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In Rousseau's Social Contract, political laws are rationally binding because they satisfy the interests that motivate individuals to obey such laws. The later books of Emile justify morality by showing that it is continuous with the natural dispositions of a well-brought-up subject and is thus conducive to genuine happiness. In both the moral and political cases, Rousseau argues for an internal connection between the rational ground of an obligation and the broader aspects of human psychology that are satisfied and expressed by acting from that obligation. Yet, inspired by Kantian philosophy, the recent and influential Social Autonomy interpretation has disjoined rationality and psychology. Criticising this interpretation, I argue that for Rousseau, obligations are justified because they satisfy the demands made by our moral psychology, most notably amour-propre, i.e. the desire to have one's worth recognised by others.

Separate individual's disposition to take action does certainly not constitute a sufficient condition to engage in demonstrations. Doubtlessly, equal importance is due to organisational and institutional factors in society, and the individual's position in those. Ultimately, a demonstration is the result of a struggle between organizations for going control over individuals in order to support or defend their own objectives.In the mobilization process these organizations may make use of a diversity of mechanisms and techniques to control or to influence their members, as there are : the exploitation of the affective and instrumental ties binding the individual to the organization ; the access to - and the use of - the mass-media ; the use of selective communication by the organizational leaders and the induction of frustration. Special attention is given to the role of the militant and the characteristics of his language in the mobilization proces

ABSTRACTIn contexts of severe illness in Northern Thailand, many conceive of themselves as combinations of beings assembled through the binding ethical force of karma. Scholars working in many world areas have built frameworks for understanding "complex" (distributed, partible, fluid, transient) personhood. In this article, I bring these frameworks into conversation with ethical theory to ask how one can make sense of ethical action when one is always already partly the other. For many in Northern Thailand, the answer is an ethical and hauntological choreography; rather than relying only on rational frameworks for right action or cultivating individual ethical dispositions, people seek to assemble optimal elements—other people, beings that have become components of themselves, material objects infused with ethical force—into scenes where the residual karmic "stickiness" of all can be unmade. This unmaking is achieved through a form of forgiveness and kindness that moves beyond individual agency. [personhood, ethics, ontology, haunting, Buddhism, Thailand]

Inefficacious courts and limited judicial resources are a ubiquitous problem in many jurisdictions worldwide. To facilitate administration of justice, court administrators must therefore resort to unconventional practices. In Brazilian state and federal courts, judges normally assigned to the disposition of cases in a single domain are often directed to dispose cases in an additional domain, thus engaging in multidomain judging. Using a comprehensive court-level panel dataset, we investigate the consequences of multidomain judging for the efficacy of Brazilian administration of justice. In contrast to conventional wisdom, we find no evidence that multidomain judging reduces court efficacy in resolution of special-procedure cases and appeals to special-procedure cases. Multidomain judging evidently reduces court efficacy exclusively in the resolution of ordinary-procedure cases, and even then only when judges assigned to the disposition of those cases are instructed to additionally resolve special-procedure cases. We discuss plausible explanations for this and the policy implications of our findings. Points for practitioners Multidomain judging in Brazil is best viewed as a pragmatic policy response to binding resource constraints in justice administration. Our analysis reveals in what contexts multidomain judging does not appear to harm court efficacy and when, in contrast, a reduction in the extent of multidomain judging would improve court efficacy. Our article offers the first evidence-based insight into the efficacy repercussions of a pervasive yet understudied administrative practice in Brazilian courts. Because related administrative practices are known to exist in other jurisdictions, our findings have implications beyond Brazilian borders.

12 páginas, 5 figuras, 3 tablas ; The trimeric staphylococcal phage-encoded dUTPases (Duts) are signalling molecules that induce the cycle of some Staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) by binding to the SaPI-encoded Stl repressor. To perform this regulatory role, these Duts require an extra motif VI, as well as the Dut conserved motifs IV and V. While the apo form of Dut is required for the interaction with the Stl repressor, usually only those Duts with normal enzymatic activity can induce the SaPI cycle. To understand the link between the enzymatic activities and inducing capacities of the Dut protein, we analysed the structural, biochemical and physiological characteristics of the Dut80α D95E mutant, which loses the SaPI cycle induction capacity despite retaining enzymatic activity. Asp95 is located at the threefold central channel of the trimeric Dut where it chelates a divalent ion. Here, using state-of-the-art techniques, we demonstrate that D95E mutation has an epistatic effect on the motifs involved in Stl binding. Thus, ion binding in the central channel correlates with the capacity of motif V to twist and order in the SaPI-inducing disposition, while the tip of motif VI is disturbed. These alterations in turn reduce the affinity for the Stl repressor and the capacity to induce the SaPI cycle. ; This work was supported by grant BIO2013-42619-P and BIO2016-78571-P from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) and grant Prometeo II/2014/029 from Valencian Government (Spain) to A.M., and grants MR/M003876/1 from the Medical Research Council (UK), BB/N002873/1 from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, UK), and ERC-ADG-2014 Proposal n° 670932 Dut-signal from EU to J.R.P. C.A. and J.R.C were supported by FPI BES-2014-068617] and FPU13/02880 predoctoral fellowships respectively. E.M. was supported by CSIC JAE-Doc postdoctoral contract (Programa ≪Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios≫) co-funded by the European Social Fund. X-ray diffraction data collection was supported by Diamond Light Source block allocation group (BAG) Proposal MX14739 and Spanish Synchrotron Radiation Facility ALBA Proposal 2015071314 and 2016071762. ; Peer reviewed

