Suchergebnisse

The first book to bring together noted scholars to address how education is being remade by the violent demands of corporate globalization as well as how education is central to the global pursuit of corporate dominance.

"White Spot, a popular BC restaurant chain solicits hamburger concepts from third and fourth grade students and one of their ideas becomes a feature on the kids' menu. Home Depot donates playground equipment to an elementary school, and the ribbon-cutting ceremony culminates in a community swathed in corporate swag, temporary tattoos, and a new "Home Depot song" written by a teacher and sung by the children. Kindergarten students return home with a school district-prescribed dental hygiene flyer featuring a maze leading to a tube of Crest toothpaste. Schools receive five cents for each flyer handed to a student. While commercialism has existed in our schools for over a century, the corporate invasion of our schools reached unprecedented heights in the1990s and 2000s after two decades of federal funding cuts and an increasing tendency to apply business models to the education system. Constant cutbacks have left school trustees, administrators, teachers, and parents with difficult decisions about how to finance programs and support students. Meanwhile, studies on the impact of advertising and consumer culture on children make clear that the effects are harmful both to the individual child and the broader culture. Captive Audience explores this compelling history of branding the classroom in Canada."--

This paper will investigate how contemporary artists who use political violence as a subject matter in their work explain the relationship between art and that form of violence. Referring to interviews with Anita Glesta and George Gittoes, the potential of art as a means of healing communities and individuals affected by terrorism will be explored, alongside related issues of voyeurism, sensationalism and commercialism in art. The study will refer to the ideas of Collingwood and Tolstoy, chosen so as to represent two main schools of thought regarding artistic responsibility & morality and the appropriate intentions of artists. I will explain that both theories can be applied harmoniously to contemporary practise, to the understanding of the role and responsibility of contemporary artists, and discourse around the wider social value of contemporary art.

This paper will investigate how contemporary artists who use political violence as a subject matter in their work explain the relationship between art and that form of violence. Referring to interviews with Anita Glesta and George Gittoes, the potential of art as a means of healing communities and individuals affected by terrorism will be explored, alongside related issues of voyeurism, sensationalism and commercialism in art. The study will refer to the ideas of Collingwood and Tolstoy, chosen so as to represent two main schools of thought regarding artistic responsibility & morality and the appropriate intentions of artists. I will explain that both theories can be applied harmoniously to contemporary practise, to the understanding of the role and responsibility of contemporary artists, and discourse around the wider social value of contemporary art. ; Publisher PDF

This present study was conducted to understand the discourse of quality education in Public Junior High Schools in Denpasar City. The study focused on the discourse of quality education in the practice of enrollment of new learners, the implementation of 'Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan', and the implementation of the National Final Examination in Public Junior High Schools in Denpasar City. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and interpretatively. The theory of discourse of power/knowledge, the theory of social practice, and the theory of School-based Management were eclectically used in the present study. The results of the study showed that, first, the practice of the enrollment of new learners 'Praktik Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru (PPDB)', Educational Unit-based Curriculum 'Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP)', and the National Final Examination 'Ujian Nasional (UN)' which tended to neglect the principle of School-based Management (MBS) and the school autonomy had led to the discourse of quality education in Public Junior High Schools 'Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMPN)' in Denpasar City; second, the ideology which was referred to in the discourse of quality education which was related to PPDB, KTSP and UN in public junior high schools in Denpasar City was the liberal ideology which was based on rationalism, individualism and commercialism; third, the discourse of quality education in public junior high schools in Denpasar City had theoretical implication, namely, there was an expectation to reinforce the ideology of critical-cultural education and to establish the paradigm of political policy which supported the attempt made to realize quality education.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction: The Exchange University -- 1 The Academic Capitalist Knowledge/Learning Regime -- 2 Academic Culture and the Research-Intensive University: The Impact of Commercialism and Scientism -- 3 The New Production of Researchers -- 4 Public Policy in Ontario Higher Education: From Frost to Harris -- 5 How Fares Equity in an Era of Academic Capitalism? The Role of Contingent Faculty -- 6 Reclaiming Our Centre: Toward a Robust Defence of Academic Autonomy -- 7 "Gender at Work" in Teacher Education: History, Society, and Global Reform -- 8 The Political Economy of Legal Scholarship: A Case Study of the University of British Columbia Law School -- 9 Keeping the Commons in Academic Culture: Protecting the Knowledge Commons from the Enclosure of the Knowledge Economy -- Conclusion -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

This article discusses three novels by John Masters (1914 - 1983), an ardent advocate of the British Empire. Through the characters and situations he creates, the author promotes the idea of British imperial commercialism. Masters experienced a typical life of a fifth generation English settler in India: having spent only a short period in England, the ruling center, when he was sent to school, he only knew the social and political conditions of the colonized periphery, which turned him into a unique chronicler of the Anglo-Indian history. The novelist uses the history of the East India Company, an institution that helped the Empire to succeed, as the subtext of his novels. As an ardent advocate of the Company's rule, Masters uses his novels to laud the English, as their presence in India means the improvement of living standards to the local inhabitants. Coromandel! (1955) presents the beginnings of the East India Company in the 17th century. In The Deceivers (1952) Masters shows how the Company developed into a huge administrative institution that had its own army and a wellfunctioning and incorruptible Indian Civil Service. In Nightrunners of Bengal (1951) Rodney Savage is proud that everywhere in India he is surrounded by 'symbols of the colossal empire of the Honourable East India Company'. Yet, the Indian Mutiny of 1857 ruined the Company's privileged position and it lost its administrative powers. As Masters is one of the few voices from the colonial periphery, his contribution to modern literature is unique.

The main economic function of the university is associated with providing the organizations-economic operators with new highly qualified personnel. The formal grounds of professional ethos of high school teacher should first be: an adequate level of professional competence in a particular field of scientific knowledge, adequate pedagogical skills, high level of reflectivity and especially moral consciousness of the teacher, educational services market presence, a sufficient level of economic development, formation of basic communities involved in the use of professional competence of university lecturer (most professors, students, customers qualified university graduates, university administration etc.). Market society gave commercialism problem in education providing the industrial scale, that even post-industrial technologies are unable to overcome. The main economic benefit of university activity should evaluate in the terms of capital turnover - but, above all, symbolic capital, then social capital, then economic (including financial), and then all other forms of capital that one can imagine – political or any more. University produces and reproduces meanings – these meanings drive development of society in general, including economic. The situations of social interaction then becomes the foundation that creates institutions not formally, but informally and continuously: this generation is comparable to the democratic way of doing business every day as opposed to participation in democratic elections just once every five years. The model of conversation sets the thematic certainty, not just grammatical correctness of communication. So, for our study it refers to the specific educational ethical values that may limit some and stimulate other economic actions with specific educational ethics. These rules are in its most specific so that the better they work in education - the worse they can be applied in other fields such as politics, law, religion or any other. Therefore the use of this approach to education ...

Introduction: american sports law through deflategate / Michael A. McCann -- The evolution of the power of the commissioner in professional sports / Jimmy Golen and Warren K. Zola -- Leagues and owners : the Donald Sterling story / Michael A. McCann -- The commissioner's power to discipline players for on- and off-field misconduct / Richard T. Karcher -- The regulation of doping in U.S. and international sports / Maureen A. Weston -- Drugs in professional sports / Todd Clark -- Blood sports in an age of liability / Jeffrey Standen -- Sports and american tort law / Geoffrey Rapp -- The increasing role of disability issues in U.S. sports law / Dionne Koller -- Collective bargaining and workforce protections in sports / Nick Ohanesian -- Collective bargaining in professional sports : the duel between players and owners and labor law and antitrust law / Gabe Feldman -- The single-entity doctrine of antitrust as applied to sports leagues / Steven F. Ross -- Eligibility rules in professional sports / Christopher R. Deubert and Glenn M. Wong -- Athlete representation / Ed Edmonds -- Identity and speech in sport in the social media era / Jimmy Sanderson -- The "shifting line" of sports betting legalization / Daniel L. Wallach -- The enduring power of the sports broadcasting act / Nathaniel Grow -- Youth and high school sports law issues / Brian L. Porto -- College athletics : the growing tension between amateurism and commercialism / Warren K. Zola -- Title IX and U.S. college sports : contemporary challenges to compliance / Erin E. Buzuvis -- Recreational sports law / Thomas A. Baker III -- Arbitration and the olympic athlete / Sean Nolon -- Competition law, free movement of players, and nationality restrictions / Ryan Gauthier -- Athlete trademarks : names, nicknames, and catchphrases / Alexandra J. Roberts -- Trade secrets and information security in the age of sports analytics / Roger Allan Ford -- The role of bioethics in sports law / Alan C. Milstein -- The rooney rule's reach : how the NFL's equal opportunity initiative for coaches inspired local government reform / Jeremi Duru -- Sports in the context of social media law / Jon M. Garon -- Public development for professional sports stadiums / Irwin P. Raij and Alexander Chester -- Daily fantasy sports and PASPA : how to assess whether the state regulation of daily fantasy sports contests violates federal law / Daniel L. Wallach

On the basis of archival and published narratives (diaries, memoirs, epistolary) the article deals with the strategies of married couples of intellectuals of Dnieper Ukraine who earn money in the second half of the nineteenth century. The areas where the intellectuals express themselves, their incomes, the possibility to satisfy the basic needs for received payments, attempts of holding entrepreneurship, and female labour have been analysed. The sources indicate that the vast majority of ucrainophiles intellectuals were involved in public service, particularly as university teachers and school teachers. The profit received from this activity often could not provide the financial health of the married couples. Under these conditions the search for additional earnings became urgent, in particular teaching in private schools, giving lessons, participation in periodicals etc. Some intellectuals earned their living by means of creative activity, and received fees for that which were not regular and depended on the mood in society, literary and artistic fashion, national and cultural policy of the Russian Empire. Besides, some representatives of Ukrainian ucrainophiles tried to conduct private business. This method of earning a living was often negatively perceived by democratically minded environment, and was considered to be a demonstration of commercialism. Under the pressure of social circle's thought, some intellectuals abandoned entrepreneurship or had to break relations with their ideological supporters. The study concludes that ucrainophiles intellectuals had few options for earning money. The pays obtained in the civil service was often not enough for ensuring the basic needs of the couples that gave rise to financial problems. Interest in the ideas of social equality, prejudiced attitude towards capital and business repelled the majority of ucrainophiles from private enterpreneurship. ; На основі архівних та опублікованих наративів (щоденників, мемуаристики, епістоляріїв) у статті досліджено стратегії заробітку коштів подружжями народолюбної інтелігенції Наддніпрянської України у другій половині ХІХ ст. Розглядаються сфери де реалізували себе інтелігенти, їхній прибуток, можливість задовольнити основні потреби за отриману платню, спроби ведення підприємницької діяльності та жіноча праця. Джерела засвідчують, що переважна більшість представників народолюбної інтелігенції були задіяні на державній службі, найчастіше в якості викладачів та учителів. Прибуток від неї часто не міг забезпечити фінансове благополуччя подружжів. За таких умов актуальним ставав пошук додаткового заробітку, зокрема викладання у приватних навчальних закладах, давання уроків, участь у роботі періодики тощо. Частина інтелігентів заробляла на життя творчою діяльністю, за що отримувала гонорари, які не були регулярними та залежали від настроїв у суспільстві, літературно­артистичної моди, національної та культурної політики Російської імперії. Окремі представники українського народолюбства намагалися вести приватну справу. Такий спосіб заробітку часто негативно сприймався демократично налаштованим середовищем, вважався демонструванням меркантильності. Під тиском думки кола спілкування деякі інтелігенти відмовилися від підприємництва або мусили порвати стосунки з ідеологічними однодумцями. У ході дослідження приходимо до висновку, що народолюбні інтелігенти мали небагато варіантів для заробітку коштів. Платні, отриманої на державній службі, часто не вистачало для забезпечення основних потреб подружжя, що породжувало матеріальні проблеми. Захоплення ідеями соціальної рівності, упереджене ставлення до капіталу та бізнесу відштовхувало більшість народолюбців від приватного підприємництва. ; На основі архівних та опублікованих наративів (щоденників, мемуаристики, епістоляріїв) у статті досліджено стратегії заробітку коштів подружжями народолюбної інтелігенції Наддніпрянської України у другій половині ХІХ ст. Розглядаються сфери де реалізували себе інтелігенти, їхній прибуток, можливість задовольнити основні потреби за отриману платню, спроби ведення підприємницької діяльності та жіноча праця. Джерела засвідчують, що переважна більшість представників народолюбної інтелігенції були задіяні на державній службі, найчастіше в якості викладачів та учителів. Прибуток від неї часто не міг забезпечити фінансове благополуччя подружжів. За таких умов актуальним ставав пошук додаткового заробітку, зокрема викладання у приватних навчальних закладах, давання уроків, участь у роботі періодики тощо. Частина інтелігентів заробляла на життя творчою діяльністю, за що отримувала гонорари, які не були регулярними та залежали від настроїв у суспільстві, літературно­артистичної моди, національної та культурної політики Російської імперії. Окремі представники українського народолюбства намагалися вести приватну справу. Такий спосіб заробітку часто негативно сприймався демократично налаштованим середовищем, вважався демонструванням меркантильності. Під тиском думки кола спілкування деякі інтелігенти відмовилися від підприємництва або мусили порвати стосунки з ідеологічними однодумцями. У ході дослідження приходимо до висновку, що народолюбні інтелігенти мали небагато варіантів для заробітку коштів. Платні, отриманої на державній службі, часто не вистачало для забезпечення основних потреб подружжя, що породжувало матеріальні проблеми. Захоплення ідеями соціальної рівності, упереджене ставлення до капіталу та бізнесу відштовхувало більшість народолюбців від приватного підприємництва.

