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In the recent past, regional, national and supranational Science, Innovation and Technology (STI) policies have emphasized supporting interactions and networks between organisations of the innovation system. The policy instrument of the EU in this context are the European Framework Programmes (FPs) that support pre-competitive R&D projects, creating a pan-European network of actors performing joint R&D. In this study, we focus on the embeddedness of European regions in this network. By embeddedness we refer to the notion of centrality in the sense of the Social Network Analysis (SNA) literature. In network theory, vertices that have a more prominent and central network position will more likely benefit from network advantages than actors that have a more distant, peripheral position in the network. A higher network embeddedness of a region, i.e. of organisations located in that region, may increase information and knowledge access in the network, and, thus, create a competitive advantage when it comes to the formation of new collaborations and alliances. The objective of the study is to explain why some regions are able to obtain a better network embeddedness in the European network of R&D cooperation than other regions. For this reason we aim to identify determinants that influence a region's embededdness, involving region-internal factors, such as regional characteristics on their innovation capability, their economic structure and technological specialisation, as well as region-external factors considering the influence of these variables in the neighbourhood of a specific region, referred to as spatial spillovers. To address this question we employ spatial panel modelling techniques, explicitly taking into account the time dimension in our data and the influence of spillovers by specifying a panel spatial durbin error model (SDEM). The dependent variable is the regions' centrality in the FP network for the years 1998-2006, using a sample of 241 NUTS-regions of the EU-25 member states. We aggregate individual FP cooperations to the regional level leading to a network where the nodes are represented by regions and the edges by cross-region collaboration intensities. Using these matrices we calculate a region's centrality relying on two different centrality concepts, namely betweeness- and eigenvector centrality. The independent variables involve regional characteristics related to a region's knowledge production capacity and a region's general economic structure. The results will significantly enrich our understanding of the relationship between a regions network embededdness and its internal and external characteristics.

Wir stellen ein Maß für die Beziehung zwischen zwei Städten/Regionen basierend auf Suchanfragen vor, ausgehend von Merkmalen der Suchanfragen-Zeitreihen nach Zerlegung der Zeitreihe mittels STL (Komponentenzerlegung mittels lokaler linearer Kernregression). Grundlage für das Maß sind einerseits die Eigenschaft 'Trendstärke', welches die Stärke des zugrundeliegenden Trends (egal ob steigend oder fallend) der Zeitreihe beschreibt, sowie das Feature 'linearity' der letzten fünf Jahre, welches uns die Richtung des Trends gibt. Die Kombination aus diesen Features der beiden Richtungen der Suchanfragen gibt uns ein Maß, welches für die Analyse der Entwicklung des vorgestellten Beziehungsmaßes über den Beobachtungszeitraum 2004-2020 in unterschiedlichen Suchkategorien zwischen zwei Städte/Regionen verwendet werden kann. Wir präsentieren Beispiele basierend auf Wien als point-of-interest im Kontext 'Wien und die Städte Europas', und schlagen ein Dashboard mit den verwendeten Indikatoren für Politik-Entscheidungen vor. ; We introduce a measure of linkage for the relationship between cities/regions, based on time series features of search engine queries. The used features are backed by time series decomposition using STL, i.e. seasonal and trend decomposition using Loess, precisely the strength of the trend and the linearity of a time series. The combination of these two features for both sides of search interest, e.g. the search interest for a certain topic in the city of Berlin based on search queries posed in Vienna, allows for the analysis of the development of this computed measure of linkage for the period 2004-2020 in various search engine categories provided by Google Trends between cities/regions in Europe. We then present examples based on the city of Vienna as a point-of-interest for selected topics and propose a dashboard for policy decisions.

This paper explores the potential of an approach suggested by Manski of obtaining nonparametric bounds for treatment effects in evaluation studies without knowledge of the participation process. The practical concern is the effects of continuous vocational training in East Germany. The empirical application is based on a large cross-section that covers about 0.6% of the total population in 1993. The results are rather mixed. The large width of the intervals obtained emphasise the fundamental problem of all evaluation studies without good knowledge of the relationship between potential outcomes and the participation process. However, in some cases suitable exclusion restrictions are indeed capable of bounding the treatment effects strictly away from zero.

