subject side - components of agrarian management is determined. The tendency of international development of organic farming is taken into account. The description and practical significance of the appropriateness of securing the terminological understanding of "raider", "peaceful possession of property" with the aim of unification of the norms of the national legislation with the international ones, including the European one, is given. The state-legal regulation on the way of preventing the offense from the standpoint of functioning of state bodies is considered. Due to the comparative method of scientific study, proposals for changes to the current normative and legal framework of Ukraine are determined. There is a distinction and the need to ensure legal protection and protection of the most vulnerable category of subjects. Today, it is the owners of land plots, including owners of land plots (shares), which have been given a land plot for private peasant farming, horticulture, gardening, subsidiary farming. In particular, such protection should be based on positions of economic, social, legal and moral orientation, which defines an integrated and systematic approach. The state authorities should, through their functional duties and through the authority to provide assistance to such economic entities. Keywords: raiding, peaceful possession of property, agrarian sphere, organic farming, state-legal and state-private mechanism, international agrarian cooperation, agrarian raiding, "weapons" institute

The purpose of the article is to address the attention towards scientific approaches to determine the nature of space services and their main participants, identifying the characteristics of the Russian market in these services, highlighting and describing their main segments in the Russian Federation. The article declares the conceptual apparatus, summarizes the results of the analysis of the formation and development of the international space services market, describes the role of innovative technologies in the provision of competitive advantages of the space launched by the modern market leader: the company SpaceX, as well as a systematization of the main problems in the development of the Russian market of space services for the period 2000-2018. The article can be used by government authorities and corporations involved in space services. ; El propósito del artículo es abordar los enfoques científicos para determinar la naturaleza de los servicios espaciales y sus principales participantes, identificando las características del mercado ruso en estos servicios, destacando y describiendo sus principales segmentos en la federación rusa. El artículo declara el aparato conceptual, resume los resultados del análisis de la formación y desarrollo del mercado internacional de servicios espaciales, describe el papel de las tecnologías innovadoras en la provisión de ventajas competitivas del espacio que lanza el líder del mercado moderno: la compañía SpaceX, así como hace una sistematización de los principales problemas en el desarrollo del mercado ruso de servicios espaciales para el período 2000-2018. El artículo puede utilizarse por autoridades gubernamentales y corporaciones involucrados en servicios espaciales.

Résumé Apporter un regard international sur la notion et le concept de l' « éthique » dans la culture française, c'est l'objectif de cet article. L'analyse menée est de nature historico-comparative. L'examen porte sur l'appropriation différente de la notion d' « éthique » dans les cultures germanophone, anglophone et francophone, et sur l'évolution différente de l'articulation entre l'éthique, l'économique et le politique dans les trois cultures. Ce regard international permet dans un contexte mondialisé d'une part d'éviter le piège d'un ethnocentrisme français dans le débat académique, et, d'autre part, de montrer l'utilité d'un regard macro-éthique qui complète l'approche micro/méso-éthique.

Der Sammelband vereinigt Beiträge, die zu einer unter dem Leitthema "Prospects for Peace and Cooperation in the Asian-Pacific Region" stehenden gemeinsamen Arbeitstagung des Pekinger Instituts für Internationale Studien und des Center for International Security and Arms Control der Universität Stanford (Peking, 11.-14. September 1985) vorgelegt wurden. Die amerikanischen und chinesischen Autoren setzen sich den politischen, militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Determinanten der Lage in der asiatisch-pazifischen Region auseinander. Insbesondere werden die Implikationen der geostrategischen Rivalität der Supermächte für die regionale Sicherheit, die Risiken regionaler Krisenherde (Korea, Afghanistan, Kampuchea) sowie die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Anrainerstaaten und die Ansätze zu einer multilateralen wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit erörtert. Den Abschluß bilden Beiträge zur Entwicklung und Relevanz der amerikanisch-chinesischen Beziehungen. (BIOst-Hml)

Präsidentschaftswahlen in den USA können gravierende Folgen für die internationale Ordnung haben. 2016 gilt dies in besonderem Maße, weil mit Donald Trump erstmals ein Kandidat einer großen Partei antritt, der Amerikas traditionelles Rollenverständnis als globaler Ordnungsgarant grundsätzlich in Frage stellt. Ein Sieg Trumps hätte wohl weitreichende Konsequenzen für die Außenpolitik Washingtons, doch mit Veränderungen ist bei jedem Wahlausgang zu rechnen. Die Tatsache, dass in den USA zunehmend Zweifel an der eigenen Rolle in der Welt laut werden, sollte Deutschland veranlassen, sowohl die Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten als auch den eigenen Beitrag zur Weltordnung neu zu reflektieren. (Autorenreferat)

Vol. 1: 2001. - VIII,244 S. - graph. Darst., Tab., Lit.Hinw. - ISBN 0-8213-4833-7

The role and social impact of universities is present in the analysis of researchers, politicians and leaders worldwide increasingly. The main objective of this article is to describe the main inter-university networks and international initiatives that have contributed to the strengthening of university social responsibility in recent decades, developed a review of literature and web pages associated with each of the instances identified. In the first part, the main dependent global initiatives of international organizations are analyzed, while in the second examples of inter-university networks developed in Latin America are exposed. The main conclusion is that the influence of UNESCO in incorporating social responsibility at university level has been instrumental in the past ten years, despite which most Latin American university systems do not incorporate socially responsible behavior as a variable explicit operation. ; El rol e impacto social de las universidades está presente en el análisis de investigadores, políticos y líderes a nivel mundial de modo creciente. El objetivo fundamental del artículo es describir las principales iniciativas internacionales y redes interuniversitarias que han contribuido al fortalecimiento de la responsabilidad social universitaria en las últimas décadas, desarrollándose una revisión de la literatura y páginas web asociadas a cada una de las instancias identificadas. En la primera parte, se analizan las principales iniciativas globales dependientes de organismos internacionales, mientras que en la segunda se exponen ejemplos de redes interuniversitarias desarrolladas en Iberoamérica. La principal conclusión es que la influencia de la UNESCO en la incorporación de la responsabilidad social al ámbito universitario ha sido fundamental en los últimos diez años, a pesar de lo cual la mayoría de los sistemas universitarios iberoamericanos no incorporan el comportamiento socialmente responsable como una variable explícita en su funcionamiento. ; O papel e o impacto social das universidades estão presentes na análise de pesquisadores, políticos e líderes a nível mundial de modo crescente. O objetivo fundamental deste artigo é descrever as principais iniciativas internacionais e redes interuniversitárias que têm contribuído para o fortalecimento da responsabilidade social universitária nas últimas décadas, desenvolvendo una revisão da literatura e páginas web associadas a cada uma das instâncias identificadas. Na primeira parte, são analisadas as principais iniciativas globais dependentes de organizações internacionais, enquanto que na segunda, são expostos exemplos de redes interuniversitárias desenvolvidas em Ibero - América. A principal conclusão é que a influência da UNESCO na incorporação da responsabilidade social no âmbito universitário tem sido fundamental nos últimos dez anos, porém, a maioria dos sistemas universitários ibero-americanos não incorpora um comportamento socialmente responsável como uma variável explícita no seu funcionamento.