The main economic function of the university is associated with providing the organizations-economic operators with new highly qualified personnel. The formal grounds of professional ethos of high school teacher should first be: an adequate level of professional competence in a particular field of scientific knowledge, adequate pedagogical skills, high level of reflectivity and especially moral consciousness of the teacher, educational services market presence, a sufficient level of economic development, formation of basic communities involved in the use of professional competence of university lecturer (most professors, students, customers qualified university graduates, university administration etc.). Market society gave commercialism problem in education providing the industrial scale, that even post-industrial technologies are unable to overcome. The main economic benefit of university activity should evaluate in the terms of capital turnover - but, above all, symbolic capital, then social capital, then economic (including financial), and then all other forms of capital that one can imagine – political or any more. University produces and reproduces meanings – these meanings drive development of society in general, including economic. The situations of social interaction then becomes the foundation that creates institutions not formally, but informally and continuously: this generation is comparable to the democratic way of doing business every day as opposed to participation in democratic elections just once every five years. The model of conversation sets the thematic certainty, not just grammatical correctness of communication. So, for our study it refers to the specific educational ethical values that may limit some and stimulate other economic actions with specific educational ethics. These rules are in its most specific so that the better they work in education - the worse they can be applied in other fields such as politics, law, religion or any other. Therefore the use of this approach to education focuses on general research not of social norms, but of the specific educational standards, and within the education system is not to create a specific "institutional educational sub-world" as a variation of the overall institutional world that "rutinize" educational practice, but to study existing forms of educational communication to the (in Luhmann's terms) contingence in the course of educational interactions, which combines binding behaviors and casualty select from these options, ie a combination of situational over-situationality. This over-situationality appears not as typization of available, but as the identification of its selective character. The fact that certain educational practices used in various educational circumstances does not mean that it is a typical or even successful, or some certified algorithms for solving educational problems. The same educational practice may be the answer to a completely different educational situations that have only a few identical components, which revealed sensitive for such practice. Accordingly, it can be more or less successful depending on how these "sensitive" components are crucial for any givensituation. This applies to the comparison of educational ethics norms with no-educational, and a variety of ethical standards. However, on educational standards - there should still be own, especially "sensitive"components in each case, ie in particular also has its own economic behavior ethics in education. The main economic criterion in the selection of education applicants is estimation of the prospects of the applicant as a future professional. Hardly anyone who participated in some role (as applicant or a member of the selection committee) in the admission campaign in university might argue that this particular economic criterion could be only partly formalized and contains a significant proportion of ethical (or unethical) ratio selection committee to the applicant . And this ethic is directly related to economic calculation - even when it is not aware of the selection committee members or the university administration. If selection of applicants will be made successful, the economic component of education depends on – whether a student will be able to master the curriculum, or one will be expelled for academic failure, or find further place of employment, and therefore raise the market value or university and its business reputation, or vice versa, and so on.Keywords: university, values, ethical values, a high school teacher, economic function, professional ethos, professional competence ; Основна економічна функція університету пов'язана іззабезпеченням організацій-суб'єктів економічної діяльності новимивисококваліфікованими кадрами. До формальних підстав виникнення професійного етосу викладача вищої школи слід зараховувати передусім: достатній рівень фахової компетентності у певній царині наукового знання, достатній рівень педагогічної майстерності, високий рівень рефлективності і особливо моральної свідомості викладача, наявність ринку педагогічних послуг, достатній рівень розвитку економіки, сформованість основних спільнот, причетних до застосування професійної компетенції викладача університету (самої професури, студентства, замовників кваліфікованих випускників університету, адміністрації університету тощо). Ринкове суспільство надало проблемі меркантильності у наданні освіти індустріальних масштабів, які не в змозі перебороти навіть постіндустріальні технології. Основний економічний ефект від діяльності університету варто оцінювати мовою обертання капіталу – але, передусім, капіталу символічного, потім вже капіталу соціального, потім економічного (у тому числі фінансового), а вже потім усіх інших форм капіталу, які можна уявити – політичного чи будь-якого ще. Університет продукує і репродукує смисли – ці смисли рухають розвиток суспільства загалом, у тому числі й економічний.Ключові слова: університет, цінності, етичні цінності, викладач вищої школи, економічна функція, професійний етос, професійна компетенція.Основная экономическая функция университета связана с обеспечением организаций-субъектов экономической деятельности новыми высококвалифицированными кадрами. К формальным основаниям возникновения профессионального этоса преподавателя высшей школы следует относить прежде всего: достаточный уровень профессиональной компетентности в определенной области научного знания, достаточный уровень педагогического мастерства, высокий уровень рефлексивности и особенно нравственного сознания преподавателя, наличие рынка педагогических услуг, достаточный уровень развития экономики, сформированность основных сообществ, причастных к применению профессиональной компетенции преподавателя университета (самой профессуры, студенчества, заказчиков квалифицированных выпускников университета, администрации университета и т.д.). Рыночное общество придало проблеме меркантильности в предоставлении образования индустриальных масштабов, которые не в состоянии преодолеть даже постиндустриальные технологии. Основной экономический эффект от деятельности университета стоит оценивать на языке обращения капитала – но, прежде всего, капитала символического, потом уже капитала социального, затем экономического (в том числе финансового), а уже потом всех форм капитала, которые можно представить – политического или какого-либо еще. Университет производит и репродуцирует смыслы – эти смыслы движут развитие общества в целом, в том числе и экономическое.Ключевые слова: университет, ценности, этические ценности, преподаватель высшей школы, экономическая функция, профессиональный этос, профессиональная компетенция.The main economic function of the university is associated with providing the organizations-economic operators with new highly qualified personnel. The formal grounds of professional ethos of high school teacher should first be: an adequate level of professional competence in a particular field of scientific knowledge, adequate pedagogical skills, high level of reflectivity and especially moral consciousness of the teacher, educational services market presence, a sufficient level of economic development, formation of basic communities involved in the use of professional competence of university lecturer (most professors, students, customers qualified university graduates, university administration etc.). Market society gave commercialism problem in education providing the industrial scale, that even post-industrial technologies are unable to overcome. The main economic benefit of university activity should evaluate in the terms of capital turnover - but, above all, symbolic capital, then social capital, then economic (including financial), and then all other forms of capital that one can imagine – political or any more. University produces and reproduces meanings – these meanings drive development of society in general, including economic. The situations of social interaction then becomes the foundation that creates institutions not formally, but informally and continuously: this generation is comparable to the democratic way of doing business every day as opposed to participation in democratic elections just once every five years. The model of conversation sets the thematic certainty, not just grammatical correctness of communication. So, for our study it refers to the specific educational ethical values that may limit some and stimulate other economic actions with specific educational ethics. These rules are in its most specific so that the better they work in education - the worse they can be applied in other fields such as politics, law, religion or any other. Therefore the use of this approach to education focuses on general research not of social norms, but of the specific educational standards, and within the education system is not to create a specific "institutional educational sub-world" as a variation of the overall institutional world that "rutinize" educational practice, but to study existing forms of educational communication to the (in Luhmann's terms) contingence in the course of educational interactions, which combines binding behaviors and casualty select from these options, ie a combination of situational over-situationality. This over-situationality appears not as typization of available, but as the identification of its selective character. The fact that certain educational practices used in various educational circumstances does not mean that it is a typical or even successful, or some certified algorithms for solving educational problems. The same educational practice may be the answer to a completely different educational situations that have only a few identical components, which revealed sensitive for such practice. Accordingly, it can be more or less successful depending on how these "sensitive" components are crucial for any givensituation. This applies to the comparison of educational ethics norms with no-educational, and a variety of ethical standards. However, on educational standards - there should still be own, especially "sensitive"components in each case, ie in particular also has its own economic behavior ethics in education. The main economic criterion in the selection of education applicants is estimation of the prospects of the applicant as a future professional. Hardly anyone who participated in some role (as applicant or a member of the selection committee) in the admission campaign in university might argue that this particular economic criterion could be only partly formalized and contains a significant proportion of ethical (or unethical) ratio selection committee to the applicant . And this ethic is directly related to economic calculation - even when it is not aware of the selection committee members or the university administration. If selection of applicants will be made successful, the economic component of education depends on – whether a student will be able to master the curriculum, or one will be expelled for academic failure, or find further place of employment, and therefore raise the market value or university and its business reputation, or vice versa, and so on.Keywords: university, values, ethical values, a high school teacher, economic function, professional ethos, professional competence

Ralph G. Crandall, September 30, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. ; 24p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Ralph G. Crandall Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 30 September 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Crandall, Ralph, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 30 September 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Ralph G. Crandall September 30, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Ralph Crandall. The interview was conducted on September 30, 2013, by Lorrie Rands and recorded by Avery Pince. Ralph discusses his experiences with 25th Street. LR: It is Monday, September 30th, 2013. We are in the home of Mr. Ralph Crandall in Ogden, Utah and we are conducting an oral history interview of historic 25th street, of Ogden, then and now, if you will. My name is Lorrie Rands and I will be conducting the interview and Avery Pince is the assistant. So we'll just get right into it. When are where were you born? RC: What year was I born? LR: Yes, when and where. RC: 1922, July 22nd. I was born in Morgan. Just up Weber Canyon, lived there for a couple of months is all. My father had gone from Morgan down to the Southern Pacific Shops and they had a strike that year and he went through the strike because the strike men were dismissed and new ones had to come in. He was a farmer up there and he was a machinist when he got down here. He was capable of being a machinist with the amount of mechanical work he done on his farm equipment and that type of thing I suppose. It was rare that they made a person machinist but that's what he was, his career. And so, he couldn't get out of the shops because if you broke the picket line, you was liable to get injured because there was pretty good animosity going on there. My Grandmother, his mother lived down on about 26th and Wall Ave. The picket line wouldn't harm the women and she could bring some food into him at times but it was a couple months after 1 I was born that he sent for my mom and me, and my mom's older sister, who acted as a surrogate mom, so-to-speak, for the family. Dad's first wife that died of the flu of 1918 and he had three children under four years old. My mom was born in North Ogden and he was born in Pleasant View. And he knew my mom during the school-time. Both now around 30 years old, my mom was the youngest of her family and she was left with her mom and an invalid sister because the rest of them just moved away: so she ended up as the care taker by default sort of. When Dad's first wife died he had found out my mom was still single, so he headed to her home in North Ogden to see if she'd come and take his children and be his wife. And I'm the second born of that union. I had a sister that was born a year or so ahead of me but she died immediately after birth, so I'm the oldest of that family. We moved down to Ogden, of course, to be a family. I grew up in Ogden. LR: And where in Ogden did you grow up? RC: Well, our first place we lived at 1072 Oak Street. Mom grew up on a farm more-less and Dad was a farmer, with three children from him, myself and a sister that come along, they moved out to 2nd and Adams Avenue, still in Ogden it had an acre of ground attached to it and we was able to have produce and farm vegetables, a cow and the things people needed to survive in those days. Since he worked at the shops, Southern Pacific round house near 22nd and Wall Avenue for the locomotives coming in off to the rails for repairs. They called it a round house because the locomotives were put on sort of a revolving deck in the middle of this and they'd come in on the tracks and they'd rotate that 2 deck to a side track to work on those locomotives on those side areas, so it was a huge round building and they called it a round house. I can remember going in there when the strike was settled and seeing a lot of things that he accomplished. The locomotives in those days were all steam and the big barrel over the wheels of the locomotives was a boiler. The coal and the wood and whatever was used for the heat were pitched in by a fireman and there was an engineer who ran the locomotive. The boiler would build up steam and the steam would provide the propulsion for the locomotive to pull freight. There was this one thing that was quite interesting. I don't know if anybody ever realized it but those locomotives had tires on the wheels. They called them the tire, and you look at a tire and it's something you put on a car and its rubber but this wasn't rubber, it was steel. The wheels of the locomotive were cast iron, too soft