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having summarised the results of the economic analyses carried out on market risk management in agriculture, a complex and recurrent topic in agricultural policy debates, we suggest some avenues for reflection to guide policy action. Thus, this action must focus first on the regulation (control) of risk management markets rather than on physical markets. The implementation of this general recommendation requires further specific economic work. ; Après avoir synthétisé les résultats des analyses économiques conduites sur la gestion des risques de marché en agriculture, sujet complexe et récurrent dans les débats de politique agricole, nous suggérons quelques pistes de réflexion pour guider l'action politique. Ainsi, cette action doit d'abord être portée sur la régulation (contrôle) des marchés de gestion des risques plutôt que sur les marchés physiques. La mise en œuvre de cette recommandation générale nécessite la poursuite de travaux économiques spécifiques.

All reserved rights © Francophonies d'America, 2018 This document is protected by the Copyright Act. The use of erudit services (including reproduction) is subject to its usage policy, which you can consult online. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ This article is disseminated and preserved by erudit. Erudit is a non-profit-making inter-university consortium composed of the ; International audience ; All reserved rights © Francophonies d'America, 2018 This document is protected by the Copyright Act. The use of erudit services (including reproduction) is subject to its usage policy, which you can consult online. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ This article is disseminated and preserved by erudit. Erudit is a non-profit-making inter-university consortium composed of the ; Tous droits réservés © Francophonies d'Amérique, 2018 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'

This contribution is intended to bring Noverre back into the Royal Music Academy during the relatively short period in which he was attached to it (1776-1781) and to study his place both as a 'subject of dance' and as an artist in its own right. ; La présente contribution a pour but de replacer Noverre au sein de l'Académie royale de musique, pendant la période assez brève au cours de laquelle il y a été attaché (1776-1781) ainsi que d'étudier sa place à la fois en tant que "sujet de la danse" et qu'artiste à part entière.

Executive summary produced from the seminar "The special law of food tested by private law" organised by Lascaux in Nantes. 8 pages. What is the status of the food? What are the obligations to which producers are subject? To which liability regime (s) are they exposed? These few questions delivered in bulk are a sample of those that the lawyer is confronted with as soon as he or she examines the law applicable to food. ; Synthèse produite à partir du séminaire "Le droit spécial de l'alimentation à l'épreuve du droit privé", organisé par Lascaux à Nantes. 8 pages. Quel est le statut de l'aliment ? Quelles sont les obligations auxquelles les producteurs sont assujettis ? A quel(s) régime(s) de responsabilité sont-ils exposés ? Ces quelques interrogations livrées en vrac sont un échantillon de celles auxquelles le juriste est confronté dès l'instant où il examine le droit applicable à l'alimentation.

famous magazines unknown? Omnipresent in scientific, institutional, political or everyday life, magazines are studied in international scientific literature. It is probably of different interest due to the fact that, behind the apparent homogeneity of the subject matter of the study, a variety of forms, seasons, content and actors are hidden. Sociologists, literates, historians, political analysts and lawyers, among others, have done many. ; Las revistas ¿Famosas desconocidas? Omnipresentes en la vida científica, institucional, política o en el seno de la vida cotidiana, las revistas son objeto de estudio de la literatura científica internacional. De interés dispar probablemente debido al hecho de que detrás de la aparente homogeneidad del objeto de estudio se esconde una pluralidad de formas, temporalidades, contenidos y actores. Sociólogos, literatos, historiadores, analistas políticos y juristas entre otros han realizado numeroso …

In my view, making the case for a specific interpretation of Critical Theory is problematic. Although the term has a prestigious origin stemming from Horkheimer's 1937 paper, Traditional and Critical Theory, given during his term as Director of the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University and generating the enthusiasm of its members, the term and the movement associated would be defined and radically redefined not only by subsequent generations but by its very author. One of the merits of the book under discussion is that even before the first chapter an 'Interlude' is presented entitled Arguing for Classical Critical Theory signifying to the reader that Horkheimer got it right when he defined the subject and that it is possible to return to that particular definition after 83 years. This paper challenges Professor Sørensen's claims for the restoration of classical Critical Theory on three levels: the scientific, the historical and the political level. ; Prema mom shvatanju, zastupanje jedne specifične interpretacije kritičke teorije je proble matično. Iako ime kritička teorija ima prestižno poreklo vezano za Horkhajmerov rad iz 1937 Tradicionalna i kritička teorija, ime koje je dato tokom njegovog mandata kao direktora Insti tuta za društvena istraživanja Univerziteta u Frankfurtu, i koje je bilo entuzijastično privha ćeno od strane članova Instituta, samo ime i pokret vezan za njega će biti radikalno redefi nisani, ne samo od strane narednih generacija već i samog autora. Jedna od prednosti knjige o kojoj se ovde diskutuje je da čak i pre prvog poglavlja postoji ,interludijumʻ sa naslovom Argumentovanje u prilog klasičnoj kritičkoj teoriji koje čitaocu sugeriše da je Horkhajmer na ispravan način definisao kritičku teoriju i da je moguće vratiti se toj definiciji posle 83 godi ne. U ovom tekstu preispitujem Serensenove pokušaje restauracije klasične kritičke teorije an tri nivoa: nivou nauke, istorije i politike.

Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, dismantling) require additional information to identify events. The distinction between these two types of N is not the same as that proposed by Grimshaw (1990) between 'simple NOMinals event' and 'complex event NOMinals'. It is established that the distribution between autonomous and dependent EVNs is not based on strictly morphological or syntax properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. all relevant semantic traits, is not the same for all EVs. The assumption is made that the autonomy or dependence of VNEs may be a condition for the type of event that is descored. ; Two categories of nouns denoting events [ENs], i.e. of nouns which can be the subject of avoir lieu ('take place'), can be distinguished. Autonomous ENs (e.g. concert 'concert', avalanche 'avalanche') provide a sufficient description of events, whereas dependent ENs (e.g. augmentation 'increase', démantèlement 'dismantling'), need a complement to denote events. The distinction between these two categories is not equivalent to the one proposed by Grimshaw (1990), between " simple event nominals " and " complex event nominals ". It is shown that the distribution between autonomous and dependent ENs does not rely on pure syntactic or morphological properties, and that the semantic structure, i.e. the relevant semantic features, is not the same for all ENs. Furthermore, the autonomy or dependency of ENs may determine the ontological type of events denoted by ENs. ; Among the names traditionally considered as event names [NEV], i.e. which can serve as a nucleus for an SN subject to take place, a distinction is made between two types of N. Autonomous NEVs (e.g. concert, avalanche) are sufficient to describe events, while dependent EVOs (e.g. increase, ...

This work is limited to describing the current problems of small and medium-sized enterprises in the eastern region of the Prov. de Buenos Aires and formulating an analysis and proposal of alternatives to the problem of long-term financing. The choice of focusing on 'access to finance' is not capricious, but is due to the fact that, after consulting various reports and specialists on the subject, there is a general consensus that small and medium-sized entrepreneurs identify the lack of access to credit as the most important obstacle they encounter in developing their businesses. This, combined with the scale of the sector worldwide, explains why most countries (developed and developing) have programmes specifically addressing SME issues, and why IFIs devote considerable resources to their financing. In other words, the problem of SMEs in Argentina is no different from that of SMEs in Latin America and the world. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Administrativas ; This work is limited to describing the current problems of small and medium-sized enterprises in the eastern region of the Prov. de Buenos Aires and formulating an analysis and proposal of alternatives to the problem of long-term financing. The choice of focusing on 'access to finance' is not capricious, but is due to the fact that, after consulting various reports and specialists on the subject, there is a general consensus that small and medium-sized entrepreneurs identify the lack of access to credit as the most important obstacle they encounter in developing their businesses. This, combined with the scale of the sector worldwide, explains why most countries (developed and developing) have programmes specifically addressing SME issues, and why IFIs devote considerable resources to their financing. In other words, the problem of SMEs in Argentina is no different from that of SMEs in Latin America and the world. ; Este trabajo se limita a describir las problemática actual de las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas de la Región Este de la Prov. de Buenos Aires y ...

