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This article analyses the challenge of Addis Ababa´s double status – both as capital of Ethiopia and that of the Regional State of Oromia. It delves into the unresolved issue of the special interest of Oromia in Addis Ababa/Finfinnee. This article propounds that, where there is no separate capital city administration directly responsible to the State of Oromia, it is constitutionally nonsensical and hierarchically incongruent to require the State of Oromia to join hands with the Addis Ababa city government for joint administration. Thus, it seeks to address the so-called "special interest" of Oromia in Addis Ababa/Finfinnee through two-city administrations. This stems from a critical reading of the constitutional provision which calls for the establishment of joint administration of Addis Ababa/Finfinnee (see: Art 49 (5) of the FDRE Constitution). Furthermore, the Indian model of city administration is taken as a lesson to supplement twin-city administration. This article finds that, for the State of Oromia to ensure not only the so-called "special interest in Addis Ababa" but most importantly its right to the city, it shall, a fortiori, undertake a structural adjustment.Keywords: Addis Ababa/Finfinnee, India, Special Interest, Twin-city Administration

This thesis paper describes the fiscal autonomy of Addis Ababa City Government using primary and secondary sources of data. The constitutional and legislative frameworks have been critically examined in order to determine whether they would create conducive environment within which Addis Ababa would be able to exercise optimum degree of autonomy in its local government. The study also incorporates close analysis of the revenue sources and the degree of control the City has over these sources; spending autonomy and fiscal importance as well as transfers and borrowing frameworks of the City. The findings of the study indicate existence of enabling environment in which Addis Ababa City Government can enjoy better degree of fiscal autonomy. With substantial expenditure responsibilities and productive revenue sources, Addis Ababa City government has the opportunity to strengthen its fiscal position. However, the increasing trend of its actual expenditure, Addis Ababa City Government is required to take appropriate actions to increase its revenue and involve the community in service provision process. It is also found in practice that except differences in their constitutional statues, Addis Ababa and Regions tend to have similar expenditure responsibilities and revenue powers. The major difference in their IGFRs goes to the size and system of Federal government transfers. While Regional governments are found highly dependent on block grant transfers, Addis Ababa is found relatively deprived of the transfer system. The study concludes that Addis Ababa City Government has better comparative and competitive advantages to exploit the geographic, economic and administrative opportunities to enhance its fiscal autonomy. Finally, the paper forwards important recommendations to policy makers and government officials as well as to prospective researchers

Discusses innovation in US city governments -- focusing on "progressive government" in Chicago, IL; Boston, MA; Berkeley, CA; Santa Monica, CA; Burlington, VT; & elsewhere -- & community development institutions spread more broadly through US cities. How administrators & officials encounter the continuing inequalities & separations of race & class is considered. 1 Figure, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Open Government is en vogue, yet vague: while practitioners, policy-makers, and others praise its virtues, little is known about how Open Government relates to bureaucratic organization. This paper presents insights from a qualitative investigation into the City of Vienna, Austria. It demonstrates how the encounter between the city administration and "the open" juxtaposes the decentralizing principles of the crowd, such as transparency, participation, and distributed cognition, with the centralizing principles of bureaucracy, such as secrecy, expert knowledge, written files, and rules. The paper explores how this theoretical conundrum is played out and how senior city managers perceive Open Government in relation to the bureaucratic nature of their administration. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to empirically trace the complexities of the encounter between bureaucracy and Open Government; and second, to critically theorize the ongoing rationalization of public administration in spite of constant challenges to its bureaucratic principles. In so doing, the paper advances our understanding of modern bureaucratic organizations under the condition of increased openness, transparency, and interaction with their environments.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Opening Lectures -- "He put in order the accounts …" -- Être chef d'un état amorrite -- City Administration in the Ancient Near East -- Administration in Texts from the First Sealand Dynasty -- City Administration in Poetry -- Between City Institutions and Markets: -- L'administration de Chagar Bazar (Ašnakkum) à l'époque de Samsi-Addu -- How to Control Nomads? -- The Sargonic "Archive" of Me-sag, Cup-bearer of Adab -- Le hazannu à Mari et sur le Moyen-Euphrate -- From Oral Promise to Written Receipt -- Verschenkte Städte - Königliche Landschenkungen an Götter und Menschen -- Hazannum: The Forgotten Mayor -- Städtische Selbstverwaltung und sozial-politischer Gemeindesektor in Phönikien und Syrien -- The Role of the hazannu in the Neo-Assyrian Empire -- The City-Administration of Ugarit -- New Light from an Unpublished Archive of Meskigalla, Ensi of Adab, Housed in the Cornell University Collections -- Professions and Labor in the Ur III Period -- A Babylonian Gang of Potters -- What Work Did the Damgars Do? -- Towards a Definition of Ur III Labor -- Administration of the Irrigation Fee in Umma during the Ur III Period (ca. 2112-2004 BCE) -- Abbreviations of Periodicals, Reference Works, Series, and Sources.