to run on the rails, so they put a rim of steel around that wheel. Now, that wheel was, like six foot tall, this rim was about an inch thick and about three inches wide and it would fit over the flange of the cast iron wheel. So, they called that rim a tire. To repair this, they had a gas fired ring that spewed flames out and they'd put this ring close to the wheel of the locomotive and they'd have this fire running on natural gas and the idea was to get that ring hot and since everything expands when you get it hot, well that was gauged in such a way that the rim, the tire, was put on the rim after it got hot enough and it slid onto the wheel and this man had to be accurate enough to drive that tire on that wheel in such a way that it was against the flange because when it hit the cold cast iron it would shrink up and it would shrink up and seize onto that wheel. And that's what they did for all locomotives for the driving 3 wheels. There is an interesting thing about that propulsion too, the pistons were in a barrel type-thing with steam running to it and then this piston had an arm that went to the wheel and a ram effect, and if the ram is pushed forward, it makes the wheel rotate and that was how they'd get the propulsion to run a steam locomotive and anything that's round. Even in ships with paddle wheels and things like that. They had this steam type-thing. I couldn't begin to tell you what year but it was first invented for steam ships on the ocean and then it was converted to locomotives. Interesting thing that crossed my mind, if the locomotive stopped and it was on dead-center, meaning that the arm that pushed the wheel around was absolutely horizontal to the wheel, and it was on dead center, that locomotive couldn't move, no matter how much steam you put to it, it wouldn't work. So they had to get the locomotive off dead-center so that the arm could be moved up or down from the center so that it could have purchase power to drive the wheel. It used to be a saying to somebody working in that and if you didn't put out work, you were on dead-center, you weren't doing anything. But getting back to the wheel of the locomotive, they used to use a pinch bar. A man would come up with leverage using a pinch bar which was a steel rod about an inch and a half or so in diameter and the end was a wedge shape and he would put that right under the wheel at the track and just by man power he could move that up because of the leverage he had and move that locomotive just enough so that it wasn't on dead-center so that it could begin to get locomotion. LR: So, you learned all of this from watching your dad? 4 RC: Just learned all of that by watching my dad. There's another thing that might be useful information that is interesting to talk about. When there is steam, no, smoke come out of the engine you've heard the old saying when you grow up as a kid, the engine is a chu-chu, chu-chu engine, and the chu-chu is when that piston would go back and forth and it would cause that sound. Because of the amount of heat that is generated in these boilers, the stack that goes out of the top of the locomotive to dispel steam from the boiler is round, chimney like, for the smoke to get out. But you couldn't use a gasket under that because the heat of the steam was too hot, it would burn up everything they used for gaskets. So they had to take this stack, they called it a nozzle and they would have to machine it the best they could on a machine and then set it up on top of the locomotive. And this nozzle weighed tons—many, many pounds. Then they would put iron filings between the top of the boiler and this nozzle stand and they would just sit there and slide that back and forth using iron filings until it wore down to where the surface was smooth enough that when you bolted it down it was sealed. So they didn't use a gasket, they just tightened it up but they had to make this absolutely flat and absolutely made it and that motion back and forth wore that down, just like grinding, until it would come to the point where they could look at it and find there was no ridges or grooves. Then there were numerous bolts around this nozzle stand that hooked onto the boiler of the locomotive and pulled it down tight. He would work on that nozzle stand with the bar with arm power he would move that back and forth for days and days until it 5 got to the point where it smoothed down to where it could be bolted down to the top of the steam engine and make it hold. LR: So did you guys live close to the station then? RC: Well, we lived on 20th and Madison and this was on 22nd and Wall. So I had to go from Madison to Jefferson to Adams to Wall and over two blocks and the round house was only a block below Wall, so you could figure that I was about a half to three-quarters a mile away. On a bicycle you could do that in a short time. I would take lunch to Dad from time-to-time if he didn't have time to get it before he left. The round house is gone now; I don't remember when it was removed. The steam locomotives are gone now. You see them come with museums and as a museum and they come to Ogden once a year or so. These half a dozen in the United States go to different parts of the country so that people could see what steam locomotives were and what steam engines were. Those wheels were, some of them on those big engines were higher than a man, even some as tall as eight feet high. I don't know if you've been down to the station and seen those but that's what they do and let people come in and see those and how that was in the past years. LR: Cool. So, you would take food down to your dad. What else? I know that we, last we talked about the fact that you delivered newspapers when you were younger. CR: Well, but that didn't have anything to do with the railroad. We got off, it just so happened that 25th street was the passenger station for the passengers to board trains. I guess that's a thing of the past as well. We don't even have any passenger trains that come through Ogden anymore. We have freight that comes 6 through Ogden. But your question about newspapers. I must have been about 13 or thereabouts when that time came along that I delivered newspapers and I had a route between 24th and Lincoln to 28th and Lincoln and west as far as the tracks. As for residences, there wasn't many when you got to wall, because it was all railroad tracks. Even in that yard now, there are acres upon acres of train tracks, and they've all been removed now, except major tracks that go through. But the newspaper route I had, I only lasted about a year with that. I delivered to the residents that mostly lived on 25th street but also what residences there were, north and south sides of 25th street. On Wall there is a hotel that still stands. It's called the Royal Hotel and that was built for the porters and waiters that handled the dinner cars on the railroad and a lot of the people I delivered newspapers to lived down along Wall. There was quite a few houses between 26th and 28th street on the west side and on the eastside as well. South of 25th to 28th and then north of 25th to 24th, that's where the paper route was. I never had much to do with the people that I delivered to because someone else collected the money, the route manager usually did the collecting. LR: What do you remember about the businesses then or the buildings on 25th street during that time? CR: Well, there was a nice hotel on the northeast corner of 25th and Wall, called the Broom Hotel. It had a nice big foyer in the middle and then I don't remember how tall it was, a couple of stories I guess. It was a really nice place. Early in the years of the railroad town of Ogden there were a lot of dignitaries who would come including presidents of the United States and people from foreign 7 countries, and that was the hotel they usually stayed in. After the Broom Hotel, the new hotel was the Ben Lomond Hotel in the southeast corner on 25th and Washington so the broom hotel has been removed. But there is still some of those hotels down there on 25th that are still being used, but most of that is commercial now and it's kind of a setting of store fronts from antiques to clothing to food to anything you can think of. There have been pawn-brokers down there, even diners. In 1937, when I had my paper route, Ogden was notorious for, some call them flop houses. They were prostitution houses really. Being in a railroad town, I suppose that is to be expected. But my contact was just simply delivering papers and I only lasted about a year. As far as the buildings down there now, I find that there is much commercialism going on down on 25th street between Wall and Washington than there is on Washington now, which is kind of a turnaround—you could call 25th street kind of the old town of Ogden. LR: I know last time we talked about the JC Penny's and I can't remember how that fits into the timeline but you managed to obtain a job at JC Penny. Would you tell that story? RC: We lived on Madison Avenue between 20th and 21st on the east side and on the west side of the street lived, the manager of JCPenny, his name was Lester Bergeron, I can remember that. He walked to work. JCPenny was on the northwest corner of 24th and Washington and during that time I was putting a bicycle together. I didn't have money to buy a bike, but I scrounged up parts. Frames, wheels and handle bars and things like that and put this bicycle together. This Mr. Bergeron was seeing me because I was out in the open, I 8 didn't have any place to work in the back, I'd work on the sidewalk right in front of the house and one day he came over. I knew him, but I don't know if he knew that I knew him but anyway, he asked me if I would come to the store. I said: "Yes I'd like to." and he said: "Well, I'd like to hire you." And so I went to the store and he took me down into the basement, into a room. In those days, there were sidewalks all over Ogden by stores that had a freight entry and it was two big steel doors over a hole. The hole was about eight-foot square with these two doors at four-foot of that and they would open up from the middle and swing down and lay on the sidewalk and the freight would be delivered into those holes. From inside of those holes, they would take the freight into the different parts of the departments of the different buildings, where ever they happened to be. They opened these doors into this huge room and all I could see is cardboard boxes. He said, "Now, in those cardboard boxes are toys for Christmas and for the Christmas season." He took the first box down and opened it up and whatever was in there, you put that together. And you put that box on a pile over there. Each time you'd gain some space and pretty soon you had the room minus the boxes and full of toys. I can remember wagons, little tricycles, little scooters, little baby buggies, little trains that little kids would sit on and scoot with their feet. Numerous toys, I can't even remember all of them. That was my job and it was well worth it because it was depression time and to have a job of any kind, let alone a kid like myself, it was needed because the family was pretty destitute as far as groceries and things were concerned and that was an income. I think I made 50 cents an hour, I don't really remember. But 50 cents an hour, I don't 9 know what inflation would do with 50 cents an hour from '37 to now. That's kind of an interesting question, somebody might get ahold of that and see what its worth from them to now. I'd hate to guess. LR: I'd think it's a pretty good wage. AP: I would too. Especially for the times. LR: After you joined the military service and got back here into Ogden, you opened up your own business and were able to provide a service to Ogden. Can you talk a little bit about that? RC: When I first got out of the military, I was separated from the military in southern California. I got a job in California, for the state of the California. Kind of an interesting thing that happened there. I was in my grubbies, I was working on my car and I passed the employment service and I walked in. I had kind of a greasy t-shirt and whatever you have working on a car and they wouldn't give me the time of day. They thought I was a vagrant I suppose and I walked out of there and I thought, "Well, that was a dumb thing to do," Since I was an officer in the Navy and I actually flew airplanes in the Navy, the next day I put on my uniform and walked into the employment office and boy they rolled out the red carpet and I got a job the very next day interviewing service people at the San Pedro Naval Port, where the seamen were discharged. My job was to interview them and give them the certain options they had and answer questions they had ask employment and some of the things that were available to returning veterans there. My point about this is that if you are looking for employment, just simply be prepared and dress like you need a job and want one. It wasn't too many years 10 ago, I volunteered for about 11 year's right here, in my later life to give people pointers on employment because I had my own business. My employment was in California. I used to go around to different businesses and see if they would employ people and I became interested in utility trailers, box trailers. I guess the common name for them now is U-Haul, but I thought that it would be a good thing to do. I didn't see any when I was still here in Ogden so I bought 30 of them. I had them built, just the frames of them. I had them shipped from California to Ogden and put them together here, such as putting the boards on for the side walls, boards for the floors and I had to get tires and tubes for the wheels to put them together so they could be useable. This was in July of 1946. I was separated out of the Navy in December of '45, so were talking about a six month period from the time I was released from the Navy to when I got back here in Ogden. I had them shipped to my parents' home—ended up on the River Bridge at 1828 Washington which was right on the river, on the east side, right on the river bank. It was a small building I rented from an individual. I had about a third of an acre around there and I set the trailers out on the ground and I rented them out. I provided a service to people that needed to haul things and go hunting with them, a lot of things like that—kind of a forerunner to what's going on nowadays. Trailer businesses are immense now. I went on that river bridge in 1946 and was there until 1951. That year the river flooded and it sort of wiped out the ground part that I was located on. I had to run it all by myself because there wasn't income for anybody else. I kept track of where the trailers were rented, where the people lived that rented them and I put 11 them on a map of the city and kind of watched where the dots were. It moved the center point of where I figured was a good place to be, quite a ways south. I ended up at 3776 Wall Avenue. This was on the east side of Wall and at that time there had been a shop building built by the person in the iron railing business and he quit or retired or something and I took that property over. Interesting thing, if you went south on Wall Avenue from Ogden City when you got to 36th street, between there and Riverdale Road, there was nothing but dirt then. So I had to go up 36th to Lincoln and then South to get onto Riverdale Road, but my strategy was to move to where there was sort of a center point of the area and that's why I went out there. I expanded on that building, I hired different people to work for me from time to time. Otherwise, I pretty much had to do things myself. I'd go from sort of hand to mouth for income, which I guess you could say wasn't a very good idea, but it worked out. I built an addition to that building and then in about in 1951 or '52 along in there. Now, before I went in the service, I had a friend, I asked him if he would like to join the business. Because he had a job and there wasn't enough income for both of us, he had to stay with the job he had until we could build a store. Then we pretty much turned partners for the next 34-35 years. I ended up with frontage on Riverdale Road and Wall Avenue and all that area through there. Actually, I was in South Ogden City. Where Chimes View Drive runs through the property was the border line between Ogden and South Ogden and I was on the Southside. So I was actually in South Ogden. I went from trailers to rental equipment, wheel barrows, cement mixers, tillers, and all kinds of different equipment and ended up as a RV dealer selling 12 travel trailers and motorhomes, pick-up campers and all that type of thing. I retired in 1986 after 40 years in that. LR: So from your vantage point, as you were able to watch Ogden grow and expand, was it interesting to see how Ogden changed? RC: Oh man, sure it