Suchergebnisse

Historians of the Civil Rights era typically treat the key events of the 1950s Brown v. Board of Education, sit-ins, bus boycotts, and marches--as a revolutionary social upheaval that upended a rigid caste system. While the 1950s was a watershed era in Southern and civil rights history, the tendency has been to paint the preceding Jim Crow era as a brutal system that featured none of the progressive reform impulses so apparent at the federal level and in the North. As Kimberley Johnson shows in this pathbreaking reappraisal of the Jim Crow era, this argument is too simplistic, and is true to neither the 1950s nor the long era of Jim Crow that finally solidified in 1910. Focusing on the political development of the South between 1910 and 1954, Johnson considers the genuine efforts by white and black progressives to reform the system without destroying it. As Johnson powerfully demonstrates, our lack of knowledge about the cumulative policy transformations resulting from the Jim Crow reform impulse impoverishes our understanding of the Civil Rights revolution.

When it comes to race and racial issues these are strange times for all Americans. More than forty years after Brown v. Board of Education put an end to segregation of the races by law, current debates about affirmative action, multiculturalism, and racial hate speech reveal persistent uncertainty about the place and meaning of race in American culture and the role of law in guaranteeing racial equality. Moreover, all sides in those debates claim to be the true heirs to Brown, even as they disagree vehemently about its meaning. Race, Law and Culture takes the continuing controversy about race

Letter writer: Morris Brown Jr.; Letter recipient: Oliver Stark ; Primary source material

"1968 was a particularly tumultuous year in American history. The escalating war in Vietnam, the riots during the Democratic Convention, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr.and Robert Kennedy left a scar on the national consciousness. But one great battle that took place during this time is barely recalled. The nomination of Abe Fortas for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court launched an all-out cultural war that would determine the course of major court cases for years to come. Award-winning judicial journalist and Supreme Court reporter Michael Bobelian brings us right into the halls where this fierce battle raged, pitting Lyndon Johnson and the Democratic Party against Richard Nixon and the GOP in a fight that ended in the defamation of Fortas, the first Jew ever nominated for the highest judicial office. Written in vivid detail, the narrative unfolds in a series of dramatic vignettes, from the landmark ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education to the chaos on the floor of the Democratic Convention. Readers are given a behind the scenes look at the camaraderie among the retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren, Lyndon Johnson, and Fortas--and will witness, with them, the rise of Richard Nixon as the fate of the liberal court is decided"--

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 An Invitation to a Historical Reenactment -- 2 A Culture Goes to School: An Integrative Revolution in a Developing Country -- 3 Robert Coles as Domestic Goodwill Ambassador of the Second Reconstruction -- 4 William H. Cosby, Victorian Reformer, and the Integrative Properties of Humor -- 5 Joan Ganz Cooney's Sesame Street and the Rebroadcasting of Social Change -- 6 Lessons from a Historical Reenactment -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

11 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas ; The color of virgin olive oils, ranging from intense green to brown-yellow, is one of the main selection factors for consumers and a quality criterion in specific legislations. Such coloration is due to their chlorophyll content and depends on the composition of the olive fruit. Through analytical chemistry (HPLC-hrMSn), biochemistry (enzymatic activity), and molecular biology (qRT-PCR) approaches, we have analyzed the origin of the differences in the chlorophyll content among several varieties of olive fruit throughout their ripening process. The higher chlorophyll biosynthetic capacity in olive fruits is due to the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase, whereas chlorophyll degradation is accomplished through the stay-green and pheophytinase pathways. For the first time, the implication of chlorophyll dephytylase during the turnover of chlorophylls in fruit is shown to be responsible for the exclusive accumulation of dephytylated chlorophyll in Arbequina fruit. The multiomics results excluded the in vivo participation of chlorophyllase in chlorophyll degradation in olive fruits. ; This work was supported by the CICYT-EU [ALI 2015-63890-R] and is part of the project RTI2018-095415-B-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe." ; Peer reviewed

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The combined effect of an edible coating and a nitrogen atmosphere on the quality of Manzanilla olives mechanically harvested and processed as Spanish-style green olives was assessed. The percentage of olives free of any brown spots ranged between 35-50%, 10-25% and 50-65% for fruit directly processed, storage under nitrogen and coated and storage under nitrogen respectively. Moreover, olives stored in the open air developed brown spots due to the oxidation of oleuropein. By contrast, the anoxic conditions prevented oleuropein from undergoing enzymatic oxidation but not from its enzymatic hydrolysis. Hence, the phenolic derivative HyEDA was formed in olives stored under nitrogen, and this substance was rapidly oxidized in the open air to give rise to brown spots although to a lesser extent in the coated fruit. Therefore, the postharvest storage of coated olives under nitrogen can be a good method to prevent bruise damage in mechanically harvested fruit. ; The authors are grateful to Interaceituna Association and the Spanish Government (Project AGL-2009-07512) for financial support. They also wish to thank Maestre Benjumea Hnos. C.B., Explotaciones Agrícolas Las Moreras S.A., and Alberoliva S.L. for providing olive samples. Thanks also go to Elena Cabello for technical assistance and Producctos Citrosol S.A. for supplying the coatings. ; Peer Reviewed

Several fungal species have been found associated with the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) caused by X. fastidiosa CoDiRO strain, among which some have long been recognized as primary pathogens of many plants (i.e. Phaeoacremonium and Pleurostomophora spp.), whereas other have not been described before. The new species Ps. oleae and Ps. oleicola, were associated with brown wood streaking of various olive varieties, both on young and centenarian trees. In order to ascertain the role of these fungi in the OQDS, pathogenicity tests were performed both in glasshouse, on young plants, and in the open field, on centenarian olive plants cv Cellina di Nardò. In glasshouse tests, fungal strains (Ph. aleophilum B1a, Ph. rubrigenum N20, Ps. oleae Fv84, Ps. oleicola M24, Pseudophaeomoniella sp. M51), were inoculated alone or in combination with X. fastidiosa CoDiRO strain. For the test in the field, naturally X. fastidiosa CoDiRO-infected and uninfected centenarian plants were inoculated with the same fungal strains. Results from the glasshouse tests, collected two years after the inoculation, indicate that fungal strain(s) alone are able to colonize the olive xylem, and to cause wood streaking. However, only few twigs showed wilting symptoms. Conversely, the combined inoculations with X. fastidiosa CoDiRO, induced extensive OQDS wilting symptoms. To date, results from the field observation 8 months after fungal inoculation show no differences in symptoms severity between X. fastidiosa infected and healthy plants. Aknowledgment This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement N. 635646 "Pest Organisms Threatening Europe POnTE". Bibliography Nigro F., Boscia D., Antelmi I. 6 Ippolito A. 2013. Fungal species associated with severe decline of olive in southern Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95, 668. Martelli G. P., Boscia D., Porcelli F. & Saponari M. 2015. The olive quick decline syndrome in southeast Italy: a threatening phytosanitary ...