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How did Africans become 'blacks' in the Americas? Becoming Free, Becoming Black tells the story of enslaved and free people of color who used the law to claim freedom and citizenship for themselves and their loved ones. Their communities challenged slaveholders' efforts to make blackness synonymous with slavery. Looking closely at three slave societies - Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana - Alejandro de la Fuente and Ariela J. Gross demonstrate that the law of freedom - not slavery - established the meaning of blackness in law. Contests over freedom determined whether and how it was possible to move from slave to free status, and whether claims to citizenship would be tied to racial identity. Laws regulating the lives and institutions of free people of color created the boundaries between black and white, the rights reserved to white people, and the degradations imposed only on black people

AbstractCurrent scholarship on race in Europe has described race as an "absent presence". However, little is known about the dynamics of the absentness and presentness of race, including how various social processes operating at distinct levels (e.g. supranational and national) influence the uses of race and ethnicity concepts. We begin addressing this gap by examining racialised pharmaceutical regulation in the EU and its operationalisation in European countries. We analysed patterns of English-language uses of race and ethnicity terms at the EU level for all new drugs approved in 2014–2018, and systematically compared official translations into 24 languages. We found that "race" was promoted in plain sight and often retained when translated, albeit with much inconsistency across languages, creating peculiar patterns of presentness and absentness of race. Finnish, French, Swedish, and German stood out, as "race" was often translated into ethnicity terms, but even in those languages, "race" lingered despite claims that these countries vehemently opposed "race". Our findings should inform scholarly and political debates about race, ethnicity, and medicine in Europe that tend to assume, incorrectly, an anti-racialist consensus. There are also policy implications, because prescribers may interpret regulator-approved information about race and ethnicity differently because of inconsistent translations.

Intro -- Halftitle Page -- Copyright Page -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Dedication -- Dearest Black Reader, Here Is My Loin-Fruit. My Firstborn … Literally -- 7 Steps For The White-Identified Reader -- Imagine -- Serenity Wise -- Reagan Jackson -- Ebo Barton -- Sharyon Anita -- Kilam Tel Aviv -- Kenyatta JP García -- Adrienne La Faye -- Jen Moore -- Erwin Thomas -- Shayla Tumbling -- Kiana Davis -- Samantha Hollins -- Aricka Foreman -- William Wallace III -- Raina J. León -- Carlos Sirah -- Laura Lucas -- Tyler Kahlil Maxie -- Maisha Manson -- Sharan Strange -- James E. Bailey -- Nashelle Ashton -- Tricia Diamond -- Tigerlilystar -- Angela Brown -- Tamara Boynton Howard -- Interlude: Rituals -- Ritual For Black Joy -- Ritual For Being Unbothered -- Ritual For Blessing Your Own Heart -- Ritual For Rehealing -- Healing -- Tamara Boynton Howard -- Reagan Jackson -- Darnita L. Boynton Howard -- Ebo Barton -- Sharyon Anita -- Kahn Davison -- Kilam Tel Aviv -- Kenyatta JP García -- Adrienne La Faye -- Shayla Tumbling -- Kiana Davis -- Samantha Hollins -- Christopher Burrell -- William Wallace III -- Kadazia Allen-Perry -- Angela Brown -- Carlos Sirah -- Laura Lucas -- Tyler Kahlil Maxie -- Maisha Manson -- Sharan Strange -- Nashelle Ashton -- Tricia Diamond -- Keith S. Wilson -- Kameko Thomas -- Brian Broome -- Interlude: Rituals -- Ritual For Unburying -- Ritual For Broken Feelings -- Ritual For #Caucasianliving -- Ritual For Unerasing -- Origins -- Brian Broome -- Kameko Thomas -- Robert Lashley -- Quenton Baker -- Shay Young -- Avery Young -- Artemis Osuna -- Ebo Barton -- Laura Lucas -- James E. Bailey -- Kahn Davison -- Kenyatta JP García -- Adrienne La Faye -- Tamara Boynton Howard -- Reagan Jackson -- Samantha Hollins -- Keith S. Wilson -- Christopher Burrell -- Jen Moore -- Natasha Marin -- Coda: Rituals.

The black race has suffered indignation across the globe through the machinations of oppressive, discriminatory and racist tendencies of developed nations. In United States and Europe, the black man in history had been consistently dehumanized and faced by social injustice. In this article I intend to articulate and examine the possible ways of how the black race could resolve conflicts and attain peace in Africa and across the globe. This would be done through the paradigm of non-violence philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. Cognizance is accorded to the fact that, the non-violence paradigm had been successfully utilized by Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States to conquer racial discrimination and social injustice. I conclude in this paper that the reliance and efficacy of non-violence in conflict resolution and peace in Africa is a possibility.

Malcolm X's advocacy of violence for the liberation of the black race in America has been a recondite and rare contribution in the paradigm of conflict resolution, peace and equality. the uniqueness of his proposal and reliance on violence in American social and political history has been hinged on unalterable conditions and creative restrictiveness upon which the black Americans were conscripted to live within this ambiance of dehumanized conditions. Malcolm X's philosophy was truly understood as a paradigm for struggle and revolutionary. Intentions for oppressed masses who were mainly blacks were traumatized by the actions and intentions of white American authorities. In this paper, we intend to show that Malcolm X's mission was to overcome the white American Supremacist tendencies and sermons were the black Americans who were continuously compelled to live within these enslaved conditions. And his vision was to create and extol black virtue, pence and equality in American society. Within these frames of his mission and vision, it is apparent that most times violence could be an assertive paradigm for conflict resolution, peace and equality of all human race