was! Actually, on the corner of 36th and Lincoln, there was a drive-in theater there. It was a night-time thing and I could've bought that corner that time for $25,000, I remember that, but I could barely come up with the $8,000 it took to buy the place that I had bought at 3776 Wall. Now, if you fast forward from 1946 until now you got that whole corner that is Costco and it takes most everything from 36th street to the bluff of the road that drops down into the property of Costco, and the only other thing on the corner is the America First Credit Union there. Interestingly enough, I don't know how long they've been there or when they came, but now the America First Credit Union is building a building on the corner, the northwest corner of Washington and 21st street and going from there, as far as expanding is concerned—and gracious me, as far as the growth of Ogden. When I was living on Madison in the first part of my school days, I went to the Dee School in first grade, to the Madison school on 24th and Madison for something like the fifth grade and then went up to 27th and Adams for Central Junior High School and then to Ogden High School for graduation from Ogden High in 1940. I went three years at Ogden High. Getting back to what I first started to tell you, I can remember a black smith's shop between 22nd and 23rd on the east side of Washington that took big work horses and saddle horses and put shoes on the horses. I was going to try to 13 tell you the name of the black smith in there, I can't quite remember that but maybe I will. I can remember going into that blacksmith's shop and watching him take just a rod of iron and putting it in a hearth and getting it red hot and pounding it on, part of a railroad track, actually they called it an Anvil, and he'd hammer that flat and make it into the shape of a horse shoe and punch holes into it and nail it onto a horse's hoof. Some of those work horse's had hooves as big as a dinner plate, I can tell you that for sure. Interesting that he could put what you call a cork on those shoes. He would bend the iron down on the back of the two pointed edges and the circle part on the front he pounded out a cork, they call them a cork, it was a wedge that would clip into the ground for the horse instead of having just a flat horseshoe, they would have three corks that would dig into the earth, so they couldn't slip when they were going. Later on, I can remember, it might even been that same black smiths shop, a car dealer, sold cars in there. His name was Jesse Chase and they were lined up in this building. I guess he had about 50 cars in there. Further south, there was implement dealers, those buildings right now are being renovated. There's sports stores in there but they were originally used to sell Conestoga Wagons. The wagons like the pioneers came across the plains in. They sold plows, bailing machinery and tractors, swaths, cutting, hay cutting machines, hay bailer machines. I think it was called Steven's Implement Company. Further south and back behind the Ben Lomond Hotel on Ogden Avenue between 25th and 26th was the old Weber Central Dairy. You could go in there and you could buy a cup of buttermilk for a nickel and if you didn't have the 14 nickel you got the buttermilk anyways because it was depression time. In those early days, boy, I'll tell you, a lot of kids and a lot of people would end up down there getting that buttermilk. I don't know how they work things out now at dairies for buttermilk but we got buttermilk then. That brings me to another story when we lived at 2026 Madison. About the same times as the JC Penny circumstance. I got the idea that I wanted to be a cowboy and I wanted a horse and the stadium down by the river at the end of Madison avenue, north and down to the river was my motivation. They started rodeos down there in 1935. My dad says: "I don't know how we can work out having a horse," but he thought about it a little bit. Over in the north side of the cemetery on the east side of Madison at about the 19th block, there was Wheelwright Construction Company. They had a gravel pit and springs which ran water west to Madison. My dad contacted the Wheelwright Construction Company and wanted to know, could we put a corral on that stream so that the horse could have drinking water and I could have my horse. The downside of that was we had to take cow because we couldn't afford to feed a horse, but we could take the milk and sell it to buy hay for the cow and the horse and we worked it out that way so I could have my horse. That summer, I rode down Madison north down to the river to the bottom of the hill, down the flat part—you can go down there anytime and see that it's blocked off from Madison, but you can still go down to the river and see it. In 1935 there was a rodeo guy in a tent there and his name was Monty Montana. He was hired by the first rodeo committee to be a trick rider and a roper. Because I was on my horse, I ended up riding for him to 15 practice down on that flat. Then, when he went into the rodeo, I hauled all of those ropes in there for him to use each night they had that rodeo. I can remember a lot of the people down in the Ogden Stadium, I can't remember all their names but I can remember a couple people, some people I would even remember now. There was a man by the name of Yakama Kunut, there was a man by the name of Jazbo Fulkerson, there was Monty Montana, and Slim Pickens was also one of the guys that would come to perform at the rodeo in the rodeo season. There were numerous other people I never did get acquainted with. I was enthused by it because I thought it something I would be as a cowboy someday. LR: And you ended up with your own business selling trailers. RC: I ended up with my own business. LR: Good for you. RC: I don't know if you wanted to go back to England about something, when I was in the military. Is that interesting at all? LR: If you would like to talk about it. RC: Well, I spent the year of 1944 in England and I was flying as a pilot in a four-engine bomber and our mission was to keep the German U-boat from knocking out our shipping. And the R&R, the recreation part of our stay in England was a pub. The people over there at the pub, when they would see movies from The United States, they saw John Wayne and people like him and others that were in movies, they found out I'm from Utah and since I didn't look like an Indian, I had to be a cowboy. As far as they knew, there were only cowboys and 16 Indians in Utah; that was the mindset of the people over there. This pub, I mean they were just local people, farmers mostly. There wasn't much of anything commercial but this big airport nearby. But anyway, trying to get on with the story, this one farmer, he had a horse and every time he would get on it, it would buck him off. They got to reasoning that if I was a cowboy from Utah and wasn't an Indian that I was able to do something with horses to keep them from bucking people off. I didn't have much of a choice. I got kind of ramrodded into that situation. So, I agreed to do that because I grew up pretty much with horses. I made a date and went over to this guy's place and so help me that was the biggest, tallest horse I've ever seen in my life. It wasn't anything like the ones I rode at home. I had to get up on to that horse and I looked at the thing they called a saddle, it looked more like a postage stamp to me. It wasn't very big. It had a seat alright, but no horn to hang onto, no pommel, no back seat or anything like that. But it did have straps across the back and across the front of that saddle and they could adjust those straps to the girth that went around the belly of the horse. Depending on how far the withers was up on the back of the horse so that the saddle would fit. If you'd lengthen the back strap and shorten up the front strap, the saddle would go forward. If you'd lengthen the front strap and tighten up the back straps, it would push the saddle back. So I looked at the straps and by the time I got through looking, I noticed that the buckle, on the right rear of the saddle that the buckle was flopped clear over and twisted for some reason or another I couldn't figure that out at the time. I undone the buckle and hooked the strap so that it was flat. In my head I got to thinkin', "That buckle was 17 twisted and that buckle stood up on its edge rather than flat." My mind said to me, 'When that guy as he rode he hit the seat of that saddle and that saddle hit that buckle and that buckle would hit those ribs and off he'd come." And that's the first thing I did is flatten that out. So, in order to get on that horse, he had to give me a leg and practically throw me up. When I got up there and get in the saddle, he backed up because he knew that I was going to get piled off, but nope! I just road that horse all over the place, just had a blast. I looked at the ground that was all plowed out there and thought, "Well, if I got bucked off, that's not too bad to land on." But, you know, I gained the reputation of the world's best cowboy over there in England at that pub because I fixed that buckle and I never told them that I changed that buckle, I just let them believe that I was a pretty good cowboy. LR: That's a great story, thank you for sharing it. Coming back into the United States now, there was another story that you told that we would love to hear again. It was about the Ogden City Cemetery when you graduated from high school, the pick-axe and the shovel. RC: Okay, alright. The year is 1940, the year I graduated from high school. In the spring of that year the individual that was a cemetery sextant, was a member of the bishop of the church and he looked out for youngsters. I was pretty ambitious and I got hired. There were about six teams of adults and a younger person like myself and we had a part of the cemetery to cut grass. Ours went from Jefferson to Madison, back to the middle of the cemetery up to Madison and back to 20th and that square was our part. We had a push mower, a real type of mower where 18 the blades twirled and cut the grass that way. There was enough grass in the area that it took five days to mow and you'd get to the point where you would start over each week. Sometime during that summer time there were more graves to be dug than grave-diggers. So they recruited a couple of us guys, but I guess I can only remember myself, but they drove four stakes in the ground and said here is a pick and here is a shovel. Go ahead and dig that hole down in between those four points until you can't see over the top of the ground and that's going to be the grave for some individual. You'd pitch the dirt out on a pile and then you'd put an artificial grass mat over that pile to sort of hide the looks of it. Nowadays they haul that away. So in 1940, I did that and I'll fast forward to 1980, I'm a lot older and an adult now and I was called as the bishop of the ward that we live in, and as I was released from that position, the person by the name of Scott Smeddon, who happened to also be a school teacher as well as the Mayor of Ogden City, was called to fill the position of the bishop. I sat with him as kind of a courtesy to help him get the feel of conducting a funeral. Much to my surprise when we got to the cemetery, this is 40 years since I dug that grave. But guess what I saw there. I saw a dump-truck, a backhoe and a pick-up and there were five people there. There was a woman in the pick-up and a man in the dump-truck and a man on the backhoe and two other men leaning on shovels. And that whole scene was duplicated by my pick and shovel 40 years earlier. I did everything with a pick and shovel that they did with a dump truck, backhoe, pick-up and five people. That was a real surprise to me. It was interesting 19 because, I don't know, it's progress. I told Scott about that and he said, "Well, look at all the people you keep off the street nowadays." AP: You mentioned that you went to Ogden High School. Were you the second class of graduating seniors? RC: No. I think I was about the third class as I recall. I think '38, '39 and '40 graduated from Ogden High. I'm not positive about that but I'm quite sure that's about it. Because my brother whose older than I graduated from Ogden High, which is on the corner of 25th and Madison, before the building of the Ogden High School up at 28th and Harrison. They had an ROTC in the school. I didn't care for that. I just took a gym class instead. I didn't like those wool uniforms in the summertime. AP: I can't blame ya. LP: Yeah, yeah they do. I agree. AP: Do you remember anything else about Harm Perry? You said he started the rodeo—The Days of 47 Rodeo? RC: Not really. I can remember that his daughter, Rosanne, graduated from Ogden High the same year that I did. In fact, I think that was their only child, that Harm and his wife, Rosanne Perry, who is still living I'm quite sure. A good person. I was quite friendly with her. We had about 600 people in the class of Ogden High at that time I think. Probably one of the most interesting things that happened in that year at Ogden High was the choir, which I was in, went to the Music Educators National Conference in Los Angeles that year and performed in a Western United States, all by invitation. I don't remember how many people went, but I think we were restricted to about 50 or 60. Some kids didn't get to go 20 because they had to balance out among the four parts of the choir but I went. Other than that, there wasn't much that went on, as far as high school is concerned. I can't think of anything notorious. I did tumbling and that kind of exercise, climb ropes up to the ceiling and things like that. I did think about something though, I got pretty good at walking on my hands and I could walk around the entire gym on the black line, on my hands, clear around the perimeter of the basketball court, feet in the air. Nobody else could do that, I was the only one who did that. I don't want to brag. LR: It's okay. AP: Was your business close to 25th and Wall? RC: No, my business life was mostly at 37th and Wall. So, as far as the Union Station is concerned, going back to my father working for the Southern Pacific Railroad, I used to go to the Union Station a lot because we used to have passes on the train. Anywhere that the Southern Pacific went, we could get on the train free and ride. I spent my summers in California because my father's brother, Uncle Leo, lived in Alameda, California. The bridge that goes from San Francisco to over the bay area wasn't built then, it was a ferry boat then all the time. I spent two or three weeks down there each summer. I would get on the ferry first thing in the morning, with a pass to stay on it all day long and I would just watch the seagulls and watched ships and things go back and forth. Conductors never did bother us on the train cause they didn't even care about us, we just had a pass to California and back. 21 AP: You made a comment last time about how Ogden kind of changed after the railway kind of moved to Salt Lake. RC: Well, we don't even have any Amtrak in Ogden; we did have Amtrak for a while. I don't know how many years it's been gone. In the early part of the railroad, as far as the station and that was concerned, Ogden was more of a railroad town that Salt Lake because the trains came out of Weber Canyon from across Wyoming on the Union Pacific and join here. That sort of quit. I don't remember especially, it just sorta faded away like things do. You go from horses to cars and nowadays, we go from snail-mail to no mail at all, as far as first-class mail is concerned. I think we're in a world of hurt about the post office department right now. Technical advances in cyber-space has done so much. Looking at that camera now it's pretty small compared to in the past. The automobiles we're driving now and everything. People in space. Right now, in the paper this morning, it talked about two different private firms of delivering cargo to the space station, and doing it successfully, that's NASA and it's on its way out. LR: So did the closing of the railroad actually hurt a lot of the businesses on 25th street, did that effect your business at all? RC: No. Not as far as my business is concerned. LR: So it really was just centered, it really just hurt those on 25th street then. RC: Yeah. The only thing about 25th street is that it has lived with run down stores and run down places for years and years until the last 10 or so years and now it's back in full swing again. It's a lively part of Ogden and it's a vital part of Ogden as far as Saturday things that's going on. The farmers market is down there and 22 things like that. There is the federal building down there that's replaced some of the other stores. Golly, I wish I could remember all of the other names of some of these stores that it used to have. One