Cover -- Half-title -- Copyright -- Title -- Contents -- Authors -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary -- Part A: Introduction: Informal Settlement as a Verb -- Introduction -- A1 Informal Settlement VS Slums and Squatting -- A2 Informal Settlement as a Mode of Production -- A3 Why Morphogenesis Matters -- A4 Understanding Urban Morphogenesis -- A5 What this Atlas is Not -- A6 Power and Poverty -- Part B: Method: Mapping Informal Assemblages -- B1 Assemblage Thinking -- B2 Mapping and Diagramming -- B3 Site Selection -- B4 A Field of Differences -- B5 Multi-Scalar Mapping -- B6 Morphogenic Analysis -- B7 Ethics -- B8 Limits -- Part C: Settlement: A Comparative Study -- C1 Tongui -- C2 Zavaleta -- C3 Villa 31 -- C4 Siqalo -- C5 Joe Slovo Park -- C6 Emandleni -- C7 Angelo -- C8 Kathrada Park -- C9 Rio Abaixo -- C10 Iriguaçu -- C11 Barbadillo Alto -- C12 El Paraíso De Jicamarca -- C13 Wenji Maka II -- C14 Rawa Malang -- C15 Muara Angke -- C16 Mbotela/Ofafa -- C17 Riverbank -- C18 Namungoona -- C19 Maravillas De Dios -- C20 Adjahui-Canal -- C21 Kampung Muslim -- C22 Panbros -- C23 Old Fadama -- C24 Hana -- C25 Loma Andina -- C26 Sandogo -- C27 Pissy -- C28 Kabbalamma Palya -- C29 Pillaganahalli -- C30 Talaba II -- C31 Baseco -- C32 San Roque -- C33 Sitio Pajo -- C34 Cité Lajoie -- C35 Jerusalem -- C36 Baiganwadi -- C37 Mashachapada -- C38 Santa Catarina -- C39 Xuecun -- C40 Maxicun -- C41 Khuong Dinh -- C42 Kishanagar -- C43 Karail -- C44 Gulshan-E-Sikandarabad -- C45 Khori Gaon -- C46 Mandoli B4 -- C47 Al Baragheil -- C48 Esh-Al-Warwar -- C49 Mnihla -- C50 Yesilkent -- C51 Dari-Eh -- Part D: Morphogenesis: A Spatial Logic -- D1 Morphogenic Logic -- D2 Topography -- D3 Expanding and Contracting -- D4 Connecting -- D5 Building -- D6 Speculating -- Part E: References -- Bibliography -- List of Figures -- Index -- Maps Legend.

A commune's own income potential, indicative of financial self‑sufficiency, underpins the ability of its government to foster local growth. Accurate recognition of the potential levels necessary for improvement of development policies requires that, apart from considering communes' own potential, neighbouring communes' potential should be taken into account, especially if the neighbours are large urban centres of substantial demographic and economic capacity. This article aims to examine spatial autocorrelation of income potential of metropolitan communes of Warsaw, Poznań, Wrocław, and Cracow metro areas in 2014. The study draws on data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank and uses the R programme packages, such as spdep, maptools, and shapefiles for calculations. ; Własny potencjał dochodowy gmin stanowi nie tylko o ich poziomie samodzielności finansowej, ale przede wszystkim o zdolności danej JST do kreowania rozwoju lokalnego. W celu ulepszenia prowadzonej polityki rozwoju regionalnego, w identyfikacji poziomu własnego potencjału dochodowego JST należy brać pod uwagę nie tylko wewnętrzny potencjał poszczególnych gmin (m.in. demograficzny i gospodarczy), ale także uwzględnić ich lokalizację przestrzenną, a zwłaszcza oddziaływanie największych miast – metropolii. Celem artykułu jest ocena zjawiska autokorelacji przestrzennej w zakresie kształtowania się poziomu własnego potencjału dochodowego gmin w wybranych obszarach metropolitalnych – warszawskim, poznańskim, wrocławskim oraz krakowskim w 2014 roku. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzono na podstawie danych pochodzących z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (Bank Danych Lokalnych). Obliczenia wykonano w programie R z wykorzystaniem pakietów spdep, maptools i shapefiles.

IntroductionSoft Tissue Sarcoma (STS) diagnosis is difficult due to its nature and the variability of its occurrence on the body. To improve patient outcomes a better understanding was needed of the care pathways experienced by the patient from initial presentation to final treatment.
Objectives and ApproachSeveral items of information are necessary, within the data, to identify a care pathway. A correct STS diagnosis, a presentation date or first investigation date, a diagnosis date and any subsequent treatment dates. Identifying cases in hospital data, using International Classification of Diseases (ICD10) codes - C40, C41, C47 and C49 - based on cancer site - can miss cases and cause difficulties when trying to distinguish the difference between the investigation and treatment stages. Having access to WCISU's national cancer registry, proved advantageous and enabled the routine data to be validated.
ResultsAttempts to identify differences between investigative and treatment procedures using the procedure codes available in hospital data was unhelpful due to variations in coding.
However, WCISU's national cancer registry records all cases of cancer diagnosed in Wales using both ICD10 and International Classification of Diseases for Oncology codes to record cancer morphology. In addition, it records the date of diagnosis and treatment start dates. Using the cancer registry it was possible to cross-check the cases extracted from the hospital data and identify the diagnosis and treatment dates. By matching the treatment dates back to the hospital data it then became possible to analyse the procedure codes to see how many treatments were being delivered, the type of treatment and the periods covered.
Conclusion/ImplicationsOnce accurate diagnosis and treatments dates were identified, it was possible to drill further into the hospital data to see the finer detail of the procedures the patient received. Utilising independent data sources made it possible to develop an enriched view of patient care pathways from diagnosis through to treatment.

