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The various formulae which have been applied to WWI can be understood as attempts to fit it into nineteenth century categories, which assume that peace is a natural state of affairs. The actual revolutionary side in that war was Bismarckian Germany, in which the realities of the new scientific era were best approximated by social institutions. The military apparatus of Germany was the weak point of the system, hypnotized by traditional concepts, schemes, & goals. The war was against the Western status quo. The energy transformation of the world necessarily occurs through war, which is the most intense means of rapidly releasing accumulated forces. The frontline experience was fundamental to the new image of the world. In this experience, death was a continuous presence. This experience has been denied by later developments, leaving the world in a state of war-generating peace rather than in the real peace which might emerge from genuine understanding of the war experience. W. H. Stoddard.

European winter weather is dominated by several low-frequency teleconnection patterns, the main ones being the North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic, East Atlantic/Western Russia, and Scandinavian patterns. We analyze the century-long ERA-20C reanalysis and ASF-20C seasonal hindcast data sets and find that these patterns are subject to decadal variability and fluctuations in predictive skill. Using indices for determining periods of extreme cold or warm temperatures, we establish that the teleconnection patterns are, for some regions, significantly correlated or anti-correlated to cold or heat waves. The seasonal hindcasts are however only partly able to capture these relationships. There do not seem to be significant changes to the observed links between large-scale circulation patterns and extreme temperatures between periods of higher and lower predictive skill. ; The authors have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 776787 (S2S4E). The authors thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments, which helped us to improve and clarify this manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Art List -- 1.1 World's Fair, Paris, 1889 -- 1.2 Marie Curie in her laboratory -- 1.3 "Even the Walls Have Ears" (1854) -- 1.4 New York skyline, 1904 -- 1.5 Queen Victoria presents a Bible to a colonial subject -- 1.6 "The Seine at Argenteuil" (1874) -- 1.7 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) -- 2.1 Imperial Palace, Peking -- 2.2 Saigon Cathedral, c. 1920 -- 2.3 "The Greedy Boy" (1885) -- 2.4 David Livingstone (1817-1873) -- 2.5 Colonial District Officer from an African perspective -- 2.6 Indian durbar, 1903 -- 3.1 Panama Canal, 1915 -- 3.2 Advertisement for Ivory soap (1913) -- 3.3 View of Chicago -- 3.4 Trading Company Building, Central Africa, c. 1930 -- 3.5 Migrant worker in the Great Depression, 1936 -- 3.6 German banknote from 1923 -- 3.7 Bomb destruction, England, 1940 -- 4.1 "The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789" (1859) -- 4.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883) -- 4.3 "The Events of May 1870 -- 4.4 Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) -- 4.5 Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925) -- 5.1 Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-1924) -- 5.2 "Did You Join As Volunteers?" (c. 1920) -- 5.3 Workers on a collective farm, 1944 -- 5.4 Spanish battalion, c. 1937 118 -- 5.5 Striking workers, United States, 1934 -- 6.1 Hitler and SA troops, 1935 -- 6.2 Mussolini and Hitler, 1940 -- 6.3 Fascist party leader in Brazil, 1932 -- 6.4 Holocaust -- 6.5 Soviet poster from the World War II period -- 7.1 President Julius Nyerere (1922-1999) -- 7.2 Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) with three women -- 7.3 Jewish settlers, 1946 -- 7.4 Governor-General's palace, Brazzaville, Congo, c. 1935 -- 7.5 Big Three at Yalta, 1945 -- 7.6 Vietnamese refugees, 1968 -- 7.7 Celebrating democracy, Windhoek, Namibia, 1990 -- 8.1 Chinese Cultural Revolution poster -- 8.2 Banana plantation, Costa Rica, 1997 -- 8.3 Fidel Castro (1926-)

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.

The origins of the 20th Dynasty remain obscure, their only indications being provided by the Elephantine Stela. After several years of political and social unrest, Sethnakhte seized power as first king of the 20th Dynasty. He was succeeded by his son Ramesses III, who is considered to be the last great king of the New Kingdom. His reign is marked by a long list of achievements, including an impressive building program, military successes, and a number of expeditions.