of the famous stores in the Ogden City at that time was Ross and Jack's Café, its right where the bank sits on the corner of 25th and Washington. Not too many places I can recall but that was something that was pretty prominent was this particular café. You could buy a hamburger for a nickel. Actually, the movie picture building is interesting. It was the Egyptian Theater that has now been turned into a big commercial place for businesses and things that come in. But half a block west was the Paramount Theater on Ogden Avenue. Then there was the Lyceum Theater on 25th street, just below Grant on the south side, there was a moving picture firm east of Washington on the south side, no, the north side of 25th street. I forget the name of that one. There used to be a place called the White City, it was a ballroom up there on 25th Street. and it really a nice pretty place, people danced there. And then down on 24th, on the south side just below Grant is the Berthana, but that building is still there. They're going to renovate that, it was a dance hall that was really famous and they turned it into a roller-skating rink later on and now it's back refurbished to some degree. We used to go to dances down there but. So right now I'm so surprised when I drive around Ogden to see the many, many residential areas being built. Clear up to the mountain behind Weber State College, clear up to the shoreline of the old Bonneville Lake, even beyond when you get a little further south in to the Uinta area, that's even above the shoreline area, there is even homes up 23 there overlooking the city and going clear-out where it joins Harrisville and North Ogden. It's absolutely amazing. LR: I just have one more question, I don't know about you, Avery, but Ross and Jack's made me think of this. What was your favorite restaurant on 25th street? If you had you pick one of the many that were there. RC: As a restaurant is concerned, I didn't have any money to buy meals out of a restaurant. I could go to Ross and Jack's café and buy but it never dawned on me as a youth to go to restaurants and far be it for my family to either. But obviously there were some there. Most of them, you would find they were in the hotels like they still are. There are only one or two things I can think of—noodle parlors, there was one on Ogden Avenue and one down 25th street that's recently been terminated as far as a restaurant, it sits vacant right now. But noodle parlors were prominent for a lot of years. As far as steak-houses and things like that, like you think of now, that wasn't even part of my vocabulary even. LR: I can relate to that. Well, I am so grateful for the time you have given us and the stories you have shared about Ogden and some of your adventures. We appreciate your time and thank you so much for allowing us to do this. RC: Well, it kind of turned out to kind of be a pleasure to me. I got a kick out of it. 24

Joseph T. Liu, July 31, 2013; Joseph T. Liu in China Temple ca. 1950; Chinese Identification Card of Joseph's father, Sammy Liu, February 18, 1942 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Joe Liu. The interview was conducted on July 31, 2013, by Woodrow Johnson. Joe discusses memories of 25th Street and the China Temple. ; 26p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Joseph T. Liu Interviewed by Woodrow Johnson 31 July 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Joseph T. Liu Interviewed by Woodrow Johnson 31 July 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Liu, Joseph, an oral history by Woodrow Johnson, 31 July 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Joseph T. Liu July 31, 2013 Joseph T. Liu in China Temple ca. 1950 Chinese Identification Card of Joseph Liu's Father, Sammy Liu February 18,1942 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Joe Liu. The interview was conducted on July 31, 2013, by Woodrow Johnson. Joe discusses memories of 25th Street and the China Temple. WJ: I'm Woodrow Johnson and today is July 31, 2013. We are here with Joe Liu and his wife Pat Liu discussing memories of 25th Street and, in particular, the China Temple. Last time we were here we talked a little bit about your father and how he came to Salt Lake and eventually to Ogden to start the restaurant. Would you like to cover that for us again? JL: Sure. My dad and his father both emigrated from China. My father was about 15 years old so that would have to be in the 1920's. They were trained in cooking in China. They ended up in Wyoming and they had a job with the oil and gas companies to feed the crews. They basically were the chefs for the line crews up in Wyoming. After working with them for a while I think they started a restaurant in Cheyenne, Wyoming. They moved to Salt Lake City, Utah and started a restaurant during the war years. Being of the Chinese race, you had to carry an ID card to prove that you were not Japanese so you didn't end up in an internment camp somewhere. He had to carry an actual card with him that said he was of the Chinese race. That was during the war years. After the war, around 1949, the Pagoda restaurant was started at 112 25th Street. That was just up from Wall Avenue and it was on the north side of the street and their sign was an actual Chinese pagoda. I can't find any pictures of it 1 except for the one in the Club two-bit street cafe that used to be the Club Tavern. It's a night shot of the cafe. That's the only one I've ever seen so far. Anyway, the first name was the Pagoda. They found out that there was another restaurant somewhere near that was also called the Pagoda, so they had to change the name to The China Temple Café. It was the China Temple Café from the 1950's until 1976. WJ: Your dad was the cook there for the entire time? JL: Yes. He ran the kitchen all the time it was there; he was more or less the guy in charge of the kitchen. He taught everybody how to cook and he probably influenced the majority of the Chinese restaurants in the 1950's and 1960's. There were Liu's all the way from Provo to Logan. Every one of those restaurants, some of their cooks started in the China Temple and that's where they learned their trade. WJ Explain your childhood, because I know you weren't always there at the China Temple. JL: I was born in 1947 and my father and mother were never married. She was a waitress and my dad was a cook. They would have been in the Salt Lake area because I was born in Murray, Utah. My mom was a young alcoholic that liked to party and raise hell. She was to marry another person, not my father, that was a war veteran from World War II and because the war years were so recent and because of his dislike for Orientals, me being mixed blood, he had no desire to have any part of me whatsoever. My mom could not marry him unless she gave me up and I guess that's what happened. I ended up in the system in either 2 foster care or an orphanage. From one to five I have no memories of how I was brought up. When I was about five or six, I was raised in Ogden by a Chinese family that was one of my dad's partners. He ran the dining room part and my dad ran the kitchen. The guy, Larry Wong, was his partner and had four boys of his own, so my dad, Sammy, got a hold of me after the first five years and got legal custody of me. I was given guardianship to Larry Wong to take care of me along with his four boys. I was raised with five boys. It's kind of interesting because I do speak a little Chinese and I do understand a little Chinese—Utah Chinese is what I call it because it's so different from the different dialects in different parts of the China, just like a southern drawl or accents are so different. I do speak a little bit of Chinese and I do understand it because I was raised in a Chinese family. I don't have the opportunity to speak Chinese on a lot of occasions now, but when I get to the San Francisco area I can still understand what is going on. It was kind of interesting to be raised like that, being of mixed race and also without a mom and dad—the restaurant was our life. That's where I spent most of my time. WJ: When did you start at the restaurant? JL: We were always at the restaurant for whatever reason, but I didn't really start to understand the working of the restaurant until I was about 14. I started as a busboy at another Chinese restaurant, not my dad's. It was the old Canton Café on Washington Boulevard. That's where I started to work and my dad called me after about a year of working up there to come down and work with him. That's when I started washing dishes and learning the trade of being a cook. From 15 to 3 17 I trained on the American side cooking the meat and eggs because it was easier. I didn't want to learn the Chinese side because I was lazy, so I learned on the American side because it was the easier of the two. WJ: So at that restaurant there was American food and Chinese food? JL: Right. Cantonese cooking is basically the type of cooking that was there in addition to the American side. They were open for 24 hours a day 7 days a week. I remember dad working 16 to 18 hours a day like it was nothing. The only time they had vacation or closed was when they did maintenance or cleaned the restaurant. During the summer time they would usually shut down for a couple of weeks and get everything cleaned up and painted or repaired. That was their vacation. Any other time they were open. WJ: What did you do after 17? JL: I graduated in 1965 from Ogden High School. In January of 1966 I joined the Marine Corps. I was in the Marine Corps for three and a half years. When I came back I had no desire whatsoever to work in the restaurant because of the long hours and it was hot, nasty work. So, I became a policeman. I started in Ogden City in 1969 and then went to Roy in 1971 and retired from the police department in Roy as the Assistant Chief in 1993. That's quite a different occupation. WJ: When you were in the military, there are rumors about 25th Street being known throughout the world. I'm curious if while you were in the military and perhaps even in Vietnam if you ran into anybody or heard any stories about 25th Street. 4 JL: I did because one of my best friends, Roger Holstein, his father was an Ogden City policeman for 37 years. He was in the Navy as a Seabee and I was in the Marine Corps with the tanks. There was one more young man by the name of Rounkles who was in the Army. We were all living one block apart and we had seen each other over there and we'd talk about home. It was kind of interesting because we used to have the sea rations and the packages that came from the defense depot in Ogden. Every time I'd eat a meal I'd see my hometown, "Ogden, Utah," printed on the box. WJ: Did that make it hard? JL: It did make me homesick. WJ: Tell us about some of the memories from China Temple or 25th Street in general. JL: China Temple was open 24 hours a day so the variety of people that came in there ranging from regulars from the railroad, in fact when the railroad had its boom days as the main hub in Ogden, every time an Amtrak train would come over you could see people stand out front of the restaurant all the way down to Wall Avenue waiting to get in. We only had a 75 person maximum capacity inside, but they would wait. We would feed a bunch of people coming off the trains. That was our business from the trains. When the trains weren't coming in you had power crews, gas crews and line crews that would come in all hours of the day or night. When you'd have emergencies coming in, or you had a lot of people that would come in after the bars closed, that was the interesting crowd. The drunks would come in and a time or two I had to break up fights and things 5 inside the restaurant, not only with guys, but also girls. It was interesting because you could see every walk of life come through there. As a kid, it was kind of unique because of the reputation that Ogden had at that time for the red light district and all the bars and being the rough part of town. When you took advantage of it as a kid you just never knew the things you could find and do. When I was about 10 or 12 I had a scam going to where I would tell the servicemen where the hookers were and what hotel room to go to. I had no idea where they were, but I would just give them a room number and they would go ahead and knock on the door. It would cost them a buck, of course. That was a pretty good gig, but after a while the trains died and so did my business. You'd try rolling drunks when they were passed out on the street and go through their pockets. You'd never know what you'd find in there, but I quit doing that too. Booze was always an issue to where I didn't have any trouble getting booze because you had the bar next door run by the Pappas' and the old system of the state liquor store. The Utah laws were so unique that you had the little ticket to write the number of what booze you wanted and you'd take it up to the window and they'd give you the booze. My dad knew everybody that worked at the liquor store because they came down to the restaurant and my dad would send me up to get whatever booze he wanted. He was a drinker too, so I guess both parents were alcoholics. He'd have three meals a day and he'd have an ounce of booze each time he sat down to eat. For me, I just added my numbers to his numbers and we just had booze all the time. Needless to say, I drank quite 6 a bit, but, then when your liquor stores closed, you could always go to a cab driver. They used to bootleg out of the back of their cabs all the time. Using my ingenuity again, I would threaten to turn them into the police if they didn't sell me the booze, so that worked too. Needless to say, my childhood was wide-eyed and open and drinking at a young age and I fit right in the Marine Corps I guess. Then becoming a policeman, people couldn't believe it. WJ: Policing the same area that you were exploiting a couple of years earlier. JL: It was kind of interesting when I first started Ogden City as a patrolman, I would love to work the street because everybody knew me and it was easier for me because I knew everybody. Then, of course, I'd go into China Temple and they'd always make sure I had enough to eat, coffee or whatever, and all the guys that worked with me had to come with me just because Dad owned the place. There was always something free to eat and it was kind of nice. WJ: You mentioned earlier that red light district, Ogden being known for that. You would have been a young kid at the time, but do you have any memories of that? JL: Well, yeah, Dad, he used to use the electric alley as our main to get to the back of the China Temple to park our cars when we worked, and Dad used to take me home that way too. He would tell me where the hookers were and what to look for. The old hotels, the Marion Hotel and down to the end of the second floor and he would point them out to me and I never did ask him how he knew, but there was prostitution there, I'm sure there was. As far as the stories about the tunnels and about all this other stuff, I've never seen the tunnels. I've seen the basement 7 and the storage areas of the China Temple, which is now the Gift House, but I have never heard about the underground city more or less, so I've never seen it. WJ: While you were at the China Temple, it was during the time of a lot of racial movements in America, and Ogden was at one point segregated. Do you have any stories about segregation or anything like that? JL: As far as segregation goes in Ogden, we had an unwritten rule that colored folk would stay on the south side of the street and the others were on the north side of the street. For years, the China Temple did not serve colored people. During the Civil Rights movement in the 1960's, of course, there was, I graduated in 1965 and so we started to get agitation from the coloreds by shooting out the windows of our restaurant with .22's. There were about three or four times that I remember having windows shot out from across the street. After 1965, probably right at 1965, after I graduated, during that period of time, we did start to serve the colored people. Chinese restaurants and Chinese food specifically is totally different from what they were used to eating, and everybody came down there to eat Chinese food or Japanese food or even southern fried chicken across the street. They had their own restaurant and their own bar and Annabelle had her own set up down there. In fact, she had all the best music and all the best jazz players and things and it was definitely segregated, but our population in Ogden as far as the colored people were concerned was that they had very few. We only had like maybe a dozen out of 500 kids in my class at Ogden High School. Then, everybody realized that from probably 24th Street to 30th Street and from Wall to Washington was the segregated area. That's where the