The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze different methods for decision making, with a focus on entrepreneurship in Latin America. Decision-making methods may be informed by aggregation operators that are based on the use of probabilities, weighted averages (WAs) and generalized aggregation operators. The paper presents a new generalized probabilistic weighted averaging (GPWA) operator that unifies WAs and probability in the same formulation, considering the degree of importance of each concept used in the analysis. The fundamental advantage of this approach is that it includes a wide range of particular cases including the probabilistic weighted averaging (PWA) operator, the probabilistic weighted geometric averaging (PWGA) operator and the probabilistic weighted quadratic averaging (PWQA) operator. Quasi-arithmetic means are used to obtain the Quasi-PWA operator and to generalize the approach, which is then applied to a set of hypothetical entrepreneurial investment decisions in a politically unified Latin American region. ; El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar diferentes métodos de toma de decisiones, con enfoque en el emprendimiento en Latinoamérica. Los métodos de toma de decisiones pueden recibir información por parte de operadores de agregación basados en el uso de probabilidades, promedios ponderados (PP) y operadores de agregación generalizados. El artículo presenta un nuevo operador probabilístico generalizado de promedios ponderados (GPWA) que unifica los promedios ponderados y la probabilidad en la misma formulación, considerando el grado de importancia de cada concepto usado en el análisis. La ventaja fundamental de este enfoque es que incluye un amplio rango de casos particulares, incluyendo el operador probabilístico de promedios ponderados, el operador probabilístico de promedios geométricos ponderados y el operador probabilístico de promedios cuadráticos ponderados. Se emplean medios cuasiaritméticos para obtener el operador cuasiprobabilístico de promedios ponderados y para generalizar el enfoque, que luego es aplicado a un conjunto de decisiones empresariales hipotéticas en cuanto a inversión en una región latinoamericana unificada políticamente. ; O objetivo principal deste artigo é o de analisar diferentes métodos para tomar decisões, com enfoque no empreendedorismo na América Latina. Esses métodos podem receber informação de operadores de agregação apoiados no uso de probabilidades, médias ponderadas (MP) e operadores de agregação generalizados. O artigo apresenta um novo operador probabilístico generalizado de médias ponderadas (GMWA) que unifica as médias ponderadas e a probabilidade na mesma formulação, considerando o grau de importância de cada conceito utilizado na análise. A vantagem fundamental desta visão é que inclui uma ampla faixa de casos particulares: O operador probabilístico de médias ponderadas, o probabilístico de médias geométricas ponderadas e o probabilístico de médias quadráticas ponderadas. São utilizadas médias quasearitméticas para obter o operador quaseprobabilístico de médias ponderadas e para generalizar a visão e, depois é aplicado a um conjunto de decisões empresariais hipotéticas quanto a investimento em uma região latino-americana unificada politicamente.

International audience ; The Political Legislation Cycle theory predicts a peak of legislative production in the pre-electoral period, when legislators focus on voters' welfare to be reelected. This paper verifies the theory on South Korean legislative production (1948–2016); it is the first test of the theory in a country undergoing a process of democratization, thus providing evidence relevant also for the conditional political cycles literature. Two insofar untested hypotheses are verified: 1) peaks of legislative production should increase with the degree of democracy; 2) as the party system and the mechanisms of legislative checks and balances develop, the PLC should become more evident in bills of legislative rather than executive's initiative. A hurdle model estimated on both laws of parliamentary proposal and of government assignment lends empirical support to both hypotheses, with the noticeable feature that PLC in Korea appear more in the form of an upward trend than of pre-electoral peaks. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

International audience ; The Political Legislation Cycle theory predicts a peak of legislative production in the pre-electoral period, when legislators focus on voters' welfare to be reelected. This paper verifies the theory on South Korean legislative production (1948–2016); it is the first test of the theory in a country undergoing a process of democratization, thus providing evidence relevant also for the conditional political cycles literature. Two insofar untested hypotheses are verified: 1) peaks of legislative production should increase with the degree of democracy; 2) as the party system and the mechanisms of legislative checks and balances develop, the PLC should become more evident in bills of legislative rather than executive's initiative. A hurdle model estimated on both laws of parliamentary proposal and of government assignment lends empirical support to both hypotheses, with the noticeable feature that PLC in Korea appear more in the form of an upward trend than of pre-electoral peaks. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

International audience ; The Political Legislation Cycle theory predicts a peak of legislative production in the pre-electoral period, when legislators focus on voters' welfare to be reelected. This paper verifies the theory on South Korean legislative production (1948–2016); it is the first test of the theory in a country undergoing a process of democratization, thus providing evidence relevant also for the conditional political cycles literature. Two insofar untested hypotheses are verified: 1) peaks of legislative production should increase with the degree of democracy; 2) as the party system and the mechanisms of legislative checks and balances develop, the PLC should become more evident in bills of legislative rather than executive's initiative. A hurdle model estimated on both laws of parliamentary proposal and of government assignment lends empirical support to both hypotheses, with the noticeable feature that PLC in Korea appear more in the form of an upward trend than of pre-electoral peaks. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.