19 páginas, 8 figuras, 3 tablas complementarias, 4 figuras complementarias ; Flavin and redox-active disulfide domains of ferredoxin-dependent flavin thioredoxin reductase (FFTR) homodimers should pivot between flavin-oxidizing (FO) and flavin-reducing (FR) conformations during catalysis, but only FR conformations have been detected by X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a single-molecule technique that allows the observation of individual biomolecules with sub-nm resolution in near-native conditions in real-time, providing sampling of molecular properties distributions and identification of existing subpopulations. Here, we show that AFM is suitable to evaluate FR and FO conformations. In agreement with imaging under oxidizing condition, only FR conformations are observed for Gloeobacter violaceus FFTR (GvFFTR) and isoform 2 of Clostridium acetobutylicum FFTR (CaFFTR2). Nonetheless, different relative dispositions of the redox-active disulfide and FAD-binding domains are detected for FR homodimers, indicating a dynamic disposition of disulfide domains regarding the central protein core in solution. This study also shows that AFM can detect morphological changes upon the interaction of FFTRs with their protein partners. In conclusion, this study paves way for using AFM to provide complementary insight into the FFTR catalytic cycle at pseudo-physiological conditions. However, future approaches for imaging of FO conformations will require technical developments with the capability of maintaining the FAD-reduced state within the protein during AFM scanning ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation—State Research Agency, grant numbers PID2019-103901GB-I00 and PID2019-110900GB-I00, the Government of Aragón-FEDER, grant number E35_20R, and Proyect "CLU-2019-05-IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence", funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF "Europe drives our growth"), and the APC was funded by "PID2019-103901GB-I00" ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; The management of joint stock companies, the dominant status adopted for the running of big firms, has for a long time been in competition with the freedom of shareholders. The 1807 Code de commerce was content to provide only summary prescriptions which were then compensated by the obligations of a prior administrative authorization. Its 1867 abolition did not bring more legally-binding rules. Administrative bodies were structured by a great range of practices, and the general tendency was to release executive management from external controls. From 1940 onward, the question became a matter of law, with the adoption of public policy provisions. But those provisions also introduced a formal confusion between executive management and control through the figure of the président-directeur general (CEO and COO), a confusion which practices were often able to skirt. More recently, legislative interventions offered new options which finally tended to offer greater liberties to shareholders. ; La direction des sociétés anonymes, statut adopté de manière dominante pour l'exploitation des grandes entreprises françaises, a longtemps relevé de la liberté des associés. Le Code de commerce de 1807 se contentait de dispositions sommaires compensées par l'obligation d'une autorisation administrative préalable. Sa suppression en 1867 n'a pas débouché sur l'adoption d'une réglementation plus contraignante. Les organes dirigeants se sont organisés dans la diversité des pratiques, avec cependant une tendance générale à la séparation entre gestion et contrôle. À partir de 1940, la question est devenu un véritable objet de droit, avec l'adoption de dispositions légales d'ordre public. Mais celles-ci ont introduit une confusion formelle entre gestion et contrôle en la personne du président-directeur général, que les pratiques ont souvent tendu à contourner. Les interventions ultérieures du législateur se sont contentées d'offrir de nouvelles options qui reviennent à laisser une grande liberté aux associés.