blacks usually 8 had all their housing and everything else, but there was definitely an area that was segregated. I don't know if it was intentional, because all your train folks were porters and waiters basically and that's where Annabelle got her name from. They were all from the trains. WJ: Did you ever feel any type of racial discrimination being half Chinese and half white American? JL: Yeah I did. In schools we would be called names as such, and when I was real young they would have the old, "ching chong Chinaman," song going all the time and teasing. I wasn't a real big kid at that time, I didn't grow until after I went into the Marine Corps I think, but I experienced it. There was one gal I was trying to date when I was in high school that her father just came right out and said it, "Don't have anything to do with my daughter, you're Chinese and we don't want no part of you." Yet, I've had other people that loved it, they could care less so I've seen both sides of the coin. Some of my best friends would just go out of the way for me, they were just like secondary parents to me, that Holstein family was one of them. Even in Vietnam, I thought that was kind of unique to where I had a Chinese name and they have Chinese names and I look Oriental of course and I really didn't feel uncomfortable with my own people as far as Marines, but when I was with the Vietnamese and they were looking at me and it was the same kind of thing, it was a little spooky at times. You could think that, "maybe I would be mistaken for somebody." Good thing I was a lot bigger than those guys were and that's what made the difference. You hear about the war and segregation and the things that were going on during the war years. We never experienced that in the 9 Marines, especially in tanks because it was a specialized unit. I didn't really think about it, except I read an article of some guy down in Cedar City and he was slight built and everything and he was full Chinese, not half, and he was experiencing the same kind of thing, but it was over there. WJ: When you became a police officer for Ogden City, you mentioned that you kind of got some strange looks from some of the cab drivers that you exploited earlier. Did you see anything that was questionable or kind of lost in history, some fun or cool stories? JL: I don't know. I'm not sure which stories you're talking about. There are a lot of stories, but as a policeman I would actually have some good contacts on the street because of that. I could talk to the black crowd I could talk to the bartenders and the drinking crowd and it didn't really matter because they knew who I was and they knew the type of person I was. As far as being a policeman, I'm not sure which story you want to hear. WJ: Did any of your former contacts ever try to sever ties with you as soon as you became a police officer? JL: Yes. There was a couple that I know for sure that backed away because they knew I was a police officer and I knew they were criminals, basically, and they were burglars. They would come into the restaurant of course and I knew who they were and there were things going on that maybe you would want to look at as a police officer of what's going on. I would walk into a place and I'd think I smelled marijuana being smoked or people drunk and wanting to sell stolen stuff out of their cars. But that's when I was a kid and these were the same people 10 that knew I was a policeman now. It was hard, but I could have went both ways, I could have ended up in prison instead of a police officer. There were some people that shied away from us that we didn't see for a while. In fact, we arrested a couple of them that were breaking into the old ice skating rink down there and they were regulars of China Temple and I remembered them well. WJ: As a child, you were growing up with the China Temple on 25th Street during the big push for anti-vice. Are you familiar with any of the gambling halls or any of it that was present at the time? JL: I know that there was gambling happening and I knew that we had vice officers supposedly working those areas. I've heard stories that the vice officers would look the other way, but I don't know. I've never seen it. I've heard just like everybody else had heard it on the street, but there were a few officers' names that were mentioned, but I won't mention them. They were working vice at the time and there was questionable things happening or not happening I guess because it was still there. There were still back room games and stuff going on, but as far as being a kid and seeing all that stuff, it was mostly by ear. I've never really seen it and the police officers that I knew, mostly the beat cops that would come in for coffee when I was a kid and the vice guys would, they were up the ladder. WJ: Do you have any memories of the Union Station in its prime? JL: Oh, it was horrible. I mean, Union Station itself was, of course, the hub of the railroad. Everybody was there and I would see a couple hundred people in there when a couple of the Amtrak trains would meet in Ogden. The restaurant part of 11 it, it just overwhelmed you. I could not imagine that many people standing outside in line waiting to come in to eat. I would be young enough to where I could walk upon the viaduct and there would be trains from the depot all the way to the river and a big round house they used to have that you'd watch the engines being maintained and everything. All that's gone now, but there were probably 25 or 26 tracks along that side of the depot. That was fun going up there just to watch the trains. I've spent a lot of time on the overpass watching the trains go in and out and the workings of the round table on the old maintenance sheds that was kind of interesting. But now it's all gone. In fact, that's what killed the China Temple basically is when the train traffic died out. It was kind of unique because partners of my dad have seen that and they moved from the China Temple to start their own business in the 1960's. The only China Night was one of Dad's partners on 28th and Washington, but Dad never wanted to leave that area. They made enough money to live on, but not like the 60's when they were buying Cadillac's. In fact, my dad's 1961 Cadillac was a mover. WJ: Sound like you have some experiences with that Cadillac as well. JL: Oh yeah. Well, you used to go down to Lagoon and see the Beach Boys and the Paul Revere and the Raiders and the Righteous Brother and go down to concerts and have your dad's Cadillac and people kind of just, well to make the difference, there's an old drive-in up on 40th Street by the college and I would go up there in my 1958 Ford, which was my car and I'd be sitting there 20 minutes before 12 somebody would come by. I'd get up in Dad's Cadillac and I had three or four carhops running to the car. So, yeah, I had a good time in that car. WJ: Do you have any questions? JL: But it was fun growing up on that street and it was a learning experience I'll never forget and just like being in the Marine Corps, for example, it gave me a broader view of what people are like. Then, after the Marine Corps, that widened even more because of Vietnam. It was interesting. I've never regretted it. PL: he used to always tell me his dad drove by sound, tell them that. WJ: Yes, let's hear that story. JL: The same Cadillac, Dad, of course, was born in 1905 and died in 1993, so that puts him at about 80 something. As he got older, he would drive by sound instead of by sight. At probably 88 or 89 years old he was still driving and every corner of that Cadillac had a dent in it. It didn't matter what corner you looked at, there was a ding in it. Some of them were pretty good size too. We were at the nursing home visiting, what I call my wicked stepmother, because she was a stepmother from China, back from the old country and didn't speak any English or anything. She was in a nursing home and Dad was visiting her and I was with him and he drove in the parking lot and everything was fine, but when we left he backed the car out and banged into the car behind him. I said, "You hit that car back there." He said, "I know. That's how I know it's there." Needless to say, we took away his driver's license shortly after that. It's kind of interesting because when he went into a nursing home after falling and breaking his hip before he 13 died, he didn't speak English anymore, he just quit speaking English totally. All he spoke was Chinese toward the end. It was kind of unique. WJ: Your wife's grandfather was the barber at the Healy Hotel, correct? JL: Right next to it. WJ: Right next to the Healy. PL: It was in the Healy. WJ: It was in the Healy? Okay. Did you have any experiences with that as well? I know you guys met long after. JL: I probably went in there as a kid. I remember the shoe shine stand and I remember going in and getting haircuts and stuff, but there was also a Filipino guy that used to run it, Plow, I think his name was. There were two or three barbers there, but I didn't realize that Pat's grandfather ran that place until after we were married and stuff and it was kind of unique how small the world was. WJ: Most definitely. There have been a lot of great restaurants, bars, and hotels on 25th that are no longer there, like the Healy. What are your memories of some of them? JL: I had some Japanese friends that were the same age as I was and going to school, Mike Ryujin and Curtis Nakyishi. As you'd go up the street, you had the China Temple that was in the one hundred block, then you'd go up next to the 200 hundred block and then you had the Star Noodle and then you had the Japanese restaurant by this Nakyishi person. They ran a small restaurant right by the Kokomo there and then you had Sukamoto's that used to run the Eagle Café 14 and then you had the Senate Café that was up by where the bank is now up on Washington. I don't know if you heard the stories about the 25th Street Angel, a Japanese lady that cashed the checks for the homeless or something like that. Then, there were the motels where my dad lived. He lived in the Helena Hotel for years on the south side and then the hotel next to the temple and then the Marion and a few of the bars down there like, Poncho's, and all the other people down there. All the bars have been pretty much the same forever. There was a lot of restaurants and different kinds of restaurants, Japanese, Chinese, but the two most distinctive, the most favorite that people went to was the Star and the Temple. Then after the Temple died down, all these other Chinese places started to sprout up because Dad had enough influence to where he trained enough of those cooks that there was the Grand View down in Provo, and then Siam in Orem, and then there's the second Grand View up in Logan. In fact, I used to go with my dad and there wasn't a place in Utah that I had to pay for any food because he knew everybody and he trained basically everybody. Even now, out in Tooele I have a cousin that runs one and there used to be one out of Wendover and all over Utah. He was quite an influence, he was a good cook. WJ: Did he cook up to the day he died, or was there a point where he decided to retire? JL: I think he was probably in his late 80's by the time he retired. One time, he was a tough old geezer, I'll tell you. Do you know what a cubing machine is for meat? WJ: Yes. 15 JL: With one hundred blades or so on each blade and they rotate with each other? My dad stuck his hand in there and literally cubed his hand. It didn't go all the way through but he stopped it in time. My brother owned the Dragon Café on 3rd Street. Dad used to help my brother after the Temple went down. He was like 70, and my brother passed out. My father stayed awake all this time and he literally was helping my stepbrother because he was so excited about what was going on. They had to surgically remove the tines and stuff from his hand because of the blades and they had to sew him all back up. The next day, you've seen the Chinese square cleavers that they use? He wrapped rags around it to where it was big enough to where he could hold it in his hand with the bandages. He was chopping vegetables working like it never happened. There was another time when he was around 75 or something like that I think he had a heart attack and he literally sat through it in the break room or the break table where they ate their meals. Then later on in life he had to wear a pacemaker, so I knew he had heart issues. He was a tough little guy and he worked hard. WJ: Sound like it. Are there any other stories or experiences you want to share with us before we finish up? JL: Not really, I was just thinking that as a career police officer there are a lot of stories, but that's a different subject totally. My experience on 25th Street helped me a bunch as a police officer and it helped me to know people really well and what to look for and what not to do when you got older. 16 WJ: How do you feel about Ogden's change? Going from a railroad to the railroad dying to the new face lift it's getting. How do you feel about the whole change and where it's at now? JL: I think it's geared up for commercialism and tax dollars and things like that. The ambience of hometown kinds of things is gone. It just, everything is geared to making money, but that's the way our community has to survive too. I am glad of the venues that are being developed in the Ogden area to attract people in, but you still have liquor laws to worry about and things like that that will never ever change. Until they do that, there are just things that people are just going to not do. If you don't keep up with the commercialized city, then the money coming in, you won't make it anyway. I hated to see downtown die. It made me sad just to see all those empty stores downtown and then the mall going away. It's okay to see the outdoor stuff going on downtown now, but it was okay to have the mall too. It's changed. I'm changed. I keep forgetting that when you get a little older your mind changes as to how you feel about things. I think we'll make it, I think Ogden is going to be fine. I think the things that are happening in the police departments and things like that around us are never going to change—just different kind of crime and different kind of issues. They're always going to be there. WJ: Thank you for letting us come and talk to you. JL: You betcha. 17

