Suchergebnisse

Cocoa is a plantation commodity whose role is quite important for the national economy, especially as a provider of employment, sources of income and foreign exchange. In addition, cocoa contributes 9% to GDP. On the other hand, there are fundamental problems to date that have not been resolved, especially those faced by farmers, namely that there is still asymmetric information that makes farmers' income maximum productivity. Asymmetric information about the price of cocoa has resulted in a lack of farmers' income, in addition, there is still a lack of MSME players in managing cocoa beans because of lack of adequate capital (machinery, production costs) is a major problem in the development of the cocoa industry in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to optimize the rapid development of technology to increase the income of farmers and business people in the cocoa industry through the optimization of the role of BIKO.id. Biko.id serves to facilitate farmers in marketing and to attract investors to invest in order to facilitate the financing of MSME processing from cocoa beans. Biko.id also functions to make it easier for MSME players to get raw materials (cocoa beans) to be processed into packaging forms (dry snacks, powder, etc.), especially for domestic farmers. This paper is a literature study that is presented descriptively and is supported by several kinds of literature that have a lot of relevance to the problem under study. In addition, it is combined with face-to-face relationship (In-depth Interview) data to study objects. Data processing techniques were carried out by descriptive analysis and Critical Factors Success (CFS) analysis. Of course, in the application, some support is needed from various parties, including investors, academics, practitioners, governments so that the implications can arise by sustainability. Through the optimization of SMES pplications or websites.

In spite of a growing body of literature on market opportunism in emerging markets, it remains unclear how supply chain partners abuse the institutional voids emanating from weak markets and legal enforcement mechanisms. This study attempts to integrate the concept of 'institutional voids' with that of 'opportunism in inter-firm relationship' literature to examine how they create space and conditions for illegitimate activities to occur in a supply chain. Using insights from cocoa production and distribution in Ghana, we uncovered activities such as tampering, adjustment of weighing scales and smuggling as examples of illegitimate activities and abuses in the supply chain. The study revealed that these activities are manifestations of institutional voids arising from weak markets and legal enforcement mechanisms. An analysis of the supply chain partners' activities illuminates our understanding of the underlying processes inherent in market opportunism. Taken together, the study demonstrates how smuggling and theft-to-smuggle have taken on new prominence as an escape response to the institutional voids in the country. The implications for future research are examined.

The cyclical boom-to-recession nature of the economics of cocoa supply is a major problem for the international cocoa industry - and especially for countries whose economies depend on cocoa exports. Only through an understanding of the dynamics of cocoa cycles can policy decisions be made through the various phases of supply cycles. Based on a major international cocoa conference, this book presents seventeen edited papers from leading experts, making a major contribution to that understanding. It explains the powerful economic, social and political factors which impact on the cocoa economy. It shows the laws of cocoa supply are closely linked to environmental, ecological and institutional factors.

Abstract
This article examines the role of financial capital in the cocoa industry of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. It argues that the processes of structural adjustment in the 1980s and 1990s brought two important elements into play. Firstly, transnational corporations taking advantage of the opening of global markets to gain control over the cocoa sector, and secondly, financial institutions promoting 'country platforms' that encouraged public–private partnerships to mobilize foreign investments and define development objectives. This has led to a distinct pattern of investment, which is intimately connected with governance reforms underpinned by a diverse set of public and private alliances at different levels. The article traces these alliances which have given rise to community development programmes. However, these programmes are underpinned by a drive towards greater intensification of production through the use of inputs supported by credit, which threatens to entangle farmers in debt and lock them into the poverty inherent in the cocoa industry.

The oil boom that lasted from the early 1970s until about 1983 spawned a
phenomenal expansion of the Nigerian economy. Within a few years, oil
revenues rose from 1·4 billion naira in 1973 to 12·86 billion naira by 1980.
The oil boom led to the assigning of substantial sums of money to the cocoa
industry of southwestern Nigeria. In spite of these investments, the cocoa
industry stagnated during the oil boom years. Using oral interviews and
archival documents, this paper examines structural change in the cocoa
industry before the oil boom, and analyses the failure of government rehabilitation
programmes during the oil boom years.