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This volume examines trends in inequality in the People's Republic of China. It contains findings on inequality nationwide, as well as within the rural and urban sectors, with an emphasis on public policy considerations. Several chapters focus on inequality of income; others analyse poverty, inequality in wealth, and the distribution of wages. Attention is given to groups such as migrants, women, and the elderly, as well as the relationship between income and health care funding and the impact of the rural tax reform. All contributors to this volume make use of a large, nationwide survey of Chinese households, the product of long-term co-operation between Chinese and international researchers that is unique in its scope and duration. Using these data, the contributors examine changes in inequality from 1988 to 2002

How do Chinese provincial governments reformulate the general central policies into implementable local policy outputs? How does this vary across provinces? Despite considerable research on policy implementation in China, strategies of policy reformulation remain understudied. To better understand these strategies, this article proposes a four-scenario typology: an innovative strategy, a defensive strategy, a conservative strategy, and a perfunctory strategy. Using a novel 2003–2017 dataset of provincial documents that were reformulated from central social policy mandates, as well as a preliminary case study of the Household Registration System reform, this article explores the spatial and temporal dynamics of policy reformulation in provincial China. The findings shed light on the complexity of policy implementation in China. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

This much-needed new textbook introduces readers to the development of China's welfare polices since its conception of an open-door policy of 1978.

At the request of the Journal Editors and the Publisher, the following article has been retracted: Han, J. (2016). Policy influence of social organizations in China. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0899764016655889

ABSTRACTThis article explores the relationships among neoliberalism, social policy expansion and authoritarian politics in contemporary China. It argues that in the era of neoliberalism, rising new right and authoritarian governments, the Chinese Communist Party has sought to retain power by shifting politically to the right and promoting neoliberal‐looking economic policies. These policies have raised average living standards but also increased insecurity for most of the Chinese population, while new social policies have facilitated marketization. Social policy expansion includes minimal cash transfers as well as social old‐age and health insurance for hitherto excluded sections of the population. These policies have begun to erode long‐standing urban–rural segregation, but they have added new, underfunded, social programmes rather than widening participation in existing ones, re‐segregating provision so that urban elites and formal sector workers enjoy much more generous provisions than many people working informally and those without work. These social policies' most significant dark sides thus include compounded income inequalities and the segmentation and stigmatization of the poorest. Authoritarian controls have enabled the Communist Party to avoid redistributive policies that would undermine its urban support, so that politics in China differ from the right‐wing populism of new, anti‐establishment authoritarian regimes.

This article explores the relationships among neoliberalism, social policy expansion and authoritarian politics in contemporary China. It argues that in the era of neoliberalism, rising new right and authoritarian governments, the Chinese Communist Party has sought to retain power by shifting politically to the right and promoting neoliberal‐looking economic policies. These policies have raised average living standards but also increased insecurity for most of the Chinese population, while new social policies have facilitated marketization. Social policy expansion includes minimal cash transfers as well as social old‐age and health insurance for hitherto excluded sections of the population. These policies have begun to erode long‐standing urban–rural segregation, but they have added new, underfunded, social programmes rather than widening participation in existing ones, re‐segregating provision so that urban elites and formal sector workers enjoy much more generous provisions than many people working informally and those without work. These social policies' most significant dark sides thus include compounded income inequalities and the segmentation and stigmatization of the poorest. Authoritarian controls have enabled the Communist Party to avoid redistributive policies that would undermine its urban support, so that politics in China differ from the right‐wing populism of new, anti‐establishment authoritarian regimes.

1. Introduction : the search for a new social policy paradigm : managing changing social expectations and welfare regimes in transition in Greater China / Ka Ho Mok and Maggie K. W. Lau -- 2. After the regional and global financial crises : social development challenges and social policy responses in Hong Kong and Macau / Ka Ho Mok and M. Ramesh -- 3. Welfare restructuring and social (in)equity across generations in Hong Kong / Maggie K. W. Lau -- 4. Economic insecurity and social protection for labour : the limitations of Hong Kong's adhocism during the financial crises / Kim-Ming Lee and Kam-Yee Law -- 5. Challenges for the developmental welfare regime in Taiwan : from authoritarianism to democratic governance / Yu-Fang Chang and Yeun-Wen Ku -- 6. Bringing the state back in : the development of Chinese social policy in China in the Hu-Wen Era / King-Lun Ngok -- 7. Asserting the "public" in welfare provision : a study of resident evaluation and expectation of social services in Guangzhou, China / Ka Ho Mok and Genghua Huang -- 8. Social policy in the Macao Special Administrative Region of China : a case of regulatory welfare regime / Dicky W. L. Lai -- 9. Old age care concerns and state-society relations in China : public anxiety and state paternalism / Lijun Chen and Dali L. Yang -- 10. Public-private pension mix and its governance : Japan and Taiwan compared / Chung-Yang Yeh and Shih-Jiunn Shi -- 11. Poverty reduction, welfare provision and social security challenges in China in the context of fiscal reform and the 12th Five- year Plan / Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh and Susie Yieng-Ping Ling -- 12. Conclusion : analysing the productivist dimensions of welfare : looking beyond the Greater China region / John Hudson and Stefan Kuhner.

Background: The background of this paper is an empirical research on social rehabilitation of psychiatric patients in a large urban city in China during the post-Mao period, the Beijing Psychiatric Rehabilitation Research. Another aspect of this background is an exchange with Chen Sheying, a colleague interested in social services for the elderly in China. The underlying assumption of this paper is the multiple similarities between those two areas. Objectives: The first objective of this paper is to present a contextual analysis of the development of psychiatric rehabilitation in urban China and a second objective is to stress the similarities between psychiatric rehabilitation and social services to the elderly. Material: The material presented, while referring mainly to the general context of psychiatry and rehabilitation around that period, includes some data from the Beijing research. There are five analytical dimensions: (1) epistemological choices and research paradigms; (2) rehabilitation as an idea; (3) rehabilitation as a social, political and cultural matter; (4) factors of change in the recent history of China; and, finally, (5) mental illness as a personal experience. Discussion: This presentation leads to a discussion about the multiple similarities between the social welfare of two vulnerable categories of people (i.e. psychiatric patients and the elderly). It also offers, in the specific field of mental illness, a general interpretation of the rapid social changes in urban China. Conclusion: The conclusion is that psychiatric and ageing services are both a product of interaction among various cultural and social-political-economic factors. Any social welfare intervention or policy should be based on a thorough understanding of the five dimensions referred to earlier, including the traditional Chinese familism and structural dimensions of the post-Mao 'economic state' orientation.