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WEAVER ORGAN AND PIAN ) CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA , U S A. H^^i^S$g;^oKMCSK&t^KC^C^!^S4$^9Ki^^MC;^;^^ ■ I '•t 'V. IT I\v f ■£■ h '■)/ 1\ I•V Students' Headquarters —FOR— HATS, SHOES, AND GENT'S FURNISHING. Sole Agent for WALK-OVER SHOE ECKERT'S STORE. Prices Always Eight lite Lutheran PuMicfltioii Society No 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY 8. BONER, Supt, THE M ERCURY The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. Voi. XVI GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER, 1908 No. G CONTENTS. THE SPIRIT OF SELF-SACRIFICE, 2 S. SNYDER, '09. I A DEFENSE OF FOOTBALL, 7 H. DOLLMAN, '08. THE IDEAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT, 10 G. L. KIEFFER, '09. THE DANCE OF DEATH, 11 S. BOWER, '10. OUR LITERARY SOCIETIES—I. PHILO, 16 FRIENDSHIP AND THE STRENUOUS LIFE, 18 PAUL M. MARSHAL, '10. OUR TREATMENT OF AN INFERIOR RACE, SO R. E. BOWERS, '10. THE POWER OF PUBLIC OPINION, 22 MISS VIRGINIA BEARD, '09. WHAT KNOWLEDGE IS BEST FOR CULTURE, 25 O. D. MOSSER, '09. EDITORIALS, 27 BOOK REVIEWS, 29 EXCHANGES, 31 THE MEFCUKY THE SPIRIT OF SELF-SACRIFICE. S. SNYDER, '09. N this age of commercialism and industrialism every man is striving for a position in the world. His high-est aim seems to be that this position should make him prominent in the eyes of his fellow-men. The spirit of the age tends somewhat towards selfishness. Man seems to have lost the dee]) meaning of the term sacrifice. Webster de-fines the term, in the light we wish to consider it, as surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining some thing; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object of duty. Self-sacrifice is then, the sacrificing of one's self, one's interest, for others. Such a spirit we all admire. Every nation immortalizes her heroes and her martyrs. Why is this? Why does the spirit of self-sacrifice fill our minds with the greatest admiration and gratitude? Admiration, because the man who sacrifices is worthy to be admired. Gratitude, because through the efforts and sacrifices of men from age to age, the world stands at the present time more nearly perfect than ever before. Self-sacrifice is an unchangeable law. All around us are il-lustrations of this. It may be traced from man to the far dis-tant beginnings of life in its lowest forms. Below even the or-ganic we find the atom giving itself to the molecule and the molecule giving itself to the crystal, it is prevalent throughout the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In these the weaker are sacrificed to the stronger. It is very evident then, that in the plan of nature the lower was intended as a means to the higher. Naturally then the question arises, if this is an unchangeable law in all the lower ranks of nature, where everything is sacrificed unconsciously or unwillingly, does it stop when it reaches man, the very point when the beauty of morality and the glory of heroism becomes possible? Nay, rather the reverse. Sacrifice in the lower forms simply fortells what it should be when it reaches man, something higher and nobler, because man ] - sesses an intellect—a will. It is then no longer a fixed law. • It-is in the power of the individual to use at bis will. THE MEROUEY. Man realizes the importance and the joyful reward of a life infused with this noble spirit, but in this like many of his other activities, he is unwilling to pay the price. He too willingly gives up his high and noble ideals of self-advancement to his baser and more ignoble passions. As a country grows richer the sacrificial spirit naturally de-clines, but never should it be forgotten. For this spirit has made history. Progress of any kind can be attained only through sacrifice. AVhatever vocation in life one aspires to is attained only by a certain amount of sacrifice upon the part of the aspirant. (Glory and renown will be brought to the seeker and his vocation in proportion as his life is filled with the spirit of sacrifice.) The story of individuals is precisely the same as that of na-tions, it was not an easy task to found the great empires of Greece and Rome. Not simply one sacrifice but a series of sac-rifices accomplished these two great tasks. Greece, lovely Greece, the land of poets, the mother of art and philosophy! How proud she can feel of her illustrious men! Men whose works are still alive and helping to mark destinies. Her governmental found-ers who were so filled with that high sense of honor and right that her history became famous! Her citizens in general, how brave and noble! They were willing to sacrifice their very lives in the pass of Thermopylae and on the plains of Marathon that the honor of their nation might survive. They fondly hoped her influence should go on forever. But alas! All her glory suddenly turned to shame and she fell. Rome, the city of the seven hills, was likewise the seat of a e mighty nation. She was invincible on land and sea. She ruled the world. Her list of illustrious men how wonderful! The very founders of law and government which today we fol-low. But alas! Her death knell, too, was sounded and she fell. "Why did these great nations fall? Simply because they ne-glected to carry out the fundamental principles on which they were founded. Jealous}-, avarice, and debauchery virtually : • ?ed their ruin. Is this not the story of many a lost life? The downfall of Greece and Borne remain a message to every republic in every time. The same enemies of Greece are at WOTk todav. Every nation should be on her guard lest these -4 THE MERCURY, same enemies gnaw at her vitals and place her honored name among the nations that were, but are no more. What is true of nations is likewise true of individuals, because a nation is nothing more than an aggregation of individuals. Who can read the history of that little country, the Nether-lands, that so valiantly defended its religious and civil liberties, without regarding it as one of the noblest examples of self-sac-rifice in all history? Think of the little children crying in the streets at the death of her noble leader, William the Silent. How many children cried in the streets at the news of Napoleon's death? The lives of truly great men are measured by the sac-rifices wherewith they have lifted humanity to a higher stand-ing. Away with the person whose motives are merely for the grati-fication of self. Scott points out the destiny of such an ideal in these words:— "The wretch concentered all in self, Living shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying shall go down To the vile dust from which he sprung Unwept, unhonored, and unsung." Our own country, today the head of all nations, was establish-ed through the glorious spirit of sacrifice. Queen Isabella of Spain gave Columbus her jewels that he might plough through the mighty waters of the untried sea and discover the shores of an unknown world. After the discovery came the colonization of America, and we can but faintly picture the hardships endured by emigrants com-ing to strange shores. Yet they passed through all these trials cheerfully in the hopes that their posterity would fare better. The Revolutionary War which secured national independence to the colonies, shone brilliantly with the noble spirit of self-sacrifice. It was the spirit that moved Patrick Henry, in that memorable Virginia convention, to utter those inspiring words. "Give me liberty or give me death." It was this spirit that prompted Washington to leave his comfortable and peaceful THE JIERCUHY. home at Mt. Vernon to assume the cai-es and duties of command-er- in-chief of the Continental Army. It was this spirit that ciuised Lafayette to leave the sunny clime of France to fight for America's liberty. It was this spirit that caused Nathan Hale to utter those inspiring words, dear to the heart of every loyal American, "All that I regret is that I have but one life to give to my country." It was this spirit that possessed those three patriots, who refused to release their captive prisoner even though offered bribes of gold. Yea, it was this spirit that prompted the thousands of brave heroes to give the very best they had—their very lives—that their country might be free and independent of Great Britain to become the greatest repub-lic the world has ever known. But these are historical facts of many years past. Behold our present surroundings! All around us are the marks of a once bloody struggle. Here on this historic battlefield of Gettysburg-thousands of brave heroes gave their life-blood for the cause they thought to be right. But I woud not hold up before you such examples as those heroes of the Bevolution, nor would I hold before you the heroes of hard fought battlefields as the highest and only types of self- Bacrifice. There is one sacrifice of the battlefield and there is another not of the battlefield. The sacrifice of giving one's life on the battlefield simply shows what man will do when put to the test. In this there is an objective impulse impelling him on- • id. The other type of sacrifice is that type which is working ■secretly, the results of which come out before the world in deeds, not words. That type of sacrifice that sees in the future some noble purpose which will be a benefit to humanity and which dares to stand firm in the presence of opposition. That type which, when wrong is in its presence, dares to hurl against it all the powers of right. Such a spirit of sacrifice has recognized the mutual relations of Sacrifice and Service. True sacrifice should always serve. Patriotic self-sacrifice was known before Christ, and it is known outside of Christendom. That is but saying that Christi-anity interprets the sublime experiences as it supplies the deep-est needs of the human race. This it does by showing human. virtue to he a manifestation of the divine life. 6 THE MERCURY. But sacrifice has done more than mould great nations given to man eternal life. The stories of ancient struggles assume a new significance when read in the light of Christ's life and death. They are but revelations of that life of God in the soul of man which is as universal as humanity. Remove from the Bible the historical interpretation of sacri-fice, and from the Christian hymns the expression of the Chris-tian faith in divine sacrifice; and by that very act the inspiration to self-sacrifice as the consummate flower of the divinity in man and the supreme ethical expression of the highest life is taken away. it has The life of Christ was one of contin-uous sacrifice but the sacrifice of giving His life on the cross that man might be saved far eclipsed all others. But there is another type of sacrifice which is seldom men-tioned and it has done and is still doing more than any other, humanly speaking, to mould characters and to shape destinies. This is the sacrifice of the mother in the home. Of all earth's sacred shrines the home is supreme. What is home without a mother? The sacrifices of a mother are unparalleled. Words can paint no picture of them. To realize their deep significance they must be experienced. We are in a sense what our mothers make us. How many of us would be compelled to write shame upon our foreheads were it not for the sacrifices and guiding hand of mother? She is the colossal figure that towers above •all others. She is the one who solves the many perplexities of the home and radiates it with a brightness and sacredness inde-scribable. She is the essence of love divine. THE MERCURY. A DEFENSE OF FOOTBALL. HARRY DOLLMAN, '08. j OOTBALL has been condemned by many, but mostly by those who know little or nothing about the game itself and the real merits of the game. Now, it is only rea-sonable and fair that football should be judged from an unprejudiced and unbiased point of view. Man is not only unfair to himself, when he forms hasty opinions without having weighed all the facts in the case, but his actions become very ignoble when he endeavors to enforce his ungrounded con-clusions upon others. We will admit that there are some marked evils attached to the game, but we do not believe they belong to the main body of football any more than a wart or a mole is a part of the nor-mal physical organism. They are mere accidents. If we elimi-nate from our sports, which are so essential to keep the body and mind in a normal healthy state, every game that bears some evil fruit, we will be compelled to do away with athletics alto-gether and possibly with all forms of recreation. There is a well-grounded sociological principle which bids us to substitute something positive when we wish to eliminate an evil tendency. This is especially true when the evil tendency attracts the attention of the young. Since the hostile football critics have not been able to offer a substitute, the wise course is not extermination but rather a readjustment of the game so as to suppress the evil effects. Do away with football in college life and you will introduce a series of escapades. Do away with athletics altogether and you will usher in a chaotic state of disorder. All the penned up pas-sions of youth would then be let loose to work havoc and destruc-tion. Football is an exhaust valve through which all the super-fluous energy of mob violence escapes by means of a natural and harmless outlet. You never hear of college eruptions during the football season. College strikes, raids, and the like are un-known when the student body has a common interest at stake in the success of their team. This branch of athletics has also a harmonizing effect upon. 8 THE MERCURY. the students. They gather in mass meetings to arouse enthu-siasm for a common cause. There are no class distinctions. There is no fraternity prejudice. The faculty, the college men. the preparatorians, and the seminarians are on the same level. All have come together in a common hond of fellowship, that each one may contribute his part to the athletic success of ! i - Alma Mater. If this great American game touches I lie emotions of the soul and causes it to overflow with enthusiasm, will these same emo-tions lie dormant when the student goes out in active life? No, he will undertake the great tasks before him with that enthusi-asm which he developed and fostered in college. He will ac-quire that unerring confidence which will enable him to tackle every obstacle and to press forward towards the goal of his life's ambition. Injury of body, a sluggish intellect, and immorality have been associated with football. But here again, the critic is laboring under a false impression. He is judging rather from the excep-tions and not from the broad general effects. Football develops the physical, quickens the intellectual, and disciplines the moral side of man. It only requires a little direct observation to determine how quickly football transforms a slow, awkward, round-shouldered,, anatomy into a spry, supple, square-shouldered organism. It produces in a player a firmness and alertness of step, a strong, graceful movement of the body, and above all, it is the best ex-ercise known to increase the amount of chest expansion. On the other hand, football teaches the participant to think quickly and act quickly. He must be able to comprehend and interpret signals and act instantly. He must learn to size up his opponents' strength, to take into account his own position on the gridiron, to strike the right blow at the right time and at the right place. Many brawny men stand along the side lines because they are not able to use their heads while in a game. Generalship is more important than avoirdupois in gaining a victory on the gridiron. There is no other game in the curriculum of athletics that tones down an explosive temper so well as football. The univer-sal testimony of football men bear witness to this fact. A playeY THK MLERCtniY. ■will very soon learn that be must respect the rights of others. Clean playing wins, while Foul playing carries the ball towards the enemy's go.il. Apart, from all this, the host moral benefit a player receives is the discipline he derives from careful training. I take the liberty of quoting the pledge which forty-three football candi-dates in Gettysburg College have signed: "1st. I do hereby pledge upon my honor to abstain-from the use of tobacco in any form, intoxicating liquors of any kind, to indulge in no licentious acts or conversation, nor willingly listen to or observe the same, to observe proper sleeping hours as or-dered, to lake no part in any gambling (including betting on any contest), to attend promptly every game and practice (un-less excused in advance by the coach), to do all in my power to promote harmony and good feeling among the members of the team, and cheerfully to obey all rules and regulations which may be adopted in the future. "2nd. The fact that I do not win a position on the team will not absolve me from this pledge." Does it mean anything to the moral life of a small institu-tion to have forty-three men adopt such principles in their every day life as are embodied in this document? Does it not also .strengthen the individual to observe these rules rigidly when he is tempted to break them ? Will men be disposed to ignore these principles when.they get out into the real contests of life? There is a price put upon a clean moral life that his mind may be free to act and his body quick to respond. 10 THE MEKCUUY. THE IDEAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. Q. L. KIEFFEK, '09. |HEN our forefathers left the sovereign dominions of Europe and settled on the American shores, they sought a tolerance of thought and action. And when the hand of tyranny still persisted in reaching across the seas mi (I grasping them in its despotism, they arose with one accord and declared themselves free and equal. They then set up upon this earth a form of government which they meant to be ideal. Yea, it has even modified the form of every existing government. But its firm establishment was not without a price. The welding of the nation as a world power was amid the din of battle. But not alone by din of battle was this accomplished. Her illustrious sons in her halls of state during peace, also won for her eternal fame. What would she have been but for a Jef-ferson, a John Sherman, a John Hay, or a Boosevelt? Surely their achievements added to those of a Washington, a Lincoln, and a McKinley. But did the establishment of this government alone require the coping with an external world? Ah, no! Internal foes had to be met. There was a time when the curse of slavery threatened the disunion and annihilation of the nation itself. She had met her external foes and had conquered. Was she to perish by her own hand? No. Again mid the din of battle and in her halls of state victories were won. Upon the heights of Gettysburg it was decreed the nation should live. From her halls of state came forth the Emancipation Proclamation and the immortal words of Lincoln at Gettysburg. Such in brief has been our nation's historic past. But let us examine whether the ideal government, of our forefathers' con-ception is today firmly established. Is this ideal being correctly interpreted when it is necessary for the cry to go forth through-out the land : "Shall the people rale?" Is this cry, if the ideal is being correctly carried out, not tautological? Evidently an apathy exists among the American people which necessitates such a cry. The nation is not thinking of her historic past and high ideals. She has permitted her leaders to become the asso- THE MERCURY. 