This paper attempted to reveal determinants of taxpayers' tax compliance behavior. Six taxcompliance determinants were examined; the examined tax compliance determinants were: tax knowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers;detection & punishments and perception on government spending. The study adopted a mixed method research approach to test the proposed hypotheses and to answer research questions.The data has been collected from 225 business profit taxpayers of those 200 were throughdistributing of self-administered questionnaires and the remaining 25 through in-depthinterviews. The latest statistical package (SPSS) software, correlation and regression analysis, were used to analyze the survey and thematic analysis was applied to the in-depth interviews.The results of this combined research methodology suggest that Addis Ababa City businessprofit taxpayers tax compliance behavior have been highly and significantly affected by taxknowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers and detection & punishments variables while confidence in government spending doesn't have assuch significant impact on tax compliance behavior of businesses. The analysis focuses on tax compliance and its determinants and is therefore subject to an underlying assumption of tax payers' understanding of tax and other potentially relevant information. The results of this study also provide specific insights and allow policy makers to gain a better understanding of the key variables that are significantly associated with tax compliance and enable them to implement suitable strategies to minimize potentially damaging factors, and should also allow them to improve their government's tax revenue collections. Such a study becomes imperative given limited research so far undertaken in the area. The present study may also be utilized to provide further information to assist tax authorities in designing full-fledged tax policies and in improving their respective tax collection mechanisms.

Women face multi –faceted challenges to participate in management position due to different factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate factors that affect participation of women in leadership position. . And for ward some possible suggestion for the challenges identified through this study. The study was descriptive in nature and survey solving method was used in data gathering. Data used in this research was mainly primary and secondary data as well, quantitative and qualitative types was incorporated. The data was collected by interviewing and conducting questionnaires. The study revealed that the current status of women participation was low in number in city administration and there are different factors that affect women's participation in leadership position. The factors which contribute for women's low participation in leadership positions were categorized under three main factors: societal, institutional (organizational) and individual factors. It was observed those women's career advancements are not affected by one factor alone but a combination of different factors. From these factors the research found that three factors (institutional socio culture and individual) have decisive contribution for low participation of women in leader ship position. According to the respondents, there are institutional (organizational), socio culture and individual factors that have major contribution to the low representation of women in the leadership positions of governmental organization respectively by proper implementation of women policies in the organization, equal treatment during assignment leadership position, providing training to build women's capacity and creating awareness to the society that women capable for leadership position the researcher recommends that women should be encouraged and supported in order to compete on leadership positions.

This study aimed to examine apprenticeship from the standpoint of work-based learning and its function in skill development. Considering this, the study attempted to investigate historical settings as well as contemporary behaviors, including the potential and difficulties associated with apprenticeship. A qualitative method and quantitative data from documents were used to address this objective. Interviews were done to assess opportunities and difficulties throughout the apprenticeship. For analysis, the interview data were transcribed. To supplement this, documents and previous works on apprenticeship's institutional, organizational (employers) and individual (apprentices) contexts were used. The approach and materials consulted were chosen depending on policy relevance and contextual appropriateness. Accordingly, research-based documents were thematically organized and analyzed. Hence, the results showed that the development of skills and work behavior was aided by apprenticeships as a route of skill transition. Because costs were matched by companies (enterprises) in this arrangement, it gave young people a chance to support themselves. However, part of the problem emanates from the traditional nature of apprenticeship, which has a low contribution to economic development. Weak linkage was also observed between vocational institutes and apprenticeship providers. Finally, policy alternatives were suggested to fill the existing deviation in the direction of school-to-work transition.