International audience ; The management of joint stock companies, the dominant status adopted for the running of big firms, has for a long time been in competition with the freedom of shareholders. The 1807 Code de commerce was content to provide only summary prescriptions which were then compensated by the obligations of a prior administrative authorization. Its 1867 abolition did not bring more legally-binding rules. Administrative bodies were structured by a great range of practices, and the general tendency was to release executive management from external controls. From 1940 onward, the question became a matter of law, with the adoption of public policy provisions. But those provisions also introduced a formal confusion between executive management and control through the figure of the président-directeur general (CEO and COO), a confusion which practices were often able to skirt. More recently, legislative interventions offered new options which finally tended to offer greater liberties to shareholders. ; La direction des sociétés anonymes, statut adopté de manière dominante pour l'exploitation des grandes entreprises françaises, a longtemps relevé de la liberté des associés. Le Code de commerce de 1807 se contentait de dispositions sommaires compensées par l'obligation d'une autorisation administrative préalable. Sa suppression en 1867 n'a pas débouché sur l'adoption d'une réglementation plus contraignante. Les organes dirigeants se sont organisés dans la diversité des pratiques, avec cependant une tendance générale à la séparation entre gestion et contrôle. À partir de 1940, la question est devenu un véritable objet de droit, avec l'adoption de dispositions légales d'ordre public. Mais celles-ci ont introduit une confusion formelle entre gestion et contrôle en la personne du président-directeur général, que les pratiques ont souvent tendu à contourner. Les interventions ultérieures du législateur se sont contentées d'offrir de nouvelles options qui reviennent à laisser une grande liberté aux associés.

International audience ; The management of joint stock companies, the dominant status adopted for the running of big firms, has for a long time been in competition with the freedom of shareholders. The 1807 Code de commerce was content to provide only summary prescriptions which were then compensated by the obligations of a prior administrative authorization. Its 1867 abolition did not bring more legally-binding rules. Administrative bodies were structured by a great range of practices, and the general tendency was to release executive management from external controls. From 1940 onward, the question became a matter of law, with the adoption of public policy provisions. But those provisions also introduced a formal confusion between executive management and control through the figure of the président-directeur general (CEO and COO), a confusion which practices were often able to skirt. More recently, legislative interventions offered new options which finally tended to offer greater liberties to shareholders. ; La direction des sociétés anonymes, statut adopté de manière dominante pour l'exploitation des grandes entreprises françaises, a longtemps relevé de la liberté des associés. Le Code de commerce de 1807 se contentait de dispositions sommaires compensées par l'obligation d'une autorisation administrative préalable. Sa suppression en 1867 n'a pas débouché sur l'adoption d'une réglementation plus contraignante. Les organes dirigeants se sont organisés dans la diversité des pratiques, avec cependant une tendance générale à la séparation entre gestion et contrôle. À partir de 1940, la question est devenu un véritable objet de droit, avec l'adoption de dispositions légales d'ordre public. Mais celles-ci ont introduit une confusion formelle entre gestion et contrôle en la personne du président-directeur général, que les pratiques ont souvent tendu à contourner. Les interventions ultérieures du législateur se sont contentées d'offrir de nouvelles options qui reviennent à laisser une grande liberté aux associés.

International audience ; The management of joint stock companies, the dominant status adopted for the running of big firms, has for a long time been in competition with the freedom of shareholders. The 1807 Code de commerce was content to provide only summary prescriptions which were then compensated by the obligations of a prior administrative authorization. Its 1867 abolition did not bring more legally-binding rules. Administrative bodies were structured by a great range of practices, and the general tendency was to release executive management from external controls. From 1940 onward, the question became a matter of law, with the adoption of public policy provisions. But those provisions also introduced a formal confusion between executive management and control through the figure of the président-directeur general (CEO and COO), a confusion which practices were often able to skirt. More recently, legislative interventions offered new options which finally tended to offer greater liberties to shareholders. ; La direction des sociétés anonymes, statut adopté de manière dominante pour l'exploitation des grandes entreprises françaises, a longtemps relevé de la liberté des associés. Le Code de commerce de 1807 se contentait de dispositions sommaires compensées par l'obligation d'une autorisation administrative préalable. Sa suppression en 1867 n'a pas débouché sur l'adoption d'une réglementation plus contraignante. Les organes dirigeants se sont organisés dans la diversité des pratiques, avec cependant une tendance générale à la séparation entre gestion et contrôle. À partir de 1940, la question est devenu un véritable objet de droit, avec l'adoption de dispositions légales d'ordre public. Mais celles-ci ont introduit une confusion formelle entre gestion et contrôle en la personne du président-directeur général, que les pratiques ont souvent tendu à contourner. Les interventions ultérieures du législateur se sont contentées d'offrir de nouvelles options qui reviennent à laisser une grande liberté aux associés.

