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The seizure of the Bulgarian lands by the Turks at the end of the 14th century brought up many deep and multifaceted changes for the Bulgarians. It marked the end not only of their flourishing state, which at times had counterbalanced the Byzantine Empire, but mainly of their political elites which would provide the foundations for their struggle for independence. For this reason, with the lapse of time, Bulgarian rural population, burdened with draconian obligations and pushed aside on the margin of social life, sank deeper and deeper in apathy, growing in impotence. A change in the situation occurred only at the turn of the 19th century, when a process of national revival began in the Bulgarian lands. Not only did the process revive a national spirit in the Bulgarians and motivate them to fight, but also filled them with a sense of dignity, which made it possible for them soon after they regained independence to place their country at the lead of the region. Those dynamic changes were observed by the outstanding and excellent Polish Slavic philologist and Orientalists Jan Grzegorzewski during his voyages throughout the Bulgarian lands; all his observations and impressions he described in several books and essays published in popular papers and periodicals. The image of Bulgaria of the end of the 19th century has been still a valuable source of information both for ­ historians and for other scholars. ; p. 21-46 ; Summary in English. ; Text eng. ; The seizure of the Bulgarian lands by the Turks at the end of the 14th century brought up many deep and multifaceted changes for the Bulgarians. It marked the end not only of their flourishing state, which at times had counterbalanced the Byzantine Empire, but mainly of their political elites which would provide the foundations for their struggle for independence. For this reason, with the lapse of time, Bulgarian rural population, burdened with draconian obligations and pushed aside on the margin of social life, sank deeper and deeper in apathy, growing in impotence. A change in the situation occurred only at the turn of the 19th century, when a process of national revival began in the Bulgarian lands. Not only did the process revive a national spirit in the Bulgarians and motivate them to fight, but also filled them with a sense of dignity, which made it possible for them soon after they regained independence to place their country at the lead of the region. Those dynamic changes were observed by the outstanding and excellent Polish Slavic philologist and Orientalists Jan Grzegorzewski during his voyages throughout the Bulgarian lands; all his observations and impressions he described in several books and essays published in popular papers and periodicals. The image of Bulgaria of the end of the 19th century has been still a valuable source of information both for ­ historians and for other scholars. ; s. 21-46 ; Tekst ang. ; Streszcz. ang.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-263) and index. ; Great power authority in world politics -- Paths as predators and parasites of great power authority -- Enemies of all mankind? : the Barbary Corsairs in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries -- "We may defy moral criticism if our execution shall correspond to the principles we profess" : British moral authority and the Barbary pirates -- "This country will define our times, not be defined by them" : 9/11 and the war on terror. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Die Kritik am schweizerischen Nationalstrassennetz setzt immer wieder bei konzeptionellen Schwächen der Planung im Bereich des Umweltschutzes, der Analyse der Verkehrsbedürfnisse und der Landesplanung an. Demgegenüber kommt der Autor der vorliegenden Arbeit zum Schluss, dass gerade der Verzicht auf ein umfassendes Gesamtkonzept, die streckenweise Planung der Autobahnen, dafür verantwortlich war, dass bei der Nationalstrassenplanung der Jahre 1954 bis 1958 in kurzer Zeit ein tragfähiger Kompromiss über das Nationalstrassennetz gefunden wurde. Die historische, durch System- und Entscheidungstheorie geleitete Darstellung zeichnet den Meinungsbildungsprozess zum schweizerischen Autobahnbau von den zwanziger bis Anfang der sechziger Jahre nach.

p. 33-56 ; Abstract in Polish and English. ; This article presents basic statistical data illustrating changes in the nationality composition of Vilnius over the course of history. The discussed material allows us to take a position in the post-First World War Polish–Lithuanian dispute on the state affiliation of the city. ; s. 33-56 ; Abstrakt w języku polskim i angielskim. ; W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe dane statystyczne ilustrujące zmianę składu narodowościowego Wilna w biegu dziejów. Przedstawiony materiał pozwala odnieść się do kwestii sporu polsko-litewskiego o przynależność państwową tego miasta toczonego po zakończeniu I wojny światowej.

p. 191-207 : ill. ; 23 cm ; The article discusses the participation of Italians in the town council and the judicial bench being local government authorities of the city of Cracow in the early modern period. As many as seventy-four Italians (this standing for 14 per cent of all the councillors and 8 per cent assessors or lay judges) are identifiable for the period in question; nineteen of them concluded their careers with the office of assessors, never getting ranked to councillor. While most of them were merchants by profession, as many as five councillors held a doctor's degree. Italians were the most influential ethnic group in the council in the latter half of the seventeenth century and in the former half of the eighteenth, when in certain years the council-in-office, elected annually and consisting of eight members, featured as many as four Italians at the same time. Similarly, a considerable share of Italians in the judicial bench (almost 50 per cent) is observed for the first half of the eighteenth century; the detailed statistics is featured in the tables appended. Over 20 per cent of the families that accepted the municipal law in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries obtained at least one of these offices. The share of Italians in Cracow's local-government administration at that time, incommensurate with the actual size of local Italian population, is explainable by their larger interest in pursuing municipal career opportunities. In the medieval period, and even under the reign of Queen Bona Sforza, a number of Italians demonstrated different economic strategies. They satisfied themselves with the royal privilege of servitoriate, counted on fast moneymaking and expected to return home sooner or later. In the later years, most of the Cracow-based Italians were well assimilated and preferred to settle down in the city. ; s. 191-207 ; il. ; 23 cm ; The article discusses the participation of Italians in the town council and the judicial bench being local government authorities of the city of Cracow in the early modern period. As many as seventy-four Italians (this standing for 14 per cent of all the councillors and 8 per cent assessors or lay judges) are identifiable for the period in question; nineteen of them concluded their careers with the office of assessors, never getting ranked to councillor. While most of them were merchants by profession, as many as five councillors held a doctor's degree. Italians were the most influential ethnic group in the council in the latter half of the seventeenth century and in the former half of the eighteenth, when in certain years the council-in-office, elected annually and consisting of eight members, featured as many as four Italians at the same time. Similarly, a considerable share of Italians in the judicial bench (almost 50 per cent) is observed for the first half of the eighteenth century; the detailed statistics is featured in the tables appended. Over 20 per cent of the families that accepted the municipal law in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries obtained at least one of these offices. The share of Italians in Cracow's local-government administration at that time, incommensurate with the actual size of local Italian population, is explainable by their larger interest in pursuing municipal career opportunities. In the medieval period, and even under the reign of Queen Bona Sforza, a number of Italians demonstrated different economic strategies. They satisfied themselves with the royal privilege of servitoriate, counted on fast moneymaking and expected to return home sooner or later. In the later years, most of the Cracow-based Italians were well assimilated and preferred to settle down in the city.

Este artículo presenta las condiciones estructurales del comercio sexual entre varones en los espacios públicos y revisa la organización social de la prostitución entre varones durante el franquismo. Para ello define y caracteriza cuatro tipos ideales de comercio sexual entre varones: el modelo de iniciación a la homosexualidad, el modelo militar y legionario, el modelo delincuente, y el modelo chulo (o pijo aparte).

Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-279) and index. ; Introduction -- Major powers and global contenders -- Deterrence and conflict -- Balance of power and power shifts : global interests at stake -- Credibility and geopolitics : regional interests at stake -- Resolve and domestic costs : internal interests at stake -- Predicting major power conflicts : high stakes or costly signals? -- Theoretical and policy implications. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 277-301) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 277-288) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.