11 ciates of a corrupted few, and the legalizers of a despot which: corrupts her sons and daughters. But this shall not continue. The American people have not forgotten the ideals of their forefathers. They will rule su-preme. From north, from south, from east, from west, there-comes the rumor of her sons uprising to their might of self-gov-ernment. . Down with the betrayers of your confidence and: blighters of your homes. Arise ye true sons of America and save-her from the hands of her enemy. Let the righteous and just rule. God grant that the emblem of our nation shall no longer be a misnomer. May the time come when its stars in the held of" blue shall brightly be the symbol of ripening fields and happy homes; its red, the symbol of the valor and heroism of her sons not vainly manifested; its white, the undeniable symbol of the purity and the true faith of her people. And as the sun makes his daily circuit may this emblem even be found waving before-his path—a symbol of "a government of the people, by the peo-ple and for the people"—which "shall not perish from the earth." A THE DAHCE OF DEATH. S. E. BOWER, '10. T was midnight in the little Canadian town of St Francis. The continuous rattle of many shuttles and. the steady grind of factory wheels had long since died, away. Only the echo of a foot-fall on the stone pave-ment, or the distant barking of a dog across the Walloostook broke the profound silence. Probably none of the villagers were conscious of the superb, beauty of this night. All of them had long since retired—save one man. John Maynard, a bachelor, lived in the upper story of an old mansion which, divested of its former glory, was now used as a kind of apartment house. The court was to meet the-following week and he had been working for several hours on his briefs. His work finished, be folded his papers, and leaned back 12 lUE 11EKCCKY. to relax in his chair. He contemplated retiring but his atten-tion was suddely attracted by the light of the clear moon. He stepped to the window to drink in the beauty of this night. From his position he could look down upon the Walloostook as her shining waters moved along silently. On the ridge yon-der his eye beheld an oak standing in profile against the sky. and near it one pale star caught in the upper branches of a dead pine. On the opposite ridge but a short distance away, the little graveyard stood out in full view where tops of the pine trees were rocking to and fro' in the night breeze and the white stones shone in the moonlight and the long shadows crept silently o • this dwelling place of the dead. For some time Maynard stood silently musing upon the see] '•This is the very witching time of night when the spirits stalk abroad," said he to himself, startled by the sound of his owi voice. Suddenly it flashed through mind that this was the eve of All Saints' Day, the night on which the disembodied spirits returned to visit the scenes of their life on this earth. Just then the town clock struck the half hour after eleven. He hastily threw on his coat, reached for his hat and betook himself to the graveyard. He was a venturesome fellow and de-termined to find out for himself whether this superstition had any foundation in fact. He hurried along at a breathless pace and was soon at the entrance of the cemetery where the rusty gate created an unwelcome greeting as he passed within. For a moment he stood still, hesitating to pursue this adventure, but the sound of the midnight hour from the distant clock spurred him on to quick action. He rushed to a secluded corner of the graveyard and concealed himself beneath a grave-stone. "This is indeed a ghostly scene," thought he, "and I wonder whether my foolhardiness will be rewarded." The echoing ring had not yet died away when the graves be-gan to yawn forth their dead. One after another opened and there floated majestically forth all that was left of that frail form which men and women so often worship here on earth. Others came more slowly as though reluctant to be aroused from their peaceful slumber. Some had but one leg, others but one-arm. Some forms were bowed with a ripe old age, others had' THE MERCURY. 13 the bearing of a knight. Some jaws were set with teeth of gold,. while others had no teeth at all. At first there was heard not a sound to break the awful still-ness, but as the assembly increased in number the spirits began. to seek out each his own friend or relative and soon the conver-sation became general. '"How are you, Brown, I'm glad to see you out again." ■•Hello, Smith, where've you been keeping yourself?" •'And here's our old friend Jones. Jones, we're mighty glad-to see you." "Well, just think of it," grumbled poor old Mrs. Black, "if my old man didn't go and git married again, and buried his second wife within two feet of me. I won't lie there, so I won't. No, I won't." "Oh, dear," sighed old maid Perkins, "nary a hand has teched my grave in twenty years, by the look of it, an' think of the money I had." And thus it continued. Here a young fellow muttering male-diction on a certain young doctor who had made an unsuccessful attempt to remove his appendix; and there an old miser griping two rusty pennies—sole remnants of his earthly store. At length a huge and bony frame, more stately than his fellows, mounted a tomb-stone and addressed the assembly: "My clear fellow spirits: Some of you have been rather tardy in coming forth but I guess we are about all here at last. And now what shall be the manner of our celebration ? You remem-ber last year we scattered about the town on a visit to our old homes and friends; shall we do that again? "Yes, let's us visit the town," said one, "I have but one living relative and I must call on him." "No, let's stay here and have a dance," said another, "I want to get limbered up." "Let's have a good old experience meeting," said a third. "Not much. I had enough of them on earth to satisfy me." A sudden whiff of smoke hid the little assembly for an in-stant and when it cleared away Herr Teufel himself was stand-ing in their midst. He was greeted with an enthusiasm which carried Maynard back to his college days in which he figured in 8 football star and his comment was,. '^^tWB«i^a^tJji(.|§.,mjti 1 GETTYSBURG COLLEGE Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY - 14 THE MERCURY. confined to earth."' .Now the devil persuaded them to celebrate with a dance, explaining that if any relative needed attention he would be glad to look after the matter himself. "We have no instrument," objected one spirit. "Give me a fiddle," shouted the devil. An old musician came forth, through iho crowd and produced a violin which had been buried with him at his request. "This instrument has suffered somewhat from neglect," ob-served his Satanic Majesty, "it has only two strings." But that, however, is not of any circumstance to a good musician. This,. in fact, gives me an opportunity to prove to you thai ! can w\ a bow as expertly as that form of intra-mundane trident that is peculiar to my lordly office. Let's see. Two strings. A and G. "Why, that makes a discord.*' The assembled spirits laughed a hollow laugh at this remark. "Yes, a discord," continued the devil, "the sort of progression not without canon in my tin of music. But enough of this palaver. I'll show you that if necessity is the mother of invention I'm its father." In a I ri he pulled up the A string a half tone to B fiat and began a stir-ring dance in G minor. As the strains of music began to sound shrill and clear on the night air, the shadowy forms snatched each one his partner, whether man or woman, old or young. The many joints, stiff from non-use, began to creak and grind together till the music itself was almost drowned. The practiced violinist became warmed to the fray and brought forth such magical strains that one was reminded of the sacred cremona in the hands of the master. The steps and swing of the dancers increased to the rythm of the music till the dry bones rattled and clattered aa only dry bones can. "They glided past, they glided fast Like travelers through a mist. They mocked the moon in a rigadoon Of delicate turn and tryst. "With mop and mow we saw them go Slim shadows—hand in hand. About, about, in ghostly rout They trod a savaband. THE MERCURY. 21 would require too much space. Let us limit ourselves to the manner in which the American negroes are treated by the people ef the United States, and show why they are considered so in-ferior, how they are treated and the possible remedy for closing the breach between the two races. The negro is here'to stay. It is a case of "visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth gener-ation,'' in a magnified sense. When the old slave-traders were conveying thousands of human beings across the waters, so as to make the men of another race rich and prosperous, little did they think that they would be as free and independent by law as the masters themselves. They brought them here to serve, and they thought that they would naturally serve to the end of time. Born and reared ignorant, degraded, and illiterate, they were brought to this country, where they were often treated as brutes. They were ranked as animals. As animals they received no edu-cation; they had no social intercourse with intelligent people; the}- had no chance for intellectual development, and if they would have had, they did not have the time. As a result, we have the negro of today on our hands. While they receive a much, more human treatment than they did fifty years ago, yet they are counted socially, mentally, morally, and racially inferior to the white man. There are nine millions of negroes in the United States at present. This great mass of humanity must live in some man-ner. As it is now, they must live by serving. They are not per-mitted to hold great social and political positions. They even are not permitted to earn a living as carpenters, plumbers, ma-sons, painters, and the hundred other mechanical trades. A negro can be a fireman on a locomotive, but when he is fit to be an engineer he is turned back. That position is reserved for whitemen only, although a negro may be more capable than many a white engineer. The most responsible positions that the great majority of negroes may hold is to be a bootblack, a barber, a servant, or perhaps a teamster. A great crime has been commit-ted if he becomes a prosperous farmer, or banker, or prosperous-business man. In the South he is even treated more harshly than in the North. There race prejudice exists so firmly that special schools, special hotels, and special conveyances, besides a. THE MERCURY. host of other specials, are required so that th uiv be no ming-ling of the races. We all recognize the fact that the negro is as free as we but when it comes to the point we can never admit him as an equal. Even a negro who stands at the head of his race, and who really is our equal, and possibly superior, is still held, as our inferior. Negroes are undoubtedly advancing in civilization and culture. But the very thought that they may some day be our equals, or even our superiors, is a disagreeable and repulsive thought, I dare say, to every white man and woman in the United States. To remedy these conditions a co-operation of white and I must be formed. Surely we must not retire into the old sysi of the feudalism of the Middle Ages, having the white man as the employer, and the negro as the servant. So in order not to have the feudalism of the races, the negro must be changed and become an equal of the white man. The white man should give the negro the rights of common humanity, the right to better himself, socially and economieallj'. Booker T. Washington sums up very clearly the negro's part in the following statement: "The more I study our conditions and needs, the more I am con-vinced that there is no surer road by which we can reach civic, moral, educational, and religious development, than by laying the foundation in the ownership and cultivation of the soil, the saving of money, commercial growth, and the skillful and con-scientious performance of any duty with which we are intrusted.'" THE POWER OF PUBLIC OPINION. MISS VIRGINIA BEARD, '09. |NE of the most potent factors in the direction or forma-tion of a business enterprise, political campaign, social reform and in many eases even the selection of a life course, is found to be the great motor power of public opinion. Consciously or unconsciously we hold up to this light our undertakings and their possible or probable results, and BR, IMJLLF.U IJV IPTTH.ITITTTS.IIS PICTURE FRAMES 0F AU S0RTS M W ft** * A W «h4U, REPA|R woa|( DQNE pROlwpTLY I WILL ALSO BUY OR EXCHANGE ANY SECOND-HAND FURNITURE NO. 4 CHAMBERSBURG STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA D. J. SWARTZ DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. SHOES REPAIRED —BY— J. ff. QoHep, 115 Baltimore St., near Court House. GOOD WORK GUARANTEED. —TS— J. I JVfUJVTPEfi Your Photographer ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. 8EFT0N I FLEMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place tostay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. BOOMS $1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputation and consequence in 3Pla.ilad.elplaj.a, ModgnLSteamu^dry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special Low Prices. E, C. STOUFFER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS, LETTER HEADS, WINDOW POSTERS. ENVELOPES, PANCE CARDS TICKETS, Programs of all kinds. Everything the College Man wants in Paper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life.

The Mercury April, 1909 HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. Makers of CAPS AND GOWNS To Gettysburg College, Lafayette, Lebigh. Diokinson, State College, Univ. of Penn sylvanin, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wellealey, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods x Degrees The College Man's Opportunity. We offer the Surest Means of finding your right place. Hundreds of good positions open in business, in teaching and in technical work. Offices in 12 cities. Write us to-day. THK J\mJtTIOJ\"Al, ORGJJYMZJITtOJV OJt BIlJIMjy BKOJKER8. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. RATES $2.00 PER DAY. £vvery CL'biac'h.ecL Job,ii P. fcfatftity Proprietor. L ETREILINO Successor to BKCKER & Co,, DEALERS IN All kinds of Fresh and Smoked Meats Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. nGETTYSBURG COLLEGE Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1S67 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. HUMMELSTOWN BROWN STONE COMPANY QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Waltonville, Dauphin Co., Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK. Te egrapb and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visit ing quarrjes will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R. R. For Artistic Photographs —GO TO T{PTOJ\[ The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. D. J. REILE, Clothing, Gent's Furnishings Sole Agent for the CRAWFORD SHOES, 13-15 Ohambersburj* St. Come and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut —AT— HARRY B. SEFTON'S BARBER SHOP 35 Baltimore St. Barber's Supplies a Specialty. Also choice line of Cigars. Shoes Repaired CHAS. HARTDAGEN, Middle St., Opp. Court House, GUARANTEE ALL WORK TIE GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STOR Successors to the L- M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND OUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA~ The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. fcftftaa *««»»»»*«»* 6»ftiR.?s5ft*««ft»ftftftSt»a#aaaaftaaaff ft « » ft ft it « ft f«t ft St a *»* ft ft a** « aa*a* a * «»»« »« »a !» ft ft ft ft « « ft « ft •5 fftt ft ft ft » * SelLgjmc)1! ARE GETTYSBURG'S MOST RELIABLE And show their appreciation of your patronage by giving you full value for your money, and closest attention to the wants of every customer. »*« ft ft ft ft ft ft f«t ft « ft « ft ft ft ft • ft ft ft ft fftt a» « ft « « » ft « ft « «« »« «a *a« a« » * Give Them * » aa« « a a ft »* « **•****• e&ft'>r-$««ft0 *»#«».£« «stft* aafta«ft$$a* A « »«*«#» Your Patronage PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. KS'friftKsfetygjifrsiSi'gsj'g!^.^ A Special Proposition Is open for the first person ID au> com-munity who will deal with us for a Piano or Organ. WEAVER ORGANS AND PIANOS have no question mark to the quality. ■a I* MAIL THIS COUPON TO OS. Send me special proposition for the purchase of a Piano. Name Address_ WEAVER OR". *N AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA , U S A. KiKiKiKiKii^