International audience ; The management of joint stock companies, the dominant status adopted for the running of big firms, has for a long time been in competition with the freedom of shareholders. The 1807 Code de commerce was content to provide only summary prescriptions which were then compensated by the obligations of a prior administrative authorization. Its 1867 abolition did not bring more legally-binding rules. Administrative bodies were structured by a great range of practices, and the general tendency was to release executive management from external controls. From 1940 onward, the question became a matter of law, with the adoption of public policy provisions. But those provisions also introduced a formal confusion between executive management and control through the figure of the président-directeur general (CEO and COO), a confusion which practices were often able to skirt. More recently, legislative interventions offered new options which finally tended to offer greater liberties to shareholders. ; La direction des sociétés anonymes, statut adopté de manière dominante pour l'exploitation des grandes entreprises françaises, a longtemps relevé de la liberté des associés. Le Code de commerce de 1807 se contentait de dispositions sommaires compensées par l'obligation d'une autorisation administrative préalable. Sa suppression en 1867 n'a pas débouché sur l'adoption d'une réglementation plus contraignante. Les organes dirigeants se sont organisés dans la diversité des pratiques, avec cependant une tendance générale à la séparation entre gestion et contrôle. À partir de 1940, la question est devenu un véritable objet de droit, avec l'adoption de dispositions légales d'ordre public. Mais celles-ci ont introduit une confusion formelle entre gestion et contrôle en la personne du président-directeur général, que les pratiques ont souvent tendu à contourner. Les interventions ultérieures du législateur se sont contentées d'offrir de nouvelles options qui reviennent à laisser une grande liberté aux associés.

Although Political Theology examined mainly the political dimension of the relationship between God-Father and God-Son, it is paramount to consider the political performance of the Holy Spirit in the Economy of Redemption. The Holy Spirit has been characterized as the binding cause and the principle of relationality both referring to God's inner life and to God's relationship with His creatures. As the personalization of relationality, the Holy Spirit performs a unique task: to bring together what is apart by means of organisation. This power of the Spirit to turn a plurality into a unity is manifested in the Latin translation of oikonomía as disposition, that is, giving a special order to the multiple elements within a certain totality. Within this activity of the Spirit, Theodicy can be regarded as the way to depict God's arrangement of the world and of history, bringing everything together towards the eschatological Kingdom of God. The paper aims at showing this fundamental activity of the Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, and intends to pose the question on how to think on a theology beyond theodicy, that is, how to think on a Trinitarian God beyond the categories of sovereignty and totalization.

Abstract: Although Political Theology examined mainly the political dimension of the relationship between God-Father and God-Son, it is paramount to consider the political performance of the Holy Spirit in the Economy of Redemption. The Holy Spirit has been characterized as the binding cause and the principle of relationality both referring to God's inner life and to God's relationship with His creatures. As the personalization of relationality, the Holy Spirit performs a unique task: to bring together what is apart by means of organisation. This power of the Spirit to turn a plurality into a unity is manifested in the Latin translation of oikonomía as disposition, that is, giving a special order to the multiple elements within a certain totality. Within this activity of the Spirit, Theodicy can be regarded as the way to depict God's arrangement of the world and of history, bringing everything together towards the eschatological Kingdom of God. The paper aims at showing this fundamental activity of the Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, and intends to pose the question on how to think on a theology beyond theodicy, that is, how to think on a Trinitarian God beyond the categories of sovereignty and totalization.

Although Political Theology examined mainly the political dimension of the relationship between God-Father and God-Son, it is paramount to consider the political performance of the Holy Spirit in the Economy of Redemption. The Holy Spirit has been characterized as the binding cause and the principle of relationality both referring to God's inner life and to God's relationship with His creatures. As the personalization of relationality, the Holy Spirit performs a unique task: to bring together what is apart by means of organisation. This power of the Spirit to turn a plurality into a unity is manifested in the Latin translation of oikonomía as disposition, that is, giving a special order to the multiple elements within a certain totality. Within this activity of the Spirit, Theodicy can be regarded as the way to depict God's arrangement of the world and of history, bringing everything together towards the eschatological Kingdom of God. The paper aims at showing this fundamental activity of the Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, and intends to pose the question on how to think on a theology beyond theodicy, that is, how to think on a Trinitarian God beyond the categories of sovereignty and totalization.

Although Political Theology examined mainly the political dimension of the relationship between God-Father and God-Son, it is paramount to consider the political performance of the Holy Spirit in the Economy of Redemption. The Holy Spirit has been characterized as the binding cause and the principle of relationality both referring to God's inner life and to God's relationship with His creatures. As the personalization of relationality, the Holy Spirit performs a unique task: to bring together what is apart by means of organisation. This power of the Spirit to turn a plurality into a unity is manifested in the Latin translation of oikonomía as disposition, that is, giving a special order to the multiple elements within a certain totality. Within this activity of the Spirit, Theodicy can be regarded as the way to depict God's arrangement of the world and of history, bringing everything together towards the eschatological Kingdom of God. The paper aims at showing this fundamental activity of the Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, and intends to pose the question on how to think on a theology beyond theodicy, that is, how to think on a Trinitarian God beyond the categories of sovereignty and totalization.