After four years of fierce debate, the EU directive on copyright in the digital single market was finally adopted in April 2019. The legislative text aims at adapting copyright to the digital world, remedying to some gaps and uncompensated uses of works and other subject matter and enhancing some valuable uses through new or reaffirmed exceptions. Two provisions have been particularly contested. The article 15 creates a new IP right benefitting press publishers in their online news in an attempt to force Google News and similar platforms to remunerate their use. The article 17 requires video sharing platforms, such as YouTube, to get a license for any copyrighted content uploaded by their users or, by default, to filter such content when requested by rights owners. But the directive has much more to offer and pursues an ambitious agenda, beyond its incompleteness, inconsistencies and defaults. More fundamentally, this directive marks the transition of the EU intervention mostly to harmonise existing national rules and to strengthen the rights of its creative sector, towards a genuine regulatory actor that purports to better organise a thriving European market and a fair society for creations, culture and information. It remains to be seen if the measures laid down by the directive are fit for that purpose. This paper analyses all articles of the directive in three parts: (1) the adaptation of exceptions to better satisfy digital needs, including the new exception for text and data mining; (2) the provisions aiming at enhancing an EU-wide access to creative content; and finally, (3) the provisions pursuing a well-functioning marketplace for copyright, that aims at restoring (perceived) failures or unfairness of current balances between the different stakeholders. This last part contains the most contentious provisions of the directive, i.e. the news publishers' right and the new liability regime of video sharing platforms, but also it most promising ones related to a better contractual protection of authors and ...

Luego of a tortuous peace process which culminated in an armed confrontation with the Farc-EP-guerrilla guerrilla, after the agreement was signed in September 2016, triggered calm positions that resulted in tensions of various kinds (those that persist until now) without any signs of peace; on the contrary, Colombia is experiencing one of the most complex and violent moments in its history, trapped in a political polarisation that ringes fundamentalism, perverting its judicial institutions, the police, the media and society in general, making it virtually impossible to engage in reflective dialogue between the different ideological positions, which have made even more visible the social clivages that have characterised the Colombian nation as one of the most fragmented in the hemisphere. In the light of the above, this article proposes, using a constructive approach and supported by a qualitative methodology such as the semi-structured interview and the analysis of swings dealing with the subject, to examine the Justicia-Medium-Polarisation equation, in order to identify the risks of instrumentalisation of media — or journalism — and how, a kind of structure of components deviates from its ontological duty. This coincides with an intensification of polarisation, which has made democracy untouched and threatens the rule of law when it comes to disqualification, thus undermining any balanced debate and causing a high degree of impact on the judicial system, in particular the search for a higher level of disrepute: The Supreme Court of Justice. ; Após um tortuoso processo de paz que culminou em confronto armado com a guerrilha das FARC-EP, a partir da assinatura do acordo em setembro de 2016, desencadearam-se posições críticas que geraram tensões de diversos tipos (que persistem até hoje) sem que cenas de paz sejam vislumbradas; ao contrário, a Colômbia vive um dos momentos mais complexos e violentos de sua história, presa em uma polarização política que beira o fundamentalismo, que permeia suas instituições ...

RESUMEN Introduction: The areas in which Mexican universities are located are urban environments subject to severe social and environmental pressures, so university activities are carried out under inadequate environmental conditions. Since 2014, a research group from the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico concerned about the environmental situation of university campuses has developed several projects to identify and assess risks and impacts. Objective: Identify and assess the environmental impacts occurring in Campus Colón in order to analyse the environmental conditions in which university activities are carried out. Materials and methods: Based on environmental geography and ecology, in interaction with the Verification List technique, observations in the field and application of 1500 university surveys were identified. The Leopold Qualitative Interaction Matrix identified interactions between six operations and 17 environmental components. Results: 102 environmental impacts were identified. Noise is the main impact factor, affecting natural harmony, human health and teaching activities. Conclusions: The Autonomous University of the State of Mexico must promote an environmental management system to prevent and mitigate environmental impacts, implement environmental legislation and involve all academics in environmental care. ; RESUMEN Introducción: Los espacios en donde están ubicadas las universidades mexicanas son ambientes urbanos sujetos a fuertes presiones sociales y ambientales, por lo que, las actividades universitarias se realizan en condiciones ambientales inadecuadas. Desde el año 2014 un grupo de investigación de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México preocupado por la situación ambiental de los campus universitarios ha desarrollado varios proyectos para identificar y evaluar riesgos e impactos. Objetivo: Identificar y evaluar los impactos ambientales que ocurren en el Campus Colón para analizar las condiciones ambientales donde se realizan las actividades universitarias. ...

Summary: The conservation of biodiversity, and in particular that which needs to be carried out in situ, calls for a strong anchoring with the territory, the management of which in Mexico is the responsibility of the municipalities. However, the powers explicitly assigned to municipal governments in the general laws on the subject, issued by the federal congress, have been very limited. However, the legislative autonomy, which is constitutionally recognised for municipalities, embodies an interesting area of opportunity for including biodiversity conservation in the legislation of municipalities. ; Resumen: La conservación de la biodiversidad y, en particular, aquella que requiere efectuarse in situ, demanda de un fuerte anclaje con el territorio, cuya gestión es, en México, competencia de los municipios. Sin embargo, han sido muy limitadas las facultades que, para ese objeto, explícitamente se les han asignado a los gobiernos municipales en las leyes generales en la materia, emitidas por el congreso federal. No obstante, la autonomía normativa, constitucionalmente reconocida a los municipios, encarna una interesante área de oportunidad para la inclusión de la conservación de la biodiversidad en la normativa de los municipios.

A walk on European motorways clearly suggests that the quality of the licensed network is much higher than that of the non-licensed network, including, of course, where the two systems live together as in Germany. The explanation for this is very simple because the infrastructure is financed by tolls. This revenue covers, on average, operating costs in France more than four times, leaving, after various levies, a margin most often sufficient to recoup the investment. It is a country, Belgium, in which the subject is a real 'tirant' for the press. It is always a matter of highlighting the contrast when the motorist crosses the border with France and thus passes from Belgian carriages (with their 'nid de poule') to French carriages (leased for their quality). Next, it must be concluded that it is possible to dream of the introduction into the Kingdom of a toll which would solve the problem of financing suitable maintenance, but as the Libre Belgium of 2 June 2015 explains, nobody knows how to renounce a long-standing free of charge. ; Une promenade sur les autoroutes européennes suggère de manière flagrante que la qualité du réseau concédé est très supérieure à celle du réseau non concédé y compris, bien entendu, là où cohabitent les deux systèmes comme en Allemagne.L'explication en est très simple qui tient au financement de l'infrastructure par les péages. Ces recettes couvrent en moyenne en France plus de quatre fois les coûts de fonctionnement ce qui laisse, après divers prélèvements, une marge le plus souvent suffisante pour amortir l'investissement.Il est un pays, la Belgique, dans lequel le sujet est un véritable « marronnier » pour la presse. Il s'agit toujours de souligner le contraste lorsque l'automobiliste franchit la frontière avec la France et passe ainsi des chaussées belges (avec leurs « nid de poule ») aux chaussées françaises (louées pour leur qualité). Il s'agit ensuite de conclure que l'on peut rêver à l'introduction dans le royaume d'un péage qui résoudrait le problème du financement d'une ...

Firewood is an essential element in the daily life of pre-historic societies. However, there is little knowledge of how wood fuel is purchased and managed in Paléthic. More than analytical results, we propose a reflection on this aspect of the economy of the Western European Middle and Upper Paléthic Groups.It is widely accepted that the collection of firewood in Paléolithic is mainly based on criteria of the fuel properties of botanical species. Our first remark relates to the concept of species. As pointed out by Lévi-Strauss, this concept must be used with caution, as the classification of species by prehistory very certainly referred to specific uses of wood. For example, two distinct botanical species may have the same 'name' because they serve without distinction for the same use. Ethnographic examples illustrate this point perfectly. Ethnographic examples also show the perfect subjectivity of groups when making choices. The fuel properties of a petrol are not always the factor that determines its preferential use. It would be so specious to systematically emphasise that a particular petrol identified in a Paléolithic site has been the subject of a choice because of the current idea of a good fuel. In addition, the concept of 'good fuel' must take into account the function of the household. There is not a good fuel, but a range of species suitable for specific purposes in the fireplace. ; International audience ; Firewood is an essential element in the daily life of pre-historic societies. However, there is little knowledge of how wood fuel is purchased and managed in Paléthic. More than analytical results, we propose a reflection on this aspect of the economy of the Western European Middle and Upper Paléthic Groups.It is widely accepted that the collection of firewood in Paléolithic is mainly based on criteria of the fuel properties of botanical species. Our first remark relates to the concept of species. As pointed out by Lévi-Strauss, this concept must be used with caution, as the classification of ...

International audience Hoffmann (2018) attempts to reconstruct a typology of risks deemed more accurate and useful to both economists and risk managers than currently received views on the subject within mainstream economics/finance and Austrian economics. This comment argues that his criticisms of the Misesian approach and his case for an alternative are unconvincing. We explain weaknesses in his criticisms of the Misesian approach and outline some problems with his